ÿþ<html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-gb"> <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 5.0"> <meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=unicode"> <title>Al Nadim - The Fihrist - 1.1</title> <style> <!-- p.MsoPlainText {margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"; margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; margin-top:0mm} --> </style> </head> <body> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="left"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700"> <font size="4">The Fihrist of al-Nad+m</font><font size="3">, A Tenth-century survey of Muslim culture</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="left"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"><b>Bayard Dodge</b></font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: -36.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="center"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">In the name of Allh, the Merciful, the Compassionate, who is sufficient for us, upon whom we depend and whose aid we invoke</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="center"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="center"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700"> <font size="4">The First Section of the First Chapter</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="center"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">with a description of the languages cf the Arabs and foreign peoples, the characteristics of their ways of writing, their types of script and forms of calligraphy</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">. <a href="#1.">[1]</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="center">&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style: italic"> <font size="3"><a href="#a1" style="text-decoration: none">Remarks on Arabic Writing</a></font></span></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a2" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">Remarks about the Himyarite Script</a></font></span></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a3" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">Scripts of Copies of the Quran</a></font></span></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a4" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">Some of the Transcribers of the Copies of the Quran</a></font></span></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <a href="#a5" style="text-decoration: none"><font size="3"><i>A Copy Transcribed from What Was Written in the Handwriting of Abu al-Abbas ibn Thawabah</i></font></a></span></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a6" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">Naming of the Measured Scripts and a Description of What Is Written with Each of These Scripts Which None Can Equal</a></font></span></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <a href="#a7" style="text-decoration: none"><i><font size="3">From [Sources] Other than the Handwriting of lbn </font></i><font size="3"><i>Thawabah</i></font></a></span></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a8" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">Account of al-Barbari al-Muharrar and His Son</a></font></span></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i><a href="#a9" style="text-decoration: none"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Names of Persons Who Wrote Copies of the Quran in Gold&nbsp; and Who Are Remembered&nbsp; </font></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3"> &nbsp; </font></span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Names of the Bookbinders Who Are Remembered&nbsp; </font></span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> &nbsp; </font> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">Remarks about the Excellence of the Pen</font></span></a></i></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i><font size="3"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <a style="text-decoration: none" href="#a10">Remarks on the Excellencies of Penmanship and Praise of Arabic Speech</a></span></font></i></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><a href="#a11" style="text-decoration: none"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style: italic"> <font size="3">Remarks about Ugliness of Handwriting</font></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp; </font></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> &nbsp; </font></span></i><font size="3"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style: italic"> Remarks about the Excellencies of Books</span></font></a></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a12" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">Remarks about the Syriac Script</a></font></span></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a13" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">Remarks about the Persian Script</a></font></span></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a14" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">Remarks about the Hebrew Script</a></font></span></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a15" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">Remarks about the Greek Script</a></font></span></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a16" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">Script of the Langobardi and Saxons</a></font></span></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <a href="#a17" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic"> <span lang="en-us"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">T</font></span><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">he Script of China</span></font></a></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a18" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">Remarks about the Manichaean Script</a></font></span></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a19" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">Remarks about the Script of al-Sughd</a></font></span></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a20" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">Remarks about al-Sind</a></font></span></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style: italic"> <font size="3"><a href="#a21" style="text-decoration: none">Remarks about the Negroes</a></font></span></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a22" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">Remarks about the Turks and Those Related to Them</a></font></span></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="en-us"> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> <a href="#a23" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">Russia</a></font></span></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a24" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">The Franks</a></font></span></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a25" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">The Armenians and Others</a></font></span></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a26" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">Remarks about Sharpening Pens</a></font></span></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a27" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">Remarks about Types of Paper</a></font></span></li> </ul> <p class="MsoPlainText">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a1">R</a>emarks on Arabic Writing</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; Men have differed concerning who first originated the Arabic script. Hishm <i> al-Kalb+</i> said that the first to form it was a group of Bedouin Arabs encamped with  Adnn ibn Udd. Their names were Abk Jd, Hawwz, Hut#t#+, Kalamkn, S#a fad#, and Qurusa t. <a href="#2.">[2]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">There is this from [what is written in] the handwriting of Ibn <i>al-Kkf+</i> in the following way:&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Arabs originated writing for their names and then discovered other letters not in their names: <i>t , kha , dhl, z , sh+n, ghayn</i>, which they called <i>al-rawdif</i>. <a href="#3.">[3]</a> It is said that these men were kings of Midian, whose destruction was on the Day of the Cloud, at the time of <i>Shu ayb</i> the Prophet, for whom may there be peace. <a href="#4.">[4]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="1.">1.</a></b> Cf. Khaldkn, <i>Muqaddimah</i> (Rosenthal), II, 381 ff.; III, 282. See Flügel s article in <i>ZDMG</i>, XIII (1859), 559.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="2.">2.</a></b> T#abar+, <i>Annales</i>, I, 203, spells these names differently but gives them as legendary giant kings.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="3.">3.</a></b> This word means  palm sprouts, the  back parts, or the layers of fat on the rear of a camel s hump. Another form of the plural means one who rides behind on a camel.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="4.">4.</a></b> See Qur n 7:85 93; 9:84 95; 15:80 84; 26:176 89; 29:36 37.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">7</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Kalamkn</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> s elegy was composed by his sister:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Kalamkn my support has been stricken down,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The central post of the encampment has been destroyed.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">To him chief of the people</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Has death come in the midst of a cloud.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Over them has a fire been kindled,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">As nought has become their place of dwelling.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">I have read what was written in the handwriting of Ibn Ab+ <i>Sa d </i>in the following form and construction: Abjd, Hwar, H#t#, Kalammn, S# , Fad#, Qarasat. They say that they were foreign peoples who, while camping with  Adnn ibn Iyd and the like, became Arabized and formed the Arabic writing, but it is Allh who knows. <a href="#5.">[5]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ka b</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> said, and before Allh I am not responsible for his statement, that the first to originate the Arabic and Persian scripts and other forms of writing was <i> Adam</i>, for whom be peace. Three hundred years before his death he wrote on clay which he baked so that it kept safe even when the Flood overflowed the earth. Then each people found its script and wrote with it.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibn <i>  Abbs</i> said:&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The first persons to write Arabic were three men of Bawln, a tribe inhabiting al-Anbr, <a href="#6.">[6]</a> who came together and originated letters, both separated and joined. They were <i>Murmir</i> ibn Murwah, <i>Aslam</i> ibn Sidrah, and <i> mir</i> ibn H#idrah; [the first and the third were] also called Murrah and H#idlah. Murmir originated the forms, Aslam the separations and connections, and  mir the diacritical points.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">When the people of al-H#+rah <a href="#7.">[7]</a> were asked,  From whom did you derive Arabic? they replied,  From the inhabitants of al-Anbr. It is also said that Allh, Blessed and Almighty, caused <i>Isma +l</i> (Ishmael) to speak clear Arabic when he was twenty-four years old.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="5.">5.</a></b> The tribal names in this list and the one in the preceding paragraph evidently belong to foreign tribes which came from the north as protégés of  Irq+ Bedouin peoples, whom they taught how to write. These names do not appear in Durayd,<i> Geneal.</i>, and Qutaybah, <i>Ma rif</i>.  Adnn ibn Iyd was a subtribe of Ma add in  Irq, rather than the original <i>  Adnn</i>. See  Iyd, <i>Enc. Islam</i>, II, 565.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="6.">6.</a></b> For the tribe of Bank Bawln, see Durayd, <i>Ishtiqq</i>, p. 397; Durayd,<i> Geneal.</i>, p. 237. Al-Anbr is a city on the Euphrates northwest of Baghdd.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="7.">7.</a></b> Al-H#+rah was near Babylon, the center of Christian tribes attached to the Ssnid dynasty.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">8</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Thus saith Muh#ammad ibn Ish#q [al-Nad+m]: What is near to the truth, acceptable to the mind, and recorded by a reliable authority is that the Arabic speech was the language of H#imyar, T#asm, Jad+s, Aram, and H#awayl, of Arab Bedouin stock. <a href="#8.">[8]</a> Then when Ism +l arrived at the Haram [shrine of Makkah], grew up, and matured, he married into the Jurham clan <a href="#9."> [9]</a> of <i>Mu wiyah</i> ibn Mud#d# al-Jurhum+, and his children learned their speech from these uncles. As time passed on, the descendants of Ism +l derived one word after another, forming names for many objects as phenomena turned up and appeared.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">After speech had been developed, good literary poetry appeared among the people of  Adnn, increasing in quantity after the time of <i>Ma add</i> ibn  Adnn. Thus, though each one of the Arab tribes had a dialect by which it was distinguished and which it made use of, at the beginning they shared in common. It is said that the Arabs were prevented from [further] amplifying their language because of the mission of the Prophet, for whom may there be peace, in revealing the Qur n.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">One thing which confirms all of this is the quotation of <i>Makh#kl</i> from his men that the earliest innovators of Arabic writing were the Naf+s, the Nad#r, the Taym , and the Dkmah, <a href="#10.">[10]</a> descendants of Ism +l, who developed it in detail, and then it was made distinctive by <i>Qdkr</i> and <i>Nabt</i> ibn Hamaysa ibn Qdkr. <a href="#11.">[11]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">It has been said that in ancient times a group of the people of al-Anbr formed the letters <i>alif, b , ta, th </i>, <a href="#12.">[12]</a> which the Arabs borrowed. Moreover, I have read in a book of Makkah, written by <i> Umar</i> ibn Shabbah in his own handwriting, that  A group of the scholars of Mud#ar informed me that the person who wrote this</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="8.">8.</a></b> Aram refers to the Aramaeans and H#imyar to the ancient kingdom of southern Arabia. For the other names see Durayd, <i> Ishtiqq</i>, pp. 362, 524, 526.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="9.">9.</a></b> Jurham was a well-known tribe which settled at Makkah; see  Djurhum, <i>Enc. Islam</i>, I, 1066.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="10.">10.</a></b> The Naf+s, the Taym , and the Dkmah were ancient tribes called in Gen. 25:14-15 the Naphish, the Tema, and the Dkmah. The Nad#r ibn Kinnah was a well-known tribe which employed the Quraysh as guides. See T#abar+, <i>Annales</i>, I, 1094, 1103, 1104, 1739.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="11.">11.</a></b> The Beatty MS corrects Flügel s imperfect text in connection with Nabt ibn Hamaysa .</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="12.">12.</a></b> This is equivalent to saying in English, <i>a, b, c, d</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">9</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Arabic was <i>al-Jazm</i>, a man of the tribe of Mukhallad ibn al-Nad#r ibn Kinnah, after which the Arabs themselves wrote. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">From another source:  The person who brought writing to the Quraysh at Makkah was Abk <i>Qays</i> ibn  Abd Manf ibn Zuhrah. It is also said that it was <i> H#arb</i> ibn Umayyah. It is related that when the Quraysh demolished the Ka bah, they found in one of its supports a stone on which was inscribed,  Al-<i>Siluf</i> ibn  Abuqar conveys to his lord a salutation. It was three thousand years old.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">There was in the library of al-<i>Ma mkn</i> something written on hide in the handwriting of <i> Abd</i> al-Mut#t#alib ibn Hshim mentioning the claim of  Abd al-Mut#t#alib ibn Hshim of Makkah against so-and-so, the son of so-and-so, the H#imyarite of the Warl Tribe <a href="#13.">[13]</a> of S#an  for a thousand silver coins (s., <i>dirham</i>) measured by iron. When he called upon him for this, he proffered the witness of Allh and the two angels. It is said that the handwriting was like that of women.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">One of the Arab writers was <i>Usayd</i> ibn Ab+ al- *s#. When a flood stream drained off from the ground at the Masjid al-Skr (Mosque of the Wall) by the tomb of al-Murratkn, there was found a stone upon which there was inscribed,  I, Usayd ibn Ab+ al- *s, may Allh show mercy to the sons of <i> Abd</i> Manaf [But] was an Arab called by this name?</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">From what was written in the handwriting of Ibn Ab+ <i>Sa d</i>:&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">They record that when <i>Ibrh+m</i> (Abraham), for whom may there be peace, saw the children of <i>Isma +l</i> (Ishmael) with their maternal Jurhum uncles he said,  Oh, Ism +l, who are these? He replied,  My children with their Jurhum uncles. Then Ibrh+m said to him in the tongue with which he used to speak, which was the ancient Syriac,   <i>Urub</i> Thus he said to him,  Mingle them together. </font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">But it is Allh who knows [the truth].</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a2">R</a>emarks about the H#imyarite Script</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; A reliable authority asserts that he heard some Yamanite chiefs say that H#imyar used to write with the Musnad script, with varied forms of <i>alif, b , t </i>. I myself have seen a passage in the library of</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="13.">13.</a></b> In the Beatty MS the word seems to be <i>warl</i>. It could be <i>wazl</i>. It may be an ancient H#imyarite tribe or a misprint. Perhaps, however, it is a variation of the old name of the city Azl; see Yqkt, <i>Geog.</i>, III, 421.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">10</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">al-<i>Ma mkn</i> which I have translated,  What the Commander of the Faithful  Abd Allh al-<i>Ma mkn</i>, may Allh honor him, ordered the translators to transcribe. <a href="#14."> [14]</a> It contained H#imyarite script and I give you an exact reproduction of what was in the transcription [Example 1]</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <img border="0" src="an_010a.jpg" width="618" height="137"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Example 1</font></span></i></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></i></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Thus saith Muh#ammad ibn Ish#q [al-<i>Nad+m</i>]: The first of the Arab scripts was the script of Makkah, the next of al-Mad+nah, then of al-Bas#rah, and then of al-Kkfah. For the <i>alifs</i> of the scripts of Makkah and al-Mad+nah there is a turning of the hand to the right and lengthening of the strokes, one form having a slight slant. <a href="#15.">[15]</a> This is an Example of it [Example 2]</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <img border="0" src="an_010b.jpg" width="594" height="68"></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Example 2</font></span></i></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></i></p> <p class="MsoPlainText">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a3">S</a>cripts of Copies of the Qur n</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; Those of Makkah, the people of al-Mad+nah, the N+m, <a href="#16.">[16]</a> the Muthallath, and the Mudawwar. Also those of al-Kkfah and</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="14.">14.</a></b> Evidently al-<i>Nad+m</i> translated only the title of the passage, not the whole of it.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="15.">15.</a></b> The Arabic phrase translated as  lengthening of the strokes is literally  raising of the fingers. See Abbott in <i>Ars Islamica</i>, VIII, Nos. 1 and 2 (1941), 71. The article deals with other scripts, too. See also Abbott, <i>Rise of the North Arabic Script</i>; Pope<i>, Survey of Persian Art</i>, II, 1707 ff; Jeffery in <i>Muslim World</i>, XXX, No. 2 (April 1940), 191-98.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Professor Arberry in <i>Islamic Research Association Miscellany</i>, I (1948), 24, thinks that a contribution of Professor Minovi in Pope, <i>Survey of Persian Art</i>, II, 1710, is correct. It explains that the Beatty MS is more nearly correct than the Flügel edition and that the words of the script illustrated in the text,  in the name of Allh, the Merciful, the Compassionate, are an example of the Makkah-Mad+nah scripts.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="16.">16.</a></b> Flügel has al-Ta im.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">11</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> al-Bas#rah, and the Mashq, the Tajw+d, the Sit#awati, the Masnk , the Munbadh, the Murs#af, <a href="#17.">[17]</a> the Is#bahn+, the Sijill+, and the Firmkz, <a href="#18.">[18]</a> which is derived and read by the Persians. It is a recent development in two forms, the Ns#ar+ and the Mudawwar.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Thus saith Muh#ammad ibn Ish#q [al-Nad+m]: The man who at the beginning [of Islm] first wrote copies of the Qur n, being honored for the beauty of his penmanship, was <i>Khlid</i> ibn Ab+ al-Hayyj; I have seen a copy transcribed in his handwriting. Sa d <a href="#19.">[19]</a> singled him out to write copies of the Qur n, poems, and reports for al-<i>Wal+d</i> [I] ibn  Abd al-Mlik, and it was he who wrote in gold the inscription in the prayer niche (<i>al-qiblah</i>) of the Mosque of the Prophet, may Allh bless him and give him peace, from  And the sun and its brighrness to the end of the Qur n. <a href="#20.">[20]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">It is reported that <i> Umar</i> [II] ibn  Abd al- Az+z said,  I want you to transcribe a Qur n for me like this model. So he [Khlid ibn Ab+ al-Hayyj] made a copy of the Qur n for him, exercising great care.  Umar started to look it over and admire it, but when he found the price to be excessive, he returned it to him.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Mlik</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn D+nr, a protégé of <i>Smah</i> ibn Luwa + ibn Ghlib, who was called Abk Yah#y, used to transcribe copies of the Qur n for pay. He died in the year one hundred and thirty [A.D. 747/48]. It is said that he was <i>Mlik</i> ibn D+nr ibn Dd Bahr ibn Hash+sh ibn Rz+. <a href="#21.">[21]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a4">S</a>ome of the Transcribers of the Copies of the Qur n</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>Khashnm</i></font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> of al-Bas#rah and al-<i>Mahd+</i> of al-Kkfah lived during the days of al-<i>Rash+d</i>. We have not seen their equals even as late as our own time. Khashnm used to write long <i>alifs</i>, striking with the pen.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="17.">17.</a></b> Some of these names are taken from the Beatty MS, which does not make the spelling clear.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="18.">18.</a></b> See Pope, <i>Survey of Persian Art</i>, II, 1717.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="19.">19.</a></b> It has not been possible to identify this man, although he must have been someone of importance at Damascus during the early eighth century.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="20.">20.</a></b> In other words, the inscription which Khlid ibn Ab+ al-Hayyj wrote was a quotation from the Qur n which began with the phrase  And the sun and its brightness and continued until the end of the Qur n. The quotation is from the Qur n 91:1. The Mosque of the Prophet is at al-Mad+nah.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="21.">21.</a></b> This sentence appears in the Beatty MS. The names are not written clearly enough for one to be sure of their spelling.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">12</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Among them [the transcribers] there was Abk <i>Juday</i>, who used to write the elegant copies of the Qur n at the time of al-<i>Mu tas#im</i> and was one of the great, skillful Ckfic writers. Following these there were in the group of writers of the Ckfic [script]: Ibn Umm <i>Shaybn</i>, al-<i>Mash#kr</i>, Abk <i>Kham+rah</i>, Ibn <i>H#umayrah</i>, and in our own time Abk al-<i>Faraj</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Then among the transcribers who wrote copies of the Qur n with the Muh#aqqaq, Mashq, and similar scripts, there were Ibn Ab+ <i>H#assn</i>, Ibn al-<i>H#ad#ram+</i>, Ibn <i>Zayd</i>, al-<i>Quryn+</i>, Ibn Ab+ <i>Ft#imah</i>, Ibn <i>Mujlid</i>, <i>Sharsh+r</i> the Egyptian, Ibn <i>Sayr</i>, Ibn al-H#asan al-<i>Mal+h#</i>, al-<i>H#asan</i> ibn al-Ni l+, <a href="#22.">[22]</a> Ibn <i>H#ad+dah</i>, Abk <i> Aqil</i>, Abk Muh#ammad al-<i>Is#bahn+</i>, Abk Bakr Ah#mad ibn Nas#r, and his son Abk al-<i>H#usayn</i>, both of whom I have seen.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a5">A</a> Copy Transcribed from What Was Written in the Handwriting of Abk al- Abbs ibn </font><i><font size="3">Thawbah</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>Qut#bah</i></font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> was the first transcriber during the period of the Bank Umayyah. He developed the four forms of writing, deriving one from the other, for Qut#bah was the best Arabic penman on earth.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Al-<i>D#ah#h#k</i> ibn  Ajln, the scribe, followed him at the beginning of the caliphate of the Bank al- Abbs. He added to what Qut#bah did, and next to him was the best calligrapher in the world. After him, during the caliphates of al-<i>Mans#kr</i> and al-<i>Mahd+</i>, there was <i>Ish#q</i> ibn H#ammd, the scribe, who augmented what was accomplished by al-D#ah#hk#.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Then there were a number of pupils of Ish#q ibn H#ammd, among whom was <i>Yksuf</i>, the scribe, nicknamed Laqwah the Poet, who was the best penman among the people. Among them there were also <i>Ibrh+m</i> ibn al-Mujashshir, who improved on Yksuf, as well as <i>Shuqayr</i> the Servant, a slave of Ibn <i> Qayykm</i>, who was the tutor of al-<i>Qasim</i> ibn al-Mans#kr. One of them was <i>Than </i>, the woman scribe, who was a slave girl of Ibn Qayykm, and among them was  Abd al-Jabbr al-<i>Rum+</i>. Among them there were also al-<i>Sha rn+;</i> al-<i>Abrash;</i> <i>Sulaym</i> the servant-scribe, a servant of <i>Ja far</i> ibn Yah#y; <i> Amr</i> ibn Mas adah; <i>Ah#mad</i> ibn Ab+ Khlid; Ah#mad al-<i>Kalb+</i>, a</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="22.">22.</a></b> Al-Quryn+ and Sharsh+r are not clearly written in the Beatty MS, and al-Ni l+ is also a guess.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">13</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">scribe of al-<i>Ma mkn;</i> <i> Abd</i> Allh ibn Shaddd; <i> Uthmn</i> ibn Ziyd al- bid; <i>Muh#ammad</i> ibn  Ubayd Allh, nicknamed al-Madan+; and Abk al-Fad#l S#lih# ibn  Abd al-Malik al-<i>Tam+m+</i> of al-Khursn. It was these who wrote the original measured scripts, never since equaled.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a6">N</a>aming of the Measured Scripts and a Description of What Is Written with Each of These Scripts Which None Can Equal <a href="#23.">[23]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; Among them is the Jal+l script, which is the father of all scripts and which no one can emulate except with rigorous training. Yksuf</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="23.">23.</a></b> The pages were measured with animal hairs (<i>sha r al-birdhawn</i>), probably the hairs of donkeys. The full-size page produced in a paper factory was the <i>t#kmr</i>, 24 hairs in width. The next size was the <i>thuluthayn</i>, 16 hairs, then the <i>nis#f</i> 12 hairs, and finally the <i>thuluth</i>, 8 hairs. The scripts were measured to fit these different-size pages and named accordingly. For a different theory, see Abbott, <i>Rise of the North Arabic Script</i>, p. 32. Qalqashnd+, <i>S#ubh# al-A sh</i>, III, 52, presents several theories about how the scripts were named. He does not make it clear whether by <i>qalam</i> he means  pen or  style of writing, so that his descriptions are not conclusive. For a description of the measured scripts and their names, see <i>ibid.</i>, pp. 27 ff.; Abbott in <i>Ars Islamica</i>, VIII, Nos. 1 and 2 (1941), 90, and Abbott, <i>Rise of the North Arabic Script</i>, pp. 17</font></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> </font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">30; Durustkyah, <i>Kitb al-Kuttb</i>, pp. 65</font></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> </font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">74; and T#+b+, <i>Jmi Mah#sin Katbat al-Kuttb</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">Ibn <i> Thawbah</i> gives two lists of twelve scripts each. It seems reasonable to suppose that the lists should be arranged as follows:</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <div align="center"> <center> <table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="5" width="70%" id="AutoNumber1"> <tr> <td width="50%"> <p align="center"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> First List</font></span></td> <td width="50%"> <p align="center"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Second List</font></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Al-Jal+l</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Al-Sijillt</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Al-D+bj</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Al-T#kmr al-Kab+r</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Al-Thuluthayn al-S#agh+r (al-Khirfj)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Al-Zanbkr</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Al-H#aram</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Al-Mu mart</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Al- Uhkd</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Amthl al-Nis#f (light and open)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Al-Qis#as#</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Al-Awjibah</font></span></td> <td width="50%"> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Al-Sumay +</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Al-Ashr+yah</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Al-Khirfj al-Thaq+l (Khaf+f al-T#kmr al-Kb+r)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Al-Khirfj al-Khaf+f</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Al-Mufattah#</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Al-Mumsak</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Al-Mudawwar al-Kab+r (al-Ri s+)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Al-Mudawwar al-S#agh+r</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Khaf+f al-Thuluth al-Kab+r</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Al-Riqa </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Mufattah# al-Nis#f</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"> Al-Narjis</font></span></td> </tr> </table> </center> </div> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">Two other scripts are mentioned in the summary and evidently taken for granted as being offshoots from the Jal+l. They are the Thuluth al-Kab+r al-Thaq+l (big, heavy, third-size) and Nis#f al-Thaq+l (heavy, half-size). A number of the scripts in the list are developments from these two.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">14</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Laqwah says that  the Jal+l script vexes the loins of the scribe. There are written with it the genuine documents sent by the caliphs to the kings of the earth, and derived from it there are two scripts, the Sijillt and the D+bj. From the medium Sijillt script [al-Awsit#] are derived two scripts, the Sumay + and the Ashr+yah scripts.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">With the D+bj script are written the official documents and from it is derived the T#kmr al-Kab+r script, also used for documents, and an outgrowth of the D+bj. From it is derived the Khirfj or the Thuluthayn al-S#agh+r al-Thaq+l script, which is derived from the T#kmr and with which are written communications from the caliphs to the agents and emirs in the outlying regions. From it are derived three scripts: the Zanbkr script, which grows out of the Thuluthayn and is used for writing on the half-size sheets of paper (<i>ins#f</i>) and from which nothing is derived  the Mufattah# script is derived from it; <a href="#24.">[24]</a> the H#aram script, which is written on the half-sheets sent to the kings, derived from the Thaq+l; the Mu mart script, derived from the Thuluthayn  with it are written the half-sheets [exchanged] between the kings.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Four other scripts spring from these two scripts, that is, from the H#aram script and the Mu mart script: the  Uhkd script, an out-growth from the H#aram, used for writing on the two-thirds-size sheets, from which nothing is derived; the Amthl al-Nis#f script, from which are developed two scripts, light (<i>khaf+f</i>) and open (<i>mufattah#</i>); the Qis#s# script growing out of the H#aram and the Mu mart script, written on the half-size sheet and from which nothing was derived; and the Ajwibah script, derived from the H#aram and the Mu mart script, used for writing on the third-size sheets of paper (<i>al-ithlth</i>), nothing being derived from it. These are twelve scripts from which twelve other scripts are derived.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Among them is the Khirfj al-Thaq+l script, which is the light form of the T#kmr al-Kab+r and developed from it. With it are written official documents and from it is derived the Khirfj al-Khaf+f script. There is also the Sumay + script, which resembles the Sijillt handwriting and springs from the Sijillt al-Awsat#. With it are written official documents and other comrnunications.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="24.">24.</a></b> Probably the Mufattah was derived from the Zanbkr.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">15</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Among them there is also a script called the Ashr+yah script, derived from the Sijillt al-Awsat# handwriting. With it are written emancipations of slaves and sales of land and houses and other things. Among them is a script called the Mufattah#, sprung from the Thaq+l al-Nis#f. The Mumsak script, with which they write on the half-size sheets, is derived from it. Three scripts grow out of it: a script called the Mudawwar al-Kab+r, which the scribes of this period call the Ri s+ and which is written on the half-size sheets; also derived from it is a script called the Mudawwar al-S#agh+r, a general-utility script with which are written records, traditions, and poems; and a script called Khaf+f al-Thuluth al-Kab+r. It is written on the half-size sheets, being derived from Khaf+f al-Nis#f al-Thaq+l. From it there springs a script called the Riq , which is derived from Khaf+fal-Thuluth al-Kab+r and with which are written signed edicts and similar things.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Among them is a script called the Mufattah# al-Nis#f, derived from al-Nis#f al-Thaq+l, and among them also is the Narjis script, written on the third-size sheets and derived from Khaf+f al-Nis#f.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">These are twenty-four scripts, all of which are derived from four scripts: the Jal+l script, the T#kmr al-Kab+r script, the Nis#f al-Thaq+l script, and the Thuluth al-Kab+r al-Thaq+l script. The derivation of these four scripts is from the Jal+l, which is the father of the scripts.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a7">F</a>rom [Sources] Other than the Handwriting of lbn </font><i> <font size="3">Thawbah</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; People continued to write according to the forms of the ancient script which we have mentioned until the beginning of the  Abbsid rule, and at the time when the Hshimites <a href="#25.">[25]</a> appeared, the copies of the Qur n were written specifically with these forms [scripts].</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Then there developed a handwriting called the  Irq+, which was the Muh#aqqaq known as Warrq+. Elaboration and improvement continued until it culminated for al-<i>Ma mkn</i>, whose companions and scribes undertook to beautify their calligraphy, concerning which the people vied with one another.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="25.">25.</a></b> The Bank al- Abbs, or caliphs of the  Abbsid dynasty.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: T