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| Constantine Irechek | Karel Skorpil | Fjodor Uspenskij |
I. The discovery of Pliska
The name Pliska is Slavic in origin. According to the linguists it is cognate with the Old Russian word pleso, pljos, meaning 'a lake, a swamp'. Probably the Slavs had given this name to the drained nowadays swamp near the town of Kaspichan or to some of the rivers running earby. Similar names are known throughout the Slavic area. Even now, there is a small town called Pliskov in Central Ukraine, in the Vinicka district. This town is situated at the border between two archaeological cultures of the VI-VII c. AD, which are connected with the early Slavs the Penkovo and the Prague-Korchak. [---> Comments on the Slavic etymology of Pliska]
Pliska (under the form of Plyuska) is mentioned for the last
time in the Bulgarian Apocriphal Chronicle of the XI c. Notwithstanding
the fact that import historical events occurred in its vicinity at the
time of the Second Bulgarian Empire, its name does not appear in either
Bulgarian or foreign sources. But the name was not forgotten, it was even
known in Western Europe. It appeared for the first time on a geographical
map printed in 1688 AD in Amsterdam. A little bit later it appeared on
other Western European maps. It is unlikely that anybody back then knew
what this old town looked like or where it was situated. Western European
travellers had limited access to the then Ottoman Empire, and Pliska was
situated along a rarely used by them road. The German traveller Karsten
Nibur passed through these places in 1767 AD and heard that near the town
of Novi Pazar there were ruins of a large town, but he could not visit
the site and did not know its name. In 1878 AD the Hungarian Felix Kanic
inspected the ruins, managed to read the name 'Burdizo' on a half-buried
stone column and assumed that this was the name of the town. This uncertainty
was due to the fact that Aboba the name of the small Turko-Tatar village
that was established at the site the XVII c. had no connection with the
name of the long abandoned and forgotten town. Only in 1884 AD, during
his big tour of Bulgaria, the Czech historian Constantine Irechek realised
that the ruins next to the village of Aboba were remains of the town of
Pliskova,
mentioned by Byzantine chroniclers of the X-XI c. AD [1].
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| Constantine Irechek | Karel Skorpil | Fjodor Uspenskij |
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| + Ka(n)a subi-
gh Wmo- rtag i- s ton pole- on ukon a- utou meno(n) epuhsen up- erfumon uko(n) is ton Danoub- hn k(e) anamesa ton duo uko(n) ton panfu- mo(n) katametrh- sas is tin auth(n) meshn e- puisa toumban ke apo tin auth(n) meshn ths toumbas eos thn auli(n) mou thn arcea(n) isin orghe muriades b| k(e) epi ton D- anoubin ishn orgies muriades b|. to auto toubi(n) estin panfumo(n) k(e) metrisa(n)- tes tin gin epuisa ta grama- ta tauta. o anqropos k(e) k- ala zon apoqniski ke al- os genate ke ina o escaton gh- nometos tauta qeoron upomnh- skete ton puisanta auto. to de d- noma tou arcontos esthn W- mortag kan<n>a subigh o Q(eo)s a- zhosi auton zise et- h r| . |
"Kanasubigi Omortag, inhabiting his old home, made a famous home at the Danube and in the middle between these famous homes, after he took measurements, he made a mound, and from the middle of this mound to my old palace it is 20,000 measures and to the Danube it is another 20,000 measures. The mound itself is famous and after I measured the land, I made this inscription. A man even if he lives well, dies and another is born. Let the one born later, when looking at this inscription, remembers the one who made it. And the name of the archon is Omortag kana subugi. Let God grants him to live for a hundred years." |
In June 1899 F. Uspenskij, accompanied by his assistant M. Popruzhenko, arrived in Bulgaria in order to select a place for the sponsored by his institute excavations. The Bulgarian Ministry of Education on its part dispatched K. Skorpil and the historian V.N. Zlatarski and this four-men commission left for Aboba. There Skorpil presented his arguments in detail. They were accepted by the rest of the commission as worthy an excavation. The arguments were repeated publicly a little bit later by V. Zlatarski at an archaeological congress in Kiev [3].
The excavations started on October 6, 1899, with 20 workers. Their number
increased to 35 by the end of the season. A mound of ruins, called "Sarajeri"
("Palace") by the local Turkish population was excavated. On October 16,
10 workers were send to start digs at the locality "Klise-eri" ("Church").
Skorpil's feeling of the site allowed him to select the two most significant
monuments of Pliska, designated as early as then as the Throne Palace
and the Large Basilica. The results were surprising and impressive.
The excavated buildings, despite the destruction, were so impressive, that
initially F. Uspenskij thought they were not Bulgarian, but Byzantine.
The excavations continued in 1900, when the work on the localities from
the previous year was finished and new, partial excavations of the stone
fortress and of buildings to the west and to the north of the palace were
initiated. A large pagan temple, converted consequently into a church,
and two buildings, described as the living quarters of a palace were discovered.
The massive stone walls, built of large ashlars, the layout of the buildings
as well as the artefacts did not leave space for doubt this was the capital
of Bulgaria from the pagan period. Its name, however, was not revealed.
Was it unknown to the sources or was it indeed the mentioned in X-XI c.
sources 'Pliskova'? The excavations could not answer this question.
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| Kana subigi
Wmortag is tin gin opou egeniqin, ek Qeou arcon estin. is tis Plskas ton kanpon me- nonta epuisen aulin is tin toutzan ke me[tigagen tin dunamin tou [is tous Grukos ke sklabous ke tecneos epuisen gefu[ran is tin Toutzan me to aulin stulous tesaris ke e[pano ton stulon estisen leon[tas duo. o Qeos axiosi ton ek Qeou a- contan me ton poda aoutou ton basilea kalo[patounta, eos tre- ci h Toutza ke eos [---- tous polous Boulgaris epecoun[ta, tous ecqrous autou upotasonta ce- ronta ke agaliomenos zisin eti ekaton. ito de o keros, otan ektistan, boulgaristi sigor elem, grikisti indiktionos ie| . |
"Kanasubigi Omortag is by God ruler of the land he was
born in. Living in the camp of Pliska, he built a small camp on (the river
of) Ticha and moved his army there against Greeks and Slavs [*].
And he skilfully made a bridge over Ticha together with the small camp
and he put four columns in this small camp, and on top of the columns -
two lions. Let God grant the archon placed by God to trample well with
his feet the emperor until Ticha flows and until ..., as he rules over
the many Bulgarians and subjugates his enemies, to live in happiness and
joy for a hundred years. The time when this was built was in Bulgarian
shigor elem, and in Greek - indiction 15."
[* Omurtag, who kept a 'deep' peace with the Byzantines (see the 30-year peace treaty from Sechishte/ Sjulejmankjoj), probably has in mind Thomas the Slav, the Byzantine rebel who proclaimed himself an emperor. Later, Omurtag defeated Thomas near Constantinople] |
Karel Skorpil had a real archaeological discovery on his hands. It was
not incidental, but deliberate, the fruit of a long period of preliminary
work. In some aspects it mirrors some of the discoveries of the European
archaeology in the Asia Minor, the Near East and Egypt.
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1. For a review of the excavations at Pliska see BESHEVLIEV, V. Iz kusno-antichnata i srednovekovnata geografiya na Severoiztochna Bulgariya. IAI XXV, 1962, p. 1-18.
2. SKORPIL H. and K. Mogili, Plovdiv 1898, p. 153.
3. ZLATARSKI V.N. Gde nuzhno iskat pervuyu bolgarskuyu stolicu Trudy XI Arheologicheskogo suezda v Kieve 1899 g. T. II. Protokoly. M., 1902, p. 116-118.
4. Izvestiya Russkogo arheologicheskogo instituta v Konstantinopole. T. X, 1905.