ÿþ<html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-gb"> <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 5.0"> <meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=unicode"> <title>Al Nadim - The Fihrist - 3.2</title> <style> <!-- p.MsoPlainText {margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"; margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; margin-top:0mm} --> </style> </head> <body> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="left"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700"> <font size="4">The Fihrist of al-Nad+m</font><font size="3">, A Tenth-century survey of Muslim culture</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="left"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"><b>Bayard Dodge</b></font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: -36.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="center"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">In the name of Allh, the Merciful, the Compassionate, for nought befalls me apart from Allh</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="center"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="center"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700"> <font size="4">The Second Section of the Third Chapter</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="center"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="center"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <i>comprising accounts of the kings, secretaries, preachers, letter writers, tax administrators, and public recorders,</i> <a href="#1.">[1]</a> <i>with the names of their books.</i></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <ul> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a1" style="text-decoration: none"><i>Account of Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi</i></a></font></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <a href="#a2" style="text-decoration: none"><i><font size="3">Al-</font></i><font size="3"><i>Mamun</i></font></a></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> <a href="#a3" style="text-decoration: none">Ibn al-Mutazz</a></font></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <a href="#a4" style="text-decoration: none"><i><font size="3">Abu Dulaf&nbsp;</font></i></a></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a5" style="text-decoration: none"><i>Al-Fath ibn Khaqan&nbsp;</i></a></font></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a6" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">The Family of Tahir</a><i>&nbsp; </i></font><i><font size="3">(</font></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abd</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> Allah ibn Tahir, </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Mansur</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> ibn Talhah ibn Tahir ibn al-Husayn,&nbsp;</font></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ubayd</font></span></i><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><i> Allah ibn Abd Allah ibn Tahir)</i> </span></font></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <a href="#a7" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">The Secretaries and the Sons of Their Kind</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic">&nbsp; </span></font> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"> <font size="3">(</font></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abd</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> al-Hamid ibn Yahya, </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ghaylan</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> Abu Marwan, </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Salim, Abd</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> al-Wahhab ibn Ali, </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Khalid</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> ibn Rabiah al-Ifriqi, </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Yahya</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"><i> and Muhammad, the Two Sons of Ziyad, Harithis, </i></font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Jabal</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> ibn Yazid, </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Umarah</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> ibn Hamzah, </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Muhammad</font></span></i><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"> ibn Hujr ibn Sulayman, </span></font> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><i><font size="3">Account of Abd Allah ibn al-Muqaffa, </font></i><font size="3"><i>Account of Aban al-Lahiqi, </i></font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Qudamah</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"><i> ibn Yazid, Al-Harir ibn al-Sarih, Account of Ali ibn Ubaydah al-Rayhani, Account of Sahl ibn Harun, </i></font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Said</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> ibn Huraym al-Katib, </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Salm, Ali</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> ibn Daud, </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Muhammad</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><i><font size="3"> ibn al-Layth al-Khatib, Al-Attabi, Al-Utbi</font></i></span><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic">)</span></font></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> <a href="#a8" style="text-decoration: none">The Names of Writers of Correspondence Whose Epistles Were Collected as Anthologies</a></font></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp; </font><i><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">(..., </font> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibrahim</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"><i> ibn al-Abbas ibn Muhammad ibn Sul, Al-Hasan ibn Wahb ibn Said ibn Amr ibn Husayn ibn Qays ibn Qanan ibn Matta, Ibn Abd al-Malik al-Zayyat Was Muhammad ibn Abd al-Mahk ibn Aban al-Zayyat, Al-Qasim ibn Yusuf, </i></font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Amr</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> ibn Masadah ibn Said ibn ---, </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Said</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><i><font size="3"> ibn Wahb, Al-Harrani, Abu Ali al-Basir, Al-Yusufi, </font></i><font size="3"> <i>The Banu al-Mudabbir, </i></font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Harun</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik al-Zayyat, </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Said</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> ibn Humayd, </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibrahim</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> ibn Ismail ibn Daud, </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Said</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> ibn Humayd ibn al-Bakhtakan, </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Hamd</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><i><font size="3"> ibn Mihran, Ibn Yazdad, </font></i></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Muhammad </font></span></i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"><i>ibn Mukram, Abu Salih Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn Yazdad ibn Suwayd, </i></font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Maymun</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> ibn Ibrahim, </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Musa</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"><i> ibn Abd al-Malik, Ibn Sad al-Qutrabbulli, </i></font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Nattahah</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"><i> Abu Ali Ahmad ibn Ismail ibn al-Khasib al-Anbari, Ibn Fud#ayl al-Katib, Abu al-Ayna Muhammad ibn al-Qasim ibn Khillad)</i></font></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a9" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">In the handwriting of ibn Muqlah</a>&nbsp; </font><i><font size="3">(Names of the Preachers (Orators)&nbsp;  &nbsp; </font></i></span><i> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">T</font><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">he Names of Those Who Were Eloquent&nbsp; </span></font></i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"> <font size="3"> &nbsp; Ten Masters of Literary Style&nbsp;  &nbsp; Recent Masters of Literary Style&nbsp;  &nbsp; Books Mentioned Together because of Their Excellence&nbsp;  &nbsp; Various Subjects about Which Things Were Written&nbsp;  &nbsp; Also What Occurs in Action) </font></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <a href="#a10" style="text-decoration: none"> <i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">Ghassan</font></span></i><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"> ibn Abd al-Hamid&nbsp; </span></font> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"> <font size="3"> </font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3">&nbsp; </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Muhammad</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> ibn Abd Allah ibn Harb&nbsp;  &nbsp; </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Bakr</font></span><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> ibn Surad&nbsp;  &nbsp; Abu al-Wizir Umar ibn Mutarraf&nbsp;  &nbsp; Al-Fadl ibn Marwan ibn Masarjis, the Christian&nbsp;  &nbsp; Al-Jahshiyari</span></font></i></a></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman" lang="en-us"><font size="3"><i> <a href="#a11" style="text-decoration: none">A Group</a></i>&nbsp; </font><i> <font size="3">(</font></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Shaylamah&nbsp;  &nbsp; </font></span></i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><i><font size="3">Ibn Abi Asbagh</font></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;  &nbsp; </font></span></i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><i><font size="3">Ibn Abi al-Sarj </font></i></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> &nbsp; &nbsp; Ishaq</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> ibn Salamah</font></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;  &nbsp; Musa</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> ibn Isa al-Kisrawi&nbsp; </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">  &nbsp; Yazdijird</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> ibn Mihindadh al-Kisrawi)</font></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a12" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">Another Group</a>&nbsp; </font><i><font size="3">(</font></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Daud</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> ibn al-Jarrah</font></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;  &nbsp; Muhammad</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> ibn Daud ibn al-Jarrah&nbsp; </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">  &nbsp; Ali</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> ibn Isa ibn Daud ibn al-Jarrah&nbsp; </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">  &nbsp; </font></span></i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"><i>Abu al-Qasim Isa ibn Ali&nbsp; </i></font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">  &nbsp; </font></span></i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"><i>Abu al-Qasim Abd Allah ibn Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Daud ibn al-Jarrah&nbsp;  &nbsp; </i></font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abd</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"><i> al-Rahman ibn Isa&nbsp;  &nbsp; Ibn al-Aramram Abu al-Qasim Abd Allah&nbsp;  &nbsp; Al-Mutawwaq Ali ibn al-Fath&nbsp;  &nbsp; Ibn al-Harun&nbsp;  &nbsp; Al-</i></font><i><font size="3">Marthadi)</font></i></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> <a href="#a13" style="text-decoration: none">Mention of the Family of Thawabah ibn Yunus&nbsp;  &nbsp; Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Thawabah&nbsp;  &nbsp; Abu al-Husayn ibn Thawabah&nbsp;  &nbsp; Qudamah ibn Jafar&nbsp;  &nbsp; Ibn Hammadah&nbsp;  &nbsp; Al-Kalwadhani</a>&nbsp; <a href="#a13" style="text-decoration: none"> &nbsp; Abu al-Husayn Ishaq ibn Surayj, the Christian Secretary&nbsp;  &nbsp; Ibrahim ibn Isa, the Christian&nbsp;  &nbsp; Abu Said Wahb ibn Ibrahim ibn Tazadh&nbsp;  &nbsp; Ibn Nasr&nbsp;  &nbsp; Ibn al-Bazyar&nbsp;  &nbsp; Ibn Zanji</a></font></span></li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <a href="#a14" style="text-decoration: none"><font size="3"><i>Al-Marzubani</i></font></a></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <a href="#a15" style="text-decoration: none"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><i><font size="3">Ibn al-Tustari&nbsp; </font> </i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"> <font size="3"> </font></span><i><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp; Ibn Hajib al-Numan&nbsp;  &nbsp; Al-Sabi Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Hilal ibn Ibrahim ibn Harun&nbsp;  &nbsp; Al-Muhallabi Abu Muhammad al-Hasan ibn Muhammad&nbsp;  &nbsp; Ibn al-Amid&nbsp;  &nbsp; Al-Sahib Abu al-Qasim ibn Abbad</span></font></i></a></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a16" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">Another Group</a>&nbsp; </font><i><font size="3">(</font></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Hafsuwayh, </font></span></i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"><i>Ibn Abd al-Karim, Ibn al-</i></font><i><font size="3">Mashitah, Ibn Bashshar, </font></i></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abd </font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3"><i>Allah ibn Hamrnad ibn Marwan, Another Secretary, Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Ali ibn Khiyar, Ibn Surayj)</i></font></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#a17" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">Another Group</a>&nbsp; </font><i><font size="3">(</font></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Bah, </font></span></i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><i><font size="3">Abu Muslim, </font></i><font size="3"><i>Ibn Tabataba al-Alawi, Al-</i></font><i><font size="3">Diymarti, Ibn Abi al-Awadhil, </font></i><font size="3"><i>Abu al-Husayn Muhammad ibn Ali al-Isbahani al-Diymarti, </i></font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abd</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><i><font size="3"> al-Rahman ibn Isa al-Hamadhani, Ibn Abdakan, Ibn Abi al-Baghl, </font></i></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Muhammad</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"><i> ibn al-Qasim al-Karkhi, Al-Bahath an Miyas, Abu Said Abd al-Rahman ibn Ahmad al-Isbahani, Al-Abhari al-Isbahani, Al-</i></font><i><font size="3">Jayhani, Abu Zayd al-Balkhi, </font></i><font size="3"><i>Al-Bushi, </i></font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Hamzah</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> ibn al-Hasan, </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Hukmwayh</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> ibn Abdus, </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Samakah, Kushajim, Khushkananjah, </font></span></i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"><i>Abu al-Hasan Ahmad ibn Ali, Ibn Kathir al-Ahwazi, Abu Namlah al-Numayli)</i></font></span></p> </li> </ul> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a1">A</a>ccount of <i>Ibrh+m</i> ibn al-Mahd+</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">Ibrh+m ibn al-Mahd+ ibn al-Mans#kr ibn Muh#ammad ibn  Al+ ibn  Abd Allh ibn  Abbs ibn  Abd al-Mut#t#alib was the first genius among the Bank al- Abbs and the children of the caliphs to become prominent. He wrote correspondence and poetry, also composing books. His mother, <i>Shiklah</i>, originated from T#abar+stn and was said to have been the daughter of the king of T#abar+stn.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">He was a Negro, blackest <a href="#2.">[2]</a> of blacks, with a large body and lofty character. Never before him was there seen a more eloquent stylist or greater poet among the sons of the caliphs. He also had a talent for singing, in which he surpassed everyone else, so that Ish#q [al-<i>Maws#il+</i>] and Ibrh+m [al-<i>Maiws#il+</i>] after him used to learn from him and summon before him the singers, to be judged for their performances. <a href="#3.">[3]</a> His birth was -----------. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="1.">1.</a></b>  Public recorders is omitted by the Beatty MS. In Arabic the phrase is <i> as#h#b al-daww+n</i>, which might refer to members of government offices, councils, or tribunals.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="2.">2.</a></b> The Beatty MS gives <i>h#anik</i>, which must be an error, meant to be <i>h#lik</i> ( very black ).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="3.">3.</a></b> Ibrh+m ibn al-Mahd+ was a contemporary of Ish#q, the younger Maws#il+, and was about 25 years old when Ibrh+m, the elder Maws#il+, died. Perhaps the text means to indicate that while Ibrh+m ibn al-Mahd+ was teaching the younger Maws#il+, the father also learned what he could from him.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">254</font><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Training of <i>Ibrh+m</i>; Cooked Food; Perfume (Al-T#+b) (<i>or</i> Pleasant [Al-T#ayyib]); Singing. <a href="#4.">[4]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a2">A</a>l-</font><i><font size="3">Ma mkn</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">He was  Abd Allh ibn Hrkn ibn al-Mahd+ ibn al-Mans#kr ibn Muh#ammad ibn  Al+ ibn  Abd Allh ibn al- Abbs ibn  Abd al-Mut#t#alib, the greatest authority among the caliphs <a href="#5.">[5]</a> for the law and theology. He [also] was as good as <a href="#6.">[6]</a> his brother Muh#ammad ibn Zubaydah [al-<i>Am+n</i>] in eloquence of literary style. We are too rich in famed traditions concerning him to go into detail when mentioning him. Among his books there were:</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Answers to the Questions of the King of the Burghar <a href="#7.">[7]</a> Addressed to Him [al-Ma mkn] about Islm and the Unity (Theology); his epistle, Proofs of the Virtues of the Caliphs, since the Time of the Prophet, May Allh Bless Him and Give Him Peace; his epistle, Signs of Prophethood. <a href="#8.">[8]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a3">I</a>bn al-Mu tazz</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">He was <i> Abd</i> Allh ibn al-Mu tazz ibn al-Mutawakkil ibn al-Mu tas#im ibn al-Rash+d ibn al-Mahd+, one of the men of letters and poets of his period. He emulated the Arabian stylists, learning from them. He met grammarians and historical traditionalists. He heard much and was prolific in making quotations. His life also is too well known to require details. He wrote many books, among which there were:</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Al-Bad+ (The Discoverer) [also, a kind of rhetoric]; Flowers and Gardens; Beasts of Prey and Hunting; Plagiarisms; Poems of the Kings; Literary Pursuits; Adornments (Distinguishing Features) of Historical Traditions; Correspondence of the Brothers about Poetry (in Poetry); <a href="#9.">[9]</a> Generations (Categories) of Poets; The Collection, about singing; his poem in the rajaz meter about the evil of drinking in the morning.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="4.">4.</a></b> Omitted in the Beatty MS. The Ibrh+m referred to in the first title was probably al-Maws#il+, but it might also have been Ibrh+m ibn al-Mahd+.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="5.">5.</a></b> The Beatty MS has  jurists, which may be more correct than Flügel s word,  caliphs. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="6.">6.</a></b>  As good as (<i>dkn</i>) can also have the meaning  worse than. </font></span> </p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="7.">7.</a></b> The Burghar were probably the Bulgarians; see Mas kd+, II, 14; Yqkt, <i>Geog.</i>, I, 568.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="8.">8.</a></b> Omitted in the Beatty MS. An epistle might be a letter or essay.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="9.">9.</a></b> This title and the three which follow are not in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">255</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a4">A</a>bk </font><i><font size="3">Dulaf</font></i><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">Abk Dulaf al-Qsim ibn  *s ibn Ma qil ibn Idr+s al- Ijl+ was a lord and emir <a href="#10.">[10]</a> of his people, one of the illustrious men of letters and brilliant poets, who also composed songs. His life is famous. Among his books there were:&nbsp;</span></font></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Falcons and Hunting; Purity of Soul (Al-Nazh) (<i>or</i> Amusements [Al-Nuzah]); Weapons; <a href="#11.">[11]</a> Policies of the Kings.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a5">A</a>l-<i>Fath#</i> ibn Khqn&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">He was al-Fath# ibn Khqn ibn Ah#mad, the most extremely brilliant, intelligent, and cultured person among the sons of the kings. [The Caliph] Al-<i>Mutawakkil</i> adopted him as a brother, preferring him to all of his children and relatives. He had a library which <i> Al+</i> ibn Yah#y the astrologer collected for him and which was as great in quantity and quality as any other ever seen. The masters of literary style among the Arabians and the scholars of al-Kkfah and al-Bas#rah used to frequent his house.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abk <i> Hiffn</i> said:&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">I have never seen or heard of anyone who loved books and studies more than three men: al-Jh#iz#, al-<i>Fath#</i> ibn Khqn, and <i>Isma +l</i> ibn Ish#q, the judge. Whenever a book came into the hand of al-Jh#iz# he read through it, wherever he happened to be. He even used to rent the shops of <i>al-warrqkn</i>, remaining in them for study. As for al-Fath# ibn Khqn, he used to attend the audiences of al-Mutawakkil, but if for any reason he wished to leave the audience, he used to take out a book from his sleeve or shoe and read it away from the audience of al-Mutawakkil, so that this became a habit, even in the latrine. <a href="#12.">[12]</a> Then with regards to Ism +l ibn Ish#q, I never visited him without seeing him looking into a book, or rummaging through books, or dusting them.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;Al-Fath# died during the evening when al-Mutawakkil was assassinated, being killed with swords along with him. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="10.">10.</a></b> He was a man of noble lineage, a general, and a governor.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="11.">11.</a></b> This title and the one which follows are not in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="12.">12.</a></b> The Beatty MS has <i>min majlis</i> ( from the audience ), whereas the Flügel text has <i>f+ majlis</i> ( in the audience ), so that the true meaning of this passage is not clear.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">256</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Garden, which was attributed to him, though the man who really wrote it for him was a person known as <i>Muh#ammad</i> ibn  Abd Rabbih, with the nickname of  Mule s Head ; &nbsp;The Hunt and the Prey, The Disagreement of Kings; <a href="#13.">[13]</a> The Garden and the Flowers.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a6">T</a>he Family of T#hir</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Abd</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Allh ibn T#ahir</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">He was a poet, writer of epistles, and master of literary style, as was his father, <i>T#hir</i> ibn al-H#usayn, also. Both of them were authors of collections of letters. The correspondence of T#hir ibn al-H#usayn with al-Ma mkn, at the time of his [T#hir s] entry into Baghdd, is famous and of an excellent quality. <a href="#14.">[14]</a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Mans#kr</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn T#alh#ah ibn T#hir ibn al-H#usayn&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">[His uncle] <i> Abd</i> Allh ibn T#hir called him the savant of the T#hir family, admiring him for all his wonderful traits. He was the governor of Marw (Merv), mul, Zamm, and Khwrizm. <a href="#15.">[15]</a> He also wrote some famous books on philosophy, among which there was <i>The Agreeable in Music</i>, after reading which al-<i>Kind+</i> said,  It is as agreeable as its author named it. There were also among his books:</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Manifest (Al-Ibnah), about the actions of the heavens; Existence; his epistle, Numbers and the Reckoned; Guidance and Deduction.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Ubayd</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Allh ibn  Abd Allh ibn T#ahir&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">He was a poet, writer of epistles, and governor, who succeeded <i>Muh#ammad</i> ibn  Abd Allh ibn T#hir <a href="#16.">[16]</a> as chief of the guard at</span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="13.">13.</a></b> This title and the one following are not in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="14.">14.</a></b> When the Caliph Hrkn al-Rash+d died, his son al-Am+n became his successor. But the younger brother al-Ma mkn sent his general, who was T#hir ibn al-H#usayn, with an army from Khursn to seize Baghdd. After 14 months, T#hir ibn al- H#usayn entered Baghdd and al-Ma mkn became caliph, A.D. 813. See Mas kd+, VI, 436-87.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="15.">15.</a></b> For these districts, see Yqkt, <i>Geog.</i>, I, 68; II, 480 946; IV, 507. The Flügel edition omits Zamm.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="16.">16.</a></b> The translation follows Flügel. The Beatty MS has Muh#ammad ibn T#hir ibn  Abd Allh ibn T#hir. In the sentence which follows, <i>sayyid</i> refers to his position as chief of the Kud Tribe; see Khallikn, II, 79-80; Durayd,<i> Geneal.</i>, p. 244;  T#hirids, <i>Enc. Islam</i>, IV, 614.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">257</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Baghdd. He was also a chief (<i>sayyid</i>), with whom ended the supremacy of his family, for he was the last of them to die as a chief. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Guide, about the selection of poetry; his epistle about the policies of the kings; his missives to <i> Abd</i> Allh ibn al-Mu tazz; Elegance and Eloquence [of literary style].</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a7">T</a>he Secretaries and the Sons of Their Kind</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">Naming of the secretaries who wrote missives and of each one of them who compiled a book as an anthology of his epistles. <a href="#17.">[17]</a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Abd</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> al-H#am+d ibn Yah#y</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">He was the secretary of [the Caliph] <i>Marwn</i> ibn Muh#ammad, but before that he was an instructor of boys, moving about among the towns. The writers of correspondence learned from him, adhering to his method. It was he who facilitated the use of literary style for correspondence. He was unique in his time, one of the people of Syria from the city of --------. There is a collection of about a thousand leaves from his epistles.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ghayln</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Abk Marwn</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">His name was ---------. I deal with him in the discourse about the theologians in the passage about al-Murji ah. <a href="#18.">[18]</a> There is a collection of about two thousand leaves of his epistles.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Slim</font></span></i></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">He was surnamed Abk al- Al and was the secretary of [the Caliph] <i>Hishm</i> ibn  Abd al-Malik. He was related to <i> Abd</i> al-H#am+d by marriage and was also one of the masters of literary style and</span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="17.">17.</a></b> The word <i>ktib</i> (pl. <i>kuttb</i>) is usually translated  scribe, but here evidently refers to a government secretary. The secretary was as a rule trained in the use of flowery language in a government department. The viziers were often chosen from among the secretaries. See Flügel, in <i>ZDMG,</i> XIII (1859), 587;  Ktib, <i>Enc. Islam</i>, II, 819; also Grunebaum, <i>Islam: Essays</i>, p. 69. Qalqashnd+, <i>S#ubh# al-A sh</i>, Part I, deals with the technical knowledge required by a secretary. Part II deals with the rhetoric and literary perfection required, and the other parts give examples of letters. See also Rif +, <i> As#r al-Ma mkn</i>. For a good description of the government departments in which the secretaries worked, and for the development of prose, see Mez, <i>Renaissance of Islam</i>, pp. 76-81, 242-54.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="18.">18.</a></b> Ghayln does not seem to be mentioned again in connection with al-Murji ah.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">258</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> eloquence. He made a translation from the <i>Epistle of Aristotle to Alexander</i>, or else it was translated for him and he made corrections. <a href="#19.">[19]</a> There is a collection of about one hundred leaves of his epistles.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Abd</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> al-Wahhb ibn  Al+</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">He served as secretary to <i>Bill</i> ibn Ab+ Burdah ibn Ab+ Mks al-Ash ari and was one of the masters of eloquence and style, though his correspondence was not extensive.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Khlid</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn Rab+ ah al-Ifr+q+</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">He was a writer of official letters, who had an eloquent literary style, and was connected with both dynasties [Umayyad and  Abbsid]. His collection of epistles was about two hundred leaves in length.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Yah#y</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> and <i>Muh#ammad</i>, the Two Sons of Ziyd, [Who Were Called] H#rith+s</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">They were descendants of al-<i>H#rith</i> ibn Ka b. Both of them were poets, writers of official letters, and masters of eloquent literary style. The epistles of both of them are in collections.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Jabal</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn Yaz+d</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">He was the secretary of <i> Umarah</i> ibn H#amzah and he translated some of the works of eloquent and skilled writers.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="en-us"><font size="3"> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;</span></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Umarah</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn H#amzah</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">He was the secretary of [the Caliph] Abk Ja far al-<i>Mans#kr</i> and also his protégé. He was proud, vain, generous, eloquent, and a master of literary style, though blind in one eye. Abk Ja far [al-<i>Mans#kr</i>] and al-<i>Mahd+</i> advanced him, overlooking his character, because of his excellence, his eloquent literary style, and his obligation to duty. Thus he administered important affairs for both of them. There is a collection of his correspondence, which includes the epistle on the army (<i>al-kham+s</i>) drawn up for the Bank al- Abbs [the  Abbsids].</span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="19.">19.</a></b> <i> The Epistle of Aristotle</i> evidently refers to either an entire composition ascribed to Aristotle and entitled <i>Rhetoric of Alexander</i>, or else to the dedicatory epistle to Alexander the Great at the beginning of this composition; sce  Aristotle, <i> Enc. Brit.</i>, II, 515.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">259</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Muh#ammad</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn H#ujr ibn Sulaymn</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">H#ujr was one of the people of H#arrn. He [Muh#ammad] was a master of literary style. He wrote to the governors of Armenia and Syria in a personal way. <a href="#20.">[20]</a> He also wrote well-known books.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">He was the secretary of al-<i> Abbs</i> ibn Muh#ammad ibn  Al+ ibn  Abd Allh, and was a master of eloquent literary style and a writer of official correspondence. He came from al-Anbr, and his letters form a collection. <a href="#21.">[21]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Account of  Abd Allh ibn al-</font><i><font size="3">Muqaffa </font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">His name in Persian was Ruzbah, <a href="#22.">[22]</a> but he was called  Abd Allh ibn al-Muqaffa , though before he became a Muslim he was nicknamed Abk  Amr. When he embraced Islm he was surnamed Abk Muh#ammad. Al-Muqaffa ibn Mubrak was shriveled (<i>muqaffa </i>) because al-<i>H#ajjj</i> ibn Yksuf dealt him such a hard blow that his hand shriveled up. This was at al-Bas#rah, [and was brought about] because of the properties which he took from the belongings of the sultan. <a href="#23.">[23]</a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">His origin was from H#awz, <a href="#24.">[24]</a> a city of the regions of Persia. At first he was secretary to <i>Da kd</i> ibn  Umar ibn Hubayrah, later serving  *s ibn  Al+ at Karmn. He was most accomplished as a master of literary style and eloquence, as well as being an author, poet, and stylist. It was he who composed the conditions addressed to [the Caliph] al-<i>Mans#kr</i> on behalf of <i> Abd</i> Allh ibn  Al+, making them so harsh and aggressive that Abk Ja far [al-Mans#kr] did not forget them. So when <i>Sufyn</i> ibn Mu wiyah killed him by burning him in a fire, al-Mans#kr approved the action, not demanding revenge or blood compensation.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="20.">20.</a></b> This probably means either that he carried on a personal correspondence with these governors, independently of the govemment secretariat, or else that he served in a personal capacity as the secretary of these governors.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="21.">21.</a></b> Flügel ascribes this last paragraph to an unnamed person. The Beatty MS, followed here, includes it with the account of Muh#ammad ibn H#ujr. T#abar+, <i>Annales</i>, Part III, pp. 125, 280, mentions that al- Abbs ibn Muh#ammad was in Armenia and Syria.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="22.">22.</a></b> This seems to be from the Persian, <i>roz bih</i> ( happy days ).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="23.">23.</a></b> These accounts of al-Muqaffa and his son should be compared with the interesting article in Khallikn, I, 431.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="24.">24.</a></b> For this city, see Yqkt, <i>Geog.</i>, II, 359.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">260</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">He was one of those who translated from the Persian tongue into Arabic, as he was skilled and eloquent in both languages. He translated a number of Persian books, among which there were:&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">Book of Kings (Khudy Nmah), about biography; <a href="#25.">[25]</a> Ay+n Nmah, about al-ay+n (ordinances, customs); <a href="#26.">[2</a></span><a href="#26."><span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">6</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">]</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> Kal+lah wa-Dimnah; <i>Mazdak</i>; <a href="#27.">[27]</a> The Crown, about the life of <i>Ankshirwn</i> [Chosroes I]; the large book, Literary Pursuits; <a href="#28.">[28]</a> the small book, Literary Pursuits; Al-Yat+mah, about the epistles; <a href="#29.">[29]</a> his epistles; Compendium of  Kal+lah wa-Dimnah ; his epistles about al-S#ah#bah. <a href="#30.">[30]</a></span></font></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Account of <i>Abn</i> al-Lh#iq+</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">He was Abn ibn  Abd al-H#am+d ibn Lh#iq ibn  Ufayr al-Raqsh+, who along with a group of his people wrote poetry. He himself had a special position in the group, because he translated prose books into poetic couplets (<i>muzdawaj</i>). Among the books which he translated there were:</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Kal+lah wa-Dimnah; The Biography of <i>Ardash+r</i>; The Biography of <i>Ankshirwn</i>; Bilawhar wa-Bkdsf; <a href="#31.">[31]</a> Epistles; <a href="#32.">[32]</a> Clemency of India (H#ilm al-Hind) (<i>or</i> Dream of India [H#ulm al-Hind]).</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Qudmah</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn Yaz+d</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">He was the secretary of <i> Abd</i> al-Malik ibn S#ilih#, an eloquent writer and a master of literary style. He served  Abd al-Malik until the time of [Hrkn] al-<i>Rash+d</i>, when he was killed by the blow of an ax which struck his neck. Among his books there was <i>Epistles</i>.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="25.">25.</a></b> See H#ajj+ Khal+fah, Part IV, p. 13; Browne, <i>Literary History of Persia</i>, I, 107, 123.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="26.">26.</a></b> This could be  <i>Ath+n Nmah</i> ( The Book of Aristocracy ), about those with noble lineage. See Glossary for this famous book.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="27.">27.</a></b> Mazdak was the reform prophet killed by Chosroes I, A.D. 531.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="28.">28.</a></b> After this title the Flügel text gives the phrase  known as . . ., filling in the space with a guess which is probably incorrect. The Beatty MS has what appears to be  known as <i>Mhir Jamshsb </i>( The Sagacity of Solomon ), but the text is not clear enough to be sure.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="29.">29.</a></b> Here <i>al-yat+mah</i> probably means  the unique. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="30.">30.</a></b> The last two titles are not in the Flügel text. <i>Al-S#ah#bah</i> probably refers to the Prophet s Companions, but perhaps to something in Persian history.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="31.">31.</a></b> See Glossary for this famous book.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="32.">32.</a></b> This title and that following are not in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">261</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Al-<i>Har+r</i> ibn al-S#ar+h#</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">He was the secretary of <i>Thummah</i> <a href="#33.">[33]</a> and was surnamed Abk Hshim. He was one of the people of H#d#ir T#ayy. He was a master of literary style and writer of correspondence. He wrote <i>Epistles</i>, which I have seen, and which contains about one hundred leaves.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Account of <i> Al+ </i>ibn  Ubaydah al-Rayh#n+</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">He was a master of elegant writing and style, attached in a special way to [the Caliph] al-<i>Ma mkn</i>. In his literary works and compositions he followed the method of philosophy (<i>al-h#ikmah</i>), and was accused of unbelief. He was a distinguished secretary. About him and about al-Ma mkn anecdotes were told.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">One of them was that one time, while he was with al-Ma mkn, one of the pages scratched a second one. When al-Ma mkn saw them, he desired to know whether or not  Al+ had also observed them. So he said to him,  Did you see? while he made a gesture to  Al+ with his hand, separating his fingers so as to indicate five, for  five (<i>khamsah</i>) can be changed to  he scratched him (<i>khamashaha</i>). There were other anecdotes about brightness and wit in addition to this one.  Al+ ibn  Ubaydah died ---------. Among his books there were:&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Preserved (Protected); Al-Barzakh; <a href="#34.">[34]</a> Searching for Love; The Party Addressed [second person in grammar]; New (Acquired) Property (Al-T#rif); <a href="#35.">[35]</a> Al-<i>Hshim+</i>; <a href="#36.">[36]</a> Meaning; <a href="#37.">[37]</a> Al-Khisl (Properties, Customs); Al-Ns+ [one who defers the pilgrimage]; <a href="#38.">[38]</a> The Acrostic (Al-Muwashshah); Union and Alliance; The Ancestor (Al-Jadd) (<i>or</i> Zeal</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="33.">33.</a></b> The Flügel text has Qummah, but Thummah, in the Beatty MS, seems to be correct. H#d#ir T#ayy, in the next sentence, was a place near to Damascus; see Yqkt, <i>Geog.</i>, II, 186, l. 15; III, 863 l. 7.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="34.">34.</a></b> Flügel gives <i>al-barzakh</i>, which is probably correct. This was the barrier or lapse of time between death and resurrection; see Qur n 23:100; 25:53; 55:20. The Beatty MS gives an indistinct word which might be <i> al-tadarruj</i> ( advancement ) or <i>al-tadrus</i> ( pheasant ).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="35.">35.</a></b> The Beatty MS has <i>Al-T#rif</i>. Flügel gives the title as <i>Al-T#riq</i>, meaning  the morning star or  the visitor at night. It might also be a proper name.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="36.">36.</a></b> This title might refer to one of the several al-Hshim+ s listed in the Biog. Index.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="37.">37.</a></b> This title is used for commentaries on poetry and the Qur n.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="38.">38.</a></b> This may be a proper name; see Biog. Index.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">262</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> [Al-Jidd]); The Halter; The Free (Al-Mutakhall+); Patience; Brightness and Splendor; Cleverness of the Maiden (Muhr Azd) of Gustasb; <a href="#39.">[39]</a> <i>Kai</i> Luhrsp the King; <a href="#40.">[40]</a> Surfaces of the Earth; The Brothers; Rkshan Yadak; <a href="#41.">[41]</a> Description of Heaven; Categories; Al-Wash+j (The Ash Tree, Intermixture of Relationship); Cords and Ropes; The Training of Juwashtar; <a href="#42.">[42]</a> Explanation of Love and Description of Brotherhood; The Peacock; The Grieving; <a href="#43.">[43]</a> The Disposition of Hrkn.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Categories; The Preacher (Al-Khat#+b); The Rising Star (Al-Njim); Description of Persia; Structure (Al-Binyah); <a href="#44.">[44]</a> The Confused (Difficult to Solve); The Virtues of Ish#q; Description of Death; Hearing and Sight; Despondency and Hope; Description of the  Ulam [legal and religious authorities]; The Son of the King; The Hoped For and Feared; Wurkd and Wadkd, the Dog Trainers (al-Mukallibayn); <a href="#45.">[45]</a> Description of the Ant and the Gnat; Punishments; <a href="#46.">[46]</a> Praise of Wine; The Camel; Pulpit Sermons; Marriage; Species; Qualities; The Testing of Providence; The Bountiful; The Sessions. <a href="#47.">[47]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Account of <i>Sahl</i> ibn Hrkn</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">He was Sahl ibn Hrkn ibn Rahykn+ of Dastum+sn, <a href="#48.">[48]</a> who after going to al-Bas#rah became dedicated to the service of [the Caliph] al-<i>Ma mkn</i>. He was director of Khiznat al-H#ikmah [the royal library], as well as a scholar, a master of literary style, and a poet. He was Persian by origin, one of the Shu kb+yah, strong in his partisanship against the Arabs, and the author of many books and epistles.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="39.">39.</a></b> The Flügel version is garbled. The Beatty MS gives clearly <i>muhr azd</i> with a proper name like Gustasb, the legendary character who was confused with Solomon.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="40.">40.</a></b> He was a legendary king of Persia; see Biog. Index.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="41.">41.</a></b> The Flügel text is not clear. The Beatty MS has a title which might be Rkshan, followed by <i>yadak</i> ( horse ), or <i>badhl</i> ( munificence ). Rkshan was Roxana, the wife of Alexander the Great.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="42.">42.</a></b> Juwashtar is perhaps meant to be Zoroaster.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="43.">43.</a></b> This may be, as translated, <i>al-mashj+</i> ( the grieving ), or meant to be <i>al-mashjar</i> or <i>al-mushjir</i> ( planted with trees ), or a proper name which cannot be identified. In the following title, the man referred to is probably Hrkn al-<i>Rash+d</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="44.">44.</a></b> The Beatty MS repeats this title later in the list.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="45.">45.</a></b> Wurkd (Roses) and Wadkd (Lovers) were evidently characters in a story.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="46.">46.</a></b> The Arabic, <i>al-mu qabt</i>, has other meanings.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="47.">47.</a></b> The Beatty MS omits this title.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="48.">48.</a></b> A town near al-Awwz, northeast of al-Bas#rah. See Yqkt, <i>Geog.</i>, II, 574.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">263</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">As he was extremely concerned with miserliness, he wrote a letter to al-<i>H#asan</i> ibn Sahl [the vizier], in which he praised miserliness, inspiring liim with a desire for it, but at the same time asking him for a gift. Then al-H#asan wrote a reply to him on the back of his letter:  Your letter has arrived and we are following your advice and have made on the back [of the page] a receipt and acknowledgment for you with salaams. So nothing came to him as a result.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abk  Uthmn al-<i>Jh#iz#</i> showed him favor, ranking high his eloquence and literary style and quoting him in his books. Among the books of Sahl ibn Hrkn there were:&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Collection of Epistles; <a href="#49.">[49]</a> Tha lah wa-Afr , similar to Kal+lah wa-Dimnah; <a href="#50.">[50]</a> The Tree of Intelligence; The Leopard and the Fox; The Maid of Hudhayl and the Youth of Makhzkm; <a href="#51.">[51]</a> The Lover and the Virgin; Wurkd wa-Wadkd; <a href="#52.">[52]</a> The Two Wives [of the same husband]; <i>Aspasius</i> on the Taking of Brothers; The Two Gazelles; The Culture of <i>Ashak</i> ibn Ashak, addressed to  *s ibn Abn about judgment; The Administration of the Kingdom and Policy. <a href="#53.">[53]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Sa +d</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn Huraym <a href="#54.">[54]</a> al-Ktib (the Secretary)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">He was an associate of <i>Sahl</i> ibn Hrkn in the Bayt al-H#ikmah. He was eloquent, a master of literary style and a writer of correspondence who was quoted by al-<i>Jh#iz#</i>. Among his books there was <i>Learning and Its Benefits</i>. He also had a collection of epistles.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Salm</font></span></i></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">He was the director of the Bayt al-H#ikmah with <i>Sahl</i> ibn Hrkn, who made translations from Persian into Arabic.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="49.">49.</a></b> Not found in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="50.">50.</a></b> Tha lah and Afr are names in a fable. <i>Tha lah</i> (the  is often omitted) is a female fox. <i>Afr </i> means wild asses. Perhaps the word should be in the singular, <i>al-far </i> ( wild ass ), or it might also be <i>al-farr</i> ( fur dealer ). See Mas kd+, I, 159, 400. <i>Kal+lah wa-Dimnah</i> is a famous book of Indian fables; see Glossary.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="51.">51.</a></b> For these two tribes, see  Hudhail, <i>Enc. Islam</i>, II, 329;  Makhzkm, III, 171.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="52.">52.</a></b> This title may be the book of fables translated by <i> Al+</i> ibn  Ubaydah (see n. 45). Flügel gives <i>Nudkd wa-Wadkd wa-Ladkd</i>. The Beatty MS has <i> Nudkd wa-Dudkd</i>. The form given is probably the correct one.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="53.">53.</a></b> Not found in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="54.">54.</a></b> This name is taketi from the Beatty MS. The form given by Flügel, Sa +d ibn Hrkn, is probably incorrect. Hugel s form is also given in  Bait al-Hikma, <i>Enc. Islam</i> (1960), I, 1141.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">264</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Al+</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn D kd</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">He was the secretary of Umm Ja far <i>Zubaydah</i>, and one of the masters of eloquent literary style. In his composition [of official letters] he used the method of <i>Sahl</i> ibn Hrkn. Among his books there were:</span></font></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Using a Loud Voice (Al-Jarh+yah), a book of singing; <a href="#55.">[55]</a> The Freeborn and the Populace; The Beautiful.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Muh#ammad</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn al-Layth al-Khat#+b (the Preacher)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">He was surnamed Abk al-Rab+ , and served as secretary to <i>Yah#y</i> ibn Khlid [the vizier]. He was a protégé of the Bank Umayyah and was known for his legal skill. He had an eloquent literary style and was a writer of correspondence, a secretary, legal authority, and theologian, distinguished and frugal. It is said that he was the ugliest of the creations of Allh, but the Barmak family advanced him, favoring him although he was accused of heresy. <a href="#56.">[56]</a> Among his books there were:</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Elliptic, about comparative computation; Refutation of Heretics (al-Zandiqah); <i>Constantine</i> s Reply from al-Rash+d; <a href="#57.">[57]</a> Penmanship and the Pen; The Admonition (Preaching) of Hrkn al-<i>Rash+d</i>, addressed to Yah#y ibn Khlid about literary pursuits.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Another account about him was written in the handwriting of Ibn <i>H#afs#</i>:  Muh#ammad ibn al-Layth of the Bank H#is#n Tribe <a href="#58.">[58]</a> was gifted in language. He was among the protégés of the Bank Umayyah, with a dislike for Persia, for which the Barmak family hated him. He was a preacher through the agency of his letters. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="55.">55.</a></b> The translation is taken from the Beatty MS. Flügel is probably incorrect.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="56.">56.</a></b> The members of the Barmak family were viziers who organized the empire for the early  Abbsid caliphs. The word  heresy is <i>al-zandiqah</i>, which usually was associated with the dualistic tendencies of the Manichaeans and Zoroastrians. As Muh#ammad ibn al-Layth wrote a book refuting this heresy and was a man who sympathized with the Arabs rather than the Persians. the accusation was probably false.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="57.">57.</a></b> Constantine VI was the boy emperor at Constantinople, A.D. 780 97. During his reign Hrkn al-Rash+d extracted tribute from the Byzantines.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="58.">58.</a></b> For this tribe, see Qutaybah, <i>Ma rif</i>, p. 48 top.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">265</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">I read what was written in the handwriting of Ibn <i>Thawbah</i>:</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> He was Muh#ammad ibn al-Layth, the preacher and master (<i>s#h#ib</i>) of correspondence. He was a descendant of Adhabb (Azabb) Bd ibn Firkz ibn Shh+n ibn Adhar Hurmuz ibn Hurmuz ibn Sarkshn ibn Bahman ibn Afrandr, reaching back in his lineage to <i>Dr</i> ibn Dr the King. He had an anthology of epistles.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Al-</font><i><font size="3"> Attb+</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">He was Abk  Amr Kulthkm ibn  Amr ibn Ayykb al-Tha lab+ al- Attb+, a Syrian living at Qinnasr+n, <a href="#59.">[59]</a> who was a poet, secretary, and accomplished letter writer. He became associated with members of the Barmak family, devoting himself to them. Then, later, he served <i>T#hir</i> ibn al-H#usayn and <i> Al+</i> ibn Hishm.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">It is related that when [the Caliph] al-<i>Rash+d</i> met him after the execution of <i>Ja far</i> ibn Yah#y and the waning of the Barmak fortunes, he [al-Rash+d] said to him,  What have you produced for me so far, oh,  Attb+? <a href="#60.">[60]</a> Then he [al- Attb+] composed extemporaneously some verses with excellent significance, among which there were:&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Doth it please thee that there should befall me</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">What was accorded to Ja far of wealth and to Yah#y ibn Khlid?</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">That the Commander of the Faithful should choke me</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">With their choking, with things exceeding cold.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Call me, leave me alone, tranquil, that my fate might come slowly,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Not afflicted with the horror of these happenings.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">For confused are the events bound together</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">In the caverns of darkness. <a href="#61.">[61]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">He was the best of the people, preeminent in his epistles and poetry, following the way of genius. <a href="#62.">[62]</a> Al- Attb+ died -----------. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="59.">59.</a></b> For Qinnasr+n, see Yqkt, <i>Geog.</i>, IV, 184.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="60.">60.</a></b> For a brief history of the Barmak family, see Hitti, <i>Arabs</i>, pp. 294-96, an account which helps to explain this incident and the poem which follows.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="61.">61.</a></b> Flügel, the Beatty MS, and Is#bahn+, <i>Aghn+</i>, Part 12, p. 9, give different versions of this verse. The translation follows in general the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="62.">62.</a></b> The word translated as  preeminent is <i>i tizz</i> in Arabic, although it is written, probably inaccurately, as <i>i tidd</i> in Flügel and <i>i tidhr</i> in the Beatty MS. The Arabic word for  genius is <i>al-nbighah</i>. This was the name of a famous poet, and may refer to him.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">266</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Literary Pursuits; The Arts of Govemment; The Delightful Book of the Horse; Pronunciations, which Abk  Umar al-<i>Zhid</i> quoted as passed down by al-<i>Mubarrad</i> and which was eloquent; Logic; <a href="#63.">[63]</a> Things Beautiful.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Al-</font><i><font size="3"> Utb+</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">He was  Abd al-Rah#mn Muh#ammad ibn  Abd Allh ibn  Amr ibn Mu wiyah ibn  Amr ibn  Utbah ibn Ab+ Sufyn of al-Bas#rah. Abk al-<i> Ayn </i> said that <i> Amr</i> ibn  Utbah was of distinguished lineage.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">He was one of the most eloquent of men, both al- Utb+ and his father being persons of a superior type, men of letters and masters of literary style. Al- Utb+ was also a poet, though this was not true of his father. <a href="#64.">[64]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">It is said that al- Utb+ stood at the doorway of <i>Isma +l</i> ibn Ja far ibn Sulaymn, asking for permission to enter, but the servant said that he [Ism +l] was in the bath. Then he [al- Utb+] recited:&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">When I desire a meal from the emir</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">And his servant (<i>ghilmn</i>) says that he has gone to the bath,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Then my answer to the porter (<i>h#jib</i>) is</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">That I sought nothing but greetings</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">And will not come to you at any time,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Except on each day that we are fasting.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Al- Utb+ died during the year two hundred and twenty-eight [A.D. 842/43]. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Horses; Poetry of the Nomads and Poetry of Women Who Were Loved and Then Hated; The Slaughtered [for Sacrifice]; <a href="#65.">[65]</a> Characters (Morals).</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a8">T</a>he Names of Writers of Correspondence Whose Epistles Were Collected as Anthologies</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Al-<i>Qsim</i> ibn S#ab+h#, a small amount; <a href="#66.">[66]</a> <i>Yah#y</i> ibn Khlid, a small amount; his son al-<i>Fad#l</i> (ibn Yah#y), a small amount; his son <i>Ja far</i> (ibn Yah#y), a small amount; al-<i>Fayd#</i> ibn Ab+ S#lih#, a large amount; <i>Yksuf</i> ibn al-Qsim, a small amount; <i>Ya qkb</i> ibn</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="63.">63.</a></b> This title and the one following are not in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="64.">64.</a></b> This paragraph follows the Beatty MS; Flügel differs.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="65.">65.</a></b> This title is omitted by Flügel.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="66.">66.</a></b> The words  a small amount and  a large amount are taken from the Beatty MS, as they are not given perfectly by Flügel.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">267</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Nkh#, a small amount; <i>Yksuf</i> Laqwah, a small amount; al-<i>Fad#l</i> ibn Sahl, a small amount; al-<i>H#asan</i> ibn Sahl, a small amount; <i>Muh#ammad</i> ibn Bakr, a small amount; <i>Ah#mad</i> ibn al-Najm, a large amount; <i>Ah#mad</i> ibn Yksuf the secretary of al-<i>Ma mkn</i> and a vizier, a large amount.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibrah+m</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#67.">[67]</a> ibn al- Abbs ibn Muhammad ibn S#kl, the Secretary</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">He was one of the eloquent writers and poets who were masters of literary style, and he was in charge of the correspondence during the regimes of a number of caliphs, being a man both cultured and gifted. Abk <i>Tammm</i> said,  If Ibrh+m had not turned his interests to the service of the sultan, he would not have left bread to a single poet, because of the excellency of his poetry. Among his books there were:</span></font></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Epistles; The Government, a large book; Cooking; Perfume.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Al-<i>H#asan</i> ibn Wahb ibn Sa +d ibn  Amr ibn H#us#ayn ibn Qays ibn Qann ibn Matt</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><font size="3"> <span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">Qann</span></i></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> served as secretary to <i>Yaz+d</i> ibn Ab+ Sufyn while he was administering Syria, and later to <i>Mu wiyah</i>. Mu wiyah passed him on to his son, <i> Yaz+d</i>, during whose reign as caliph he [Qann] died. Then Yaz+d appointed his [Qann s] son, <i>Qays</i>, to be his secretary. Qays later served as secretary to <i>Marwn</i>, <i> Abd </i>al-Malik, and <i>Hishm</i>, during whose [Hishm s] reign he died.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Hishm made his [Qays s] son, al-<i>H#us#ayn</i>, his secretary. <i>Marwn </i>[II] later employed him as a secretary. He went to Egypt, and when Marwn was killed he became attached to Ibn <i>Hubayrah</i>. When Ibn Hubayrah went over to Abk Ja far [al-<i>Mans#kr</i>], he won safe conduct for al-H#us#ayn, who served al-Mans#kr and al-<i>Mahd+</i>, until his death occurred on the road to al-Rayy.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Then al-Mahd+ appointed his [H#usayn s] son <i> Amr</i> as a secretary and he served as secretary to <i>Khlid</i> ibn Barmak. When he died, his son <i> Sa +d</i> was his successor, remaining in the service of the Barmak farnily and being followed by his own son <i>Wahb</i>, who first acted as secretary to <i>Ja far </i>ibn Yah#y and later in the entourage of Dhk</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="67.">67.</a></b> The Flügel edition adds Abk Ish#q to the name of Ibrh+m.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">268</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> al-Ri sitayn [al-<i>Fad#l </i>ibn Sahl]. Dhk al-Ri sitayn said about him,  In view of his associates, I have wondered how Wahb refrained from self-seeking. <a href="#68.">[68]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">After that al-<i>H#asan</i> ibn Sahl made him [Wahb] his secretary, appointing him governor of Kirmn and Fars, in which provinces he made improvements. When he sent him on a mission to al-<i>Ma mkn</i> via Fam al-S#ilh#, <a href="#69.">[69]</a> he was drowned on the way to Baghdd from Fam al-S#ilh#. His son <i>Sulaymn</i>, when he was a boy fourteen years old, did secretarial work for al-Ma mkn. Later he served as secretary to <i>*tkh</i> and <i>Ashns</i>. After that he was head of the vizierate of al-<i>Mu tamid</i>. This Sulaymn ibn Wahb had a book, a collection of his epistles.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The brother of Sulaymn, al-<i>H#asan</i> ibn Wahb, served as secretary to <i> Muh#ammad</i> ibn  Abd al-Malik al-Zayyt, also presiding over the bureau of correspondence. He was a poet, an eloquent writer, a composer of correspondence, a master of literary style, and one of the rnost excellent of the secretaries. His book was a collection of epistles.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibn  Abd al-Malik al-Zayyt Was <i>Muh#ammad</i> ibn  Abd al-Mahk ibn Abn al-Zayyt</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; <i> Abn</i></font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> was one of the inhabitants of a village of al-Jabal called al-Daskarah, from which region he transported oil to Baghdd. [Muh#ammad] was a poet and master of literary style, who served as vizier to three caliphs: al-<i>Mu tas#im</i>, al-<i>Wthiq</i>, and al-<i>Mutawakkil</i>. Forty days after appointing him as vizier, al-Mutawakkil humiliated him, killing him in his affliction. We give a detailed account of him elsewhere. <a href="#70.">[70]</a> He died during the year two hundred and thirty-three [A.D. 847/48]. He had an anthology of epistles.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Al-<i>Qsim</i> ibn Yksuf</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was the brother of <i>Ah#mad</i> ibn Yksuf. He was a poet and writer of correspondence. He had a book of epistles.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="68.">68.</a></b> For the caliphs mentioned, see Hitti, <i>Arabs</i>, pp. 193, 279, 297.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="69.">69.</a></b> This locality was on the S#ilh# River above al-Wsit#; see Yqkt, <i>Geog.</i>, III, 917.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="2"><b><a name="70."> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">70</span><span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">.</span></a></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> Perhaps the author of <i>Al-Fihrist</i> expected to mention Muh#ammad in further detail in connection with the poets, but actually his name is only mentioned briefly.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">269</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Amr</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn Mas adah ibn Sa +d ibn ----------</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was the vizier of al-<i>Ma mkn</i>, and was a master of literary style, a poet, and writer of correspondence. There is a large book of his epistles.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Sa +d</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn Wahb</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was a secretary, but not from the family of <i>Wahb</i> ibn Sa +d, for his origin was Persian. He wrote:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Epistles; a collection of his poems. <a href="#71.">[71]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Al-</font><i><font size="3">H#arrn+</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Abk al-T#ayyib  Abd al-Rah#+m ibn Ah#mad al-H#arrni, a poet, writer of correspondence, and master of literary style, who wrote:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Epistles; about eloquent literary style. <a href="#72.">[72]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abk  Al+ al-</font><i><font size="3">Bas#+r</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was a poet, master of literary style, and writer of correspondence. Between him and Abk al-<i> Ayn </i> there were exchanges of satires and excellent compositions, including a number of poems. He wrote:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Epistles; a collection of his poems. <a href="#73.">[73]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Al-</font><i><font size="3">Yksuf+</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Abk al-T#ayyib Muh#ammad ibn  Abd Allh, one of the descendants of <i>Ah#mad</i> ibn Yksuf al-Ktib, the secretary of al-<i>Ma mkn</i>. <a href="#74.">[74]</a> He was a writer of correspondence and a master of literary style. He wrote:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Distinguished (Al-Fad#kl), referring to his selected epistles; epistles about his personal affairs.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="71.">71.</a></b> This second title not found in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="72.">72.</a></b> This title is not found in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="73.">73.</a></b> Omitted in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="74.">74.</a></b> Flügel inserts the phrases  the secretary of al-Ma mkn and also  There were famous letters written by Abk al-T#ayyib Ah#mad ibn Yksuf. The second phrase is omitted from the translation because the names are evidently confused.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">270</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Bank al-<i>Mudabbir</i> <a href="#75.">[75]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; <i> Ah#mad</i></font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">, <i>Muh#ammad</i>, and <i>Ibrh+m</i>, all of whom were poets, writers of correspondence, and masters of literary style. Ah#mad wrote the book <i> Sessions and Conference</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Hrkn</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn Muh#ammad ibn  Abd al-Malik al-Zayyt</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was surnamed Abk Mks, and was one of the persons who collected historical anecdotes and quoted traditions. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Historical Traditions of <i>Dhk</i> al-Rummah; his epistles. <a href="#76.">[76]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Sa +d</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn H#umayd</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was sumamed Abk  Uthmn and was a secretary, poet, and writer of correspondence, delightful in expression, preeminent in his work, but given to plagiarism and much [literary] plundering. If it should be said to the words and poetry of Sa +d,  Return to your true authors (<i>ahlik</i>), there would be nothing of his own left. This was the expression of <i>Ah#mad</i> ibn Ab+ T#hir.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">He claimed that he was descended from the offspring of the kings of Persia. Among his books there were:&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Persia s Receiving Justice from the Arabs, also known as Equality; a collection of his epistles; an anthology of his poems. In connection with [his] quashing of Ah#mad and Ibrh+m, a book of epistles was [addressed] to each of them. <a href="#77.">[77]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibrh+m</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn Ism +l ibn D kd, the Secretary</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He excelled in eloquence and literary style. He wrote <i>Epistles</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Sa +d</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn H#umayd ibn al-Bakhtakn</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was surnamed Abk  Uthmn and was a man of understanding, a theologian, and a master of literary style. Coming from ancient ancestry in Persia, he was strong in partisanship against the Arabs. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="75.">75.</a></b> Ibn Khallikn states that the name should be written al-Mudabbir, although as a rule it is Mudabbar (see Khallikn, IV, 389). The title <i>Sessions and Conference</i> is omitted in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="76.">76.</a></b> Omitted by the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="77.">77.</a></b> Probably <i>Ah#mad</i> ibn Abi T#hir and <i>Ibrh+m</i> ibn Ism il.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">271</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Persians Superiority <a href="#78.">[78]</a> over the Arabs, and Their Excellence; his epistles; about theology, which I mention in the proper place in this volume.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">H#amd</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn Mihrn, the Secretary</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was from Is#bahn and served as secretary to the meinbers of the Barmak family while they were still alive. <a href="#79.">[79]</a> He wrote <i>Epistles</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibn </font><i><font size="3">Yazdd</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; Abk  Abd Allh Muh#ammad ibn Yazdd ibn Suwayd was the vizier of [the Caliph] al-<i>Ma mkn</i>, a master of literary style, a writer of correspondence, and a poet. <a href="#80.">[80]</a> Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Epistles; an anthology of his poems.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Muh#ammad </font></span></i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">ibn Mukram</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was a secretary who was a master of literary style and a writer of correspondence. He wrote <i>Epistles</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abk <i> S#lih</i>#  Abd Allh ibn Muh#ammad ibn Yazdd ibn Suwayd</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was one of the secretaries who were masters of literary style. His son was Abk <i> Ah#mad</i> ibn <a href="#81.">[81]</a>  Abd Allh ibn Muh#ammad ibn Yazdd, who completed the book of history which his father was writing, to the year three hundred [A.D. 912/13]. Among his [Abk Ah#mad s] books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> History; his epistles.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Maymun</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn Ibrh+m, the Secretary</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He had special charge of the correspondence during the days of al-<i>Mutawakkil</i>. He was eloquent, a master of literary style and a writer of correspondence. He wrote <i>Epistles</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="78.">78.</a></b> The Beatty MS omits  superiority, which omission is evidently an error.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="79.">79.</a></b> The reference to the Barmak family is omitted in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="80.">80.</a></b> The phrase  and a poet and the second book title are not found in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="81.">81.</a></b> The word <i>ibn </i>is not in the original Arabic but must be correct, judging from the dates of these two men s lives. Flügel gives the two book titles in this paragraph with Abk S#lih#. The translation follows the Beatty MS in giving them with the son, Abk Ah#mad.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">272</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Mks</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn  Abd al-Malik</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">He had charge of the Bureau of al-Sawd and other matters during the days of al-<i>Mutawakkil</i> and was also a writer of correspondence. I have seen a few of his letters.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibn <i> Sa d</i> <a href="#82.">[82]</a> al-Qut#rabbull+</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Abk al-H#asan Ah#mad ibn  Abd Allh ibn al-H#usayn ibn Sa d ibn Mas kd al-Qut#rabbull+, one of the secretaries who were learned and preeminent. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> History, which he wrote up to his own lifetime; Fiqar (Rhymed Phrases, Rhymed Clauses) of the Masters of Literary Style; <a href="#83.">[83]</a> Logic</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Nat#t#hah</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Abk  Al+ Ah#mad ibn Ism +l ibn al-Khas+b al-Anbr+</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was the secretary of <i> Ubayd</i> Allh ibn  Abd Allh ibn T#hir, who turned him over to <i>Muh#ammad</i> ibn T#hir. <a href="#84.">[84]</a> He was a master of literary style, a correspondence writer, a poet, and a man of letters, preeminent in eloquent composition. He usually wrote in a personal way to his brothers, but there were also letters and replies exchanged between him and Abk al- Abbs [<i> Abd</i> Allh] ibn al-Mu tazz. He composed a collection (<i>d+wn</i>) of letters, about a thousand leaves in length, comprising all of the good [passages] from different kinds of letters.</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Cooked Food; Generations (Categories) of Secretaries; and also what he entitled the Compendium Copied from Notes, which included what he heard from the scholars and what was testified to in connection with anecdotes about important people; Description (Attributes) of the Soul; his letters to his brothers. <a href="#85.">[85]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="82.">82.</a></b> The Flügel text gives Ibn Sa +d. In the sentence below, Flügel gives Abk al-H#asan as part of his name; the Beatty MS omits it.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="83.">83.</a></b> This title and that following are omitted by the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="84.">84.</a></b> The translation follows the Beatty MS, which seems to be correct. Muh#ammad was the brother of  Ubayd Allh, so that it was natural for the secretary to go from one to the other. The Flügel version says that Muh#ammad ibn T#hir killed Nat#t#h#ah, evidently an error.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="85.">85.</a></b> Lacking in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">273</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibn <i> Fud#ayl</i> al-Ktib</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Abk al-H#asan  Al+ ibn al-H#usayn ibn Fud#ayl ibn Marwn, and was of Persian origin. Among his books there was <i>Idols and What the Arabs and Persians Used to Worship instead of Allh, Blessed Be His Name</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abk al-<i> Ayn </i> Muh#ammad ibn al-Qsim ibn Khilld <a href="#86.">[86]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was a master of literary style and eloquence, with a ready answer and a quick repartee. He was also a poet. During the latter part of his life he was blind. Letters and satires were exchanged between him and Abk  Al+ al-<i>Bas#+r</i> and also Abk <i>Hiffn</i>. <a href="#87.">[87]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The people of al- Askar <a href="#88.">[88]</a> used to fear his tongue. He quoted al-<i>As#ma +</i> and other scholars. Abk al- Ayn died some time after the year two hundred and eighty [a.D. 893/94]. <a href="#89.">[89]</a> Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Accounts of Abk al- Ayn , which was written by [<i>Ah#mad</i>] ibn Ab+ T#hir; Poems of Abk al- Ayn , about thirty leaves in length.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <hr color="#000000" width="60%" size="3"> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a9">I </a>have read something written in the handwriting of [Muh#ammad ibn  Al+] ibn Muqlah [surnamed] Abk  Al+, of which this is a transcription. I am presenting it with its order and wording, as this book requires.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Names of the Preachers (Orators)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="en-us"><font size="3"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;</span></font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp; The Commander of the Faithful, <i> Al+</i>, for whom may there be peace; <i> T#alh#ah</i> ibn  Ubayd Allh; <i> Abd</i> Allh ibn al-Zubayr;  Abd Allh ibn <i> Abbs</i> ibn  Abd al-Mut#t#alib; <i>Khlid</i> and <i>Ism +l</i>, the two sons of <i> Abd</i> Allh al-Qasr+; <i>Yaz+d</i> ibn Khlid ibn  Abd Allh and <i>Jar+r</i> ibn Yaz+d ibn Khalid; <i> Abd</i> Allh ibn al-Ahtam; <i> Khlid</i> ibn Safwn; Ibn al-<i>Qirr+yah</i>; <a href="#90.">[90]</a> <i>S#a s#a ah</i> ibn S#kh#n; <i>Muh#ammad</i> ibn Qays al-Khat#+b; <i>Ziyd</i> ibn Ab+ Sufyn; <i> Qat#ar+</i> ibn al-Fuj ah; al-<i>Wal+d</i> ibn Yaz+d; Abk Ja far al-<i>Mans#kr</i>; al-<i>Ma mkn</i>; <i>Shab+b</i> ibn</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="86.">86.</a></b>  Ibn Khilld is omitted by the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="87.">87.</a></b> See Mas kd+, VII, 328, for mention of Abk  All al-Bas#+r and Abk al- Ayn .</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="88.">88.</a></b> <i> Al- askar</i> may refer to the army, but probably refers to the quarter of Baghdd known as  Askar al-Mahd+ and often called  al-Askar. See Coke, <i> Baghdad</i>, p. 40.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="89.">89.</a></b> The Beatty MS leaves a gap in place of the date following  Abk al- Ayn died. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="90.">90.</a></b> The Beatty MS gives  al-Qisriyah, which seems to be an error.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">274</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Shaybah; al-<i> Abbs</i> ibn al-H#asan al- Alaw+ and his son <i> Abd</i> Allh; <i>Muh#ammad</i> ibn Khlid ibn  Abd Allh al-Qasr+; <i>Shabbah</i> ibn  Iql.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Names of Those Who Were Eloquent <a href="#91.">[91]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; Abk Marwn <i>Ghayln</i>; <i>Slim</i>, the secretary of <i>Hishm</i> ibn  Abd al-Malik and a kinsman of <i> Abd</i> al-H#am+d; <i> Abd</i> al-H#am+d ibn Yah#y, the secretary of <i>Marwn</i> [II]; <i>Khal+d</i> ibn Rab+ ah al-Ifr+q+; <a href="#92.">[92]</a> <i> Abd</i> al-Wahhb ibn  Al+, who lived at the time of <i> Bill</i> ibn Ab+ Burdah; <i> Umrah</i> ibn H#amzah; <i>Yah#y</i> and <i> Muh#ammad</i>, the sons of Ziyd, the two H#rith+ descendants of al-H#rith ibn Ka b; <i>H#ujr</i> ibn Sulaymn, from H#arrn; <i>Muh#ammad</i> ibn H#ujr, the secretary of al-<i> Abbs</i> ibn Muh#ammad; <i>Jabal</i> ibn Yaz+d, the secretary of <i> Umrah</i> ibn H#amzah; <i>Mas adah</i> ibn  Amr; <a href="#93.">[93]</a> <i>  Abd</i> al-Jabbr ibn  Ad+ and <i>Mas adah</i> ibn Khlid, the two secretaries of al-<i>Mans#kr</i>; <i>Yknus</i> ibn Ab+ Farwah, who served as the secretary of  *s ibn Mks; <i>Sahl</i> ibn Hrkn, director of the Bayt al-H#ikmah of al-<i>Ma mkn</i>; <i>Sa +d</i> ibn Huraym, the associate of Sahl ibn Hrkn at the Bayt al-H#ikmah; <i> Abd</i> Allh ibn Khqn; <a href="#94.">[94]</a> <i>Ja far</i> ibn Muh#ammad ibn al-Ash ath; <i> Ubayd</i> Allh <a href="#95.">[95]</a> ibn  Amrn, who served as a secretary to a number of persons, the last of whom was al-<i>Fad#l</i> ibn Yah#y; Ibn <i>Adham</i>, the secretary of Abk <i>Nujkm</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abk al-Rab+ <i>Muh#ammad</i> ibn al-Layth; <i>Ghassn</i> ibn  Abd al- H#am+d al-Mad+n+; &nbsp;<a href="#96.">[96]</a> al-Khat#t#b mawl <i>Sulaymn</i> ibn Ab+ Ja far and his protégé; <a href="#97.">[97]</a> Ibn <i>A yn</i>, a secretary; Abk --------- al-<i>Shm+</i>, the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="91.">91.</a></b> In this translation the word <i>al-bulagh </i> (here,  those who were eloquent ) is often rendered  masters of literary style. In the following collection of names, there are some minor variations between the Flügel text and the Beatty MS; the translation follows the latter. In the Beatty MS, three dots separate each writer from the next.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="92.">92.</a></b> For the last element of this name, Flügel gives  al-Sharq+ and the Beatty MS is garbled, but probably  al-Ifr+q+ is the correct form.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="93.">93.</a></b> The Arabic text gives Abk  Amr, but most sources give his name as ibn  Amr. Perhaps he was both Abk  Amr and ibn  Amr.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="94.">94.</a></b> It is possible that the word for  secretary of has been omitted between  Abd Allh ibn Khqn and Ja far ibn Muh#ammad ibn al-Ash ath.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="95.">95.</a></b> The name Allh is given by Flügel but not by the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="96.">96.</a></b> Flügel adds,  who served as secretary to <i>Ja far</i> ibn Sulaymn at al-Mad+nah. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="97.">97.</a></b> As the word <i>mawl</i> ( protégé ) is mentioned twice in the Beatty MS, the phrase may be  al-<i>Khat#t#b</i> ibn Mu all the secretary of <i>Sulaymn</i> ibn Ab+ Ja far and his protégé. It is more likely, however, that the word for protégé is mentioned twice by mistake.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">275</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> secretary of al-<i>Wal+d</i> ibn Mu wiyah; <i>Khat#t#ab</i> ibn Ab+ Khat#t#b, one of the Ahl al-Da wah <a href="#98.">[98]</a> who wrote on his own behalf; <i>  Ubayd</i> ibn Khirsh, one of the people of al-Shm and a secretary; Kulthkm ibn  Amr al-<i> Attb+</i>, a man of letters who wrote on his own behalf [and for] Abk Muslim al-<i>Shm+</i>; <i>Qummah</i>, the secretary of <i> Abd</i> al-Malik ibn S#lih#; <i>Ish#q</i> ibn al-Khat#t#b, the secretary of <i> Qummah</i> ibn Yaz+d; al-<i>Har+r</i> ibn al-S#ar+h, the secretary of <i> Abd</i> al-Malik ibn S#lih#; Abk <i>Rawh#</i>, the secretary of <i> Al+</i> ibn  *s, following <i>Yksuf</i> ibn Sulaymn; Ibn al-<i> Abd+yah</i>; <a href="#99.">[99]</a> <i> Muh#ammad</i> ibn H#arb, who served as secretary to al-Makhlk . <a href="#100.">[100]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ah#mad</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn Yksuf; <i>Maslamah</i>, the secretary of <i>Khuzaymah</i> ibn Khzim; <i> Isma +l</i> ibn S#ab+h#; Abk <i> Ubayd</i> Allh, the secretary of al-<i>Mahd+</i>; <i>Muh#ammad</i> ibn Sa +d, a contemporary of al-<i>Ma mkn</i>; <i>Bakr</i> ibn Fayd ibn  Abd al-H#am+d al-Tam+m+, a contemporary of <i>Bill</i> ibn Ab+ Burdah; al-<i>Qsim</i> ibn Muh#ammad, also a contemporary of Bill; <i>Bishr</i> ibn Ab+ Bishrah; Abk al-Najm <i>H#ab+b</i> ibn al-Najm, contemporary with al-<i>Mahd+</i>; <i>Mut#arraf</i> ibn Ab+ Mut#arraf al-Layth+; <i>Ibrh+m</i> ibn Ism +l, the teacher of <i>Muh#ammad</i> ibn Mukram; <i>Yksuf</i> ibn Sulaymn, the secretary of <i> Al+</i>; <a href="#101.">[101]</a> Abk </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">H#awt#</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">, the secretary of al-<i>Har+r</i> ibn S#ar+h#; <i>H#amzah</i> ibn  Af+f ibn al-H#asan, a secretary of <i>T#hir</i> ibn al-H#usayn; <i>Muslim</i> ibn S#adaqah, a Syrian; Abk <i>Hshim</i> al-H#arrn+.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ten Masters of Literary Style <a href="#102.">[102]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;  Abd Allh ibn al-<i>Muqaffa </i>; <i> Umrah</i> ibn H#amzah; <i>Jabal</i> ibn Yaz+d; <i>H#ujr</i> ibn Muh#ammad; <i>Muh#ammad</i> ibn H#ujr ----------- <i> Anas</i> ibn Ab+ Shaykh, who was relied upon by <i>Ah#mad</i> ibn Yksuf the secretary; <i>Slim</i>; <i>Mas adah</i>; al-<i>Har+r</i> ibn S#ar+h; <i> Abd</i> al-Jabbr ibn  Ad+; <i>Ah#mad</i> ibn Yksuf.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="98.">98.</a></b> This is the name by which the Ism +liyah designated their own members. It can be translated as  People of the Summons. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="99.">99.</a></b> The Flügel text gives Yksuf ibn Sulaymn ibn al- Abd+yah as one name. The Beatty MS is probably correct in breaking it into two.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="100.">100.</a></b> Al-Makhlk ( the Rejected ) was the nickname of al-<i>Am+n</i>, son of Hrkn al-<i>Rash+d</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="101.">101.</a></b> Probably  Al+ ibn  *s, the famous vizier.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="102.">102.</a></b> In this paragraph, the Flügel text omits Jabal ibn Yaz+d, though the Beatty MS includes it. Flügel gives Anas ibn Ab+ Shaykh as a separate name. In the Beatty MS, the text is garbled following Muh#ammad ibn H#ujr, but evidently Anas was connected in some way with this man, and was not among the masters of literary style.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">276</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Recent Masters of Literary Style</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; <i> Ibrh+m</i></font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn  Abbs al-S#kl+; al-<i>H#asan</i> ibn Wahb; <i>Sa +d</i> ibn  Abd al-Malik.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Books Mentioned Together because of Their Excellence</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; The Testament of <i>Ardash+r</i>; <a href="#103.">[103]</a> Kal+lah wa-Dimnah; the epistle of <i>  Umrah</i> ibn H#amzah; Al-Mhn+yah; <a href="#104.">[104]</a> Al-Yat+mah, by Ibn al-<i>Muqaffa </i>; <a href="#105.">[105]</a> the epistle Al-Kham+s, by <i>Ah#mad</i> ibn Yksuf al-Khat#+b. <a href="#106.">[106]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Various Subjects about Which Things Were Written <a href="#107.">[107]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; About the common people, about raids [early wars of Islm], about defeats (routs), about security, about submission, about laws, about recompense, about provinces, about treaties, about counsel, about partisanship, about rain, about earthquake, about acknowledgment of a ruler, about peace, about reviling, about necessities, about satisfaction, about love (affection), about reproaches, about apologies, about trusts, about congratulations, about gifts, about judicial jurisdiction, about condolence, about holy war, about season of the pilgrimage (harvest), about feasts, about passionate desires.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Responses of the raids (correspondence of the early wars of Islm): what was written by (from) the kings to the kings about the outlying regions, about the weak (impotent), about the conflagration, about war, about praying for rain, about union (friendly relations), about security (peace), about breaking through (pouring forth) of waters. <a href="#108.">[108]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="103.">103.</a></b> The charge given by the dying king Ardash+r to his son <i>Shpkr</i>; see Firdaws+, <i>Shahnama</i>, VI, 286; Rawlinson, <i>Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy</i>, p. 63.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="104.">104.</a></b> This may have been written by Ibrh+m al-<i>Maws#il+</i> or Ish#q al-<i>Maws#il+</i> about their ancestor Mhn; see Huart, <i>History of Arabic Literature</i>, p. 77.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="105.">105.</a></b> <i> Al-yat+mah</i> means  the rare or  the unique. Flügel, p. 118 bottom line, gives the phrase  about epistles following this title.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="106.">106.</a></b> The title <i>Al-Kham+s</i> is taken from the Beatty MS, as Flügel has <i> Al-H#asan</i>, evidently an error.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="107.">107.</a></b> In the second paragraph, the text follows the Beatty MS, in which the phrase  Responses of the raids seems to introduce the group of subjects which follows. There is a variation in the Flügel edition.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="108.">108.</a></b> The subject  breaking through of waters is taken from the Beatty MS, as Flügel gives  passionate devotion, which is a mistake.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">277</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Also What Occurs in Action</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; Seeing the new moon, festivals, about amatory poetry (conversation), <a href="#109.">[109]</a> demand for necessities, cassation in justice.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Here ends what was written in the handwriting of Abk  Al+ ibn Muqlah [<i>Muh#ammad</i> ibn  Al+].</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <hr color="#000000" width="60%" size="3"> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a10">G</a>hassn</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn  Abd al-H#am+d <a href="#110.">[110]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He served as secretary to <i>Ja far</i> ibn Sulaymn ibn  Al+. He was eloquent, using beautiful diction and refinement of meaning. Among his books there were:&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Selected writings; a book of his epistles.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Muh#ammad</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn  Abd Allh ibn H#arb</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He served as secretary to al-<i>H#asan</i> ibn Qah#t#abah in Armenia. Then he was the secretary of <i>Yaz+d</i> ibn Usayd and later of al-<i>Fad#l</i> ibn Yah#y. He wrote <i>Epistles</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Bakr</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn S#urad</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was the secretary of <i>Yaz+d</i> ibn Mazyad and a man with an excellent literary style, who was the author of several famous books. It was he who composed for (about) Yaz+d ibn Mazyad his letter to al-<i>Rash+d</i> at the time of the death of Yaz+d. <a href="#111.">[111]</a> He wrote:&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Epistles; The Epistle about Mazyad to al-<i>Rash+d</i>.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abk al-<i>Wiz+r</i>  Umar ibn Mut#arraf <a href="#112.">[112]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was a secretary belonging to the  Abd al-Qays Tribe and was one of the people of Marw (Merv). He directed the bureau of the eastern provinces for al-<i>Mahd+</i>, al-<i>Hd+</i>, and al-<i>Rash+d</i>. He served as secretary to al-<i>Mans#kr</i> and al-Mahd+, during whose reign it is said that he died, but the truth is that <a href="#113.">[113]</a> he died during the days of al-Rash+d, who mourned for him. He was trustworthy, preeminent in</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="109.">109.</a></b> The Arabic word is <i>al-ghazal</i>, which can be used for a kind of popular ode.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="110.">110.</a></b> Instead of Ghassn, the Beatty MS has  *sn, which must be wrong.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="111.">111.</a></b> Flügel has Barmak, but the Beatty MS must be right in giving Yaz+d.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="112.">112.</a></b> The Beatty MS lacks   Umar ibn Mut#arraf in this heading. For the tribe which follows, see   Abd al-K#ais ( Abd al-Qays), <i>Enc. Islam</i>, I, 45.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="113.">113.</a></b> The Beatty MS lacks the phrase  during whose reign . . . truth is that. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">278</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">his profession, eloquent, and a quoter of traditions. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Habitations of the Arabs, Their Frontiers, the Place Where Each Tribe Was Located, and the Place to Which It Migrated from There; The Epistles of Abk al-Wiz+r; The Glorious Deeds of the Arabs and the Competitions of Their Tribes in Connection with Genealogy. <a href="#114.">[114]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">When al-Rash+d prayed for him [at his funeral] he said,  May Allh show mercy to thee. For verily has not Allh offered thee two altematives, one for Allh and one for thyself ? And hast thou not sought what was for Allh rather than for thyself? </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Al-<i>Fad#l</i> ibn Marwn ibn Msarjis, the Christian</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was from a village known as Sull on the shores of the River Bkq, <a href="#115.">[115]</a> and he lived to the age of ninety-three. He served al-<i>Ma mkn</i> and al-<i>Mu tas#im</i>, acting as vizier. After these two, he also served several other caliphs. Although he had little grasp of learning, he showed great intelligence in the service of the caliphs. Among his books there were:&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Things Observed and Traditions Known by Eye Witnesses, Seen and Quoted; his letters. <a href="#116.">[116]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Al-<i>Jahshiyr+</i> <a href="#117.">[117]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Abk  Abd Allh Muh#ammad ibn  Abdks, a secretary, student of historical traditions, and writer of correspondence, among whose books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Viziers and the Secretaries; The Meter of Poetry and a Compendium of the Types of Prosody.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="114.">114.</a></b> This title is lacking in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="115.">115.</a></b> For the River Bkq, see Yqkt, <i>Geog.</i>, IV, 836. Cf. <i>ibid.</i>, III, 129, for Sull, although this name may be incorrect.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="116.">116.</a></b>  His letters is lacking in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="117.">117.</a></b> This whole paragraph is omitted by the Beatty MS, but a space is left, evidently with hopes that it could be filled in later.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">279</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a11">A</a> Group <a href="#118.">[118]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Shaylamah</font></span></i></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Muh#ammad ibn al-H#asan ibn Sahl the secretary. Shaylamah being a nickname. <a href="#119.">[119]</a> At first he was with al- Alaw+ <a href="#120.">[120]</a> at al-Bas#rah, but later he went to Baghdd and became loyal [to the government]. Then he became involved in working with some of the Khawrij, so that al-Mu tad#id burned him fastened to a tent pole. <a href="#121.">[121]</a> Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Account of the Chief of the Zanj and His Battles; his epistles. <a href="#122.">[122]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibn Ab+ </font><i><font size="3">As#bagh</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Abk al- Abbs Ah#mad ibn Muh#ammad, among whose books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Learning and Nobility of Writing, about fifty leaves; Epistles, not many of them. <a href="#123.">[123]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibn Ab+ al-</font><i><font size="3">Sarj</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Abk al- Abbs Ah#mad ibn Ab+ al-Sarj, the secretary, among whose books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Pen (Penmanship) and What Accompanies It; Epistles. <a href="#124.">[124]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ish#q</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn Salamah <a href="#125.">[125]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was a Persian secretary. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Superiority of the Persians over the Arabs; Epistles.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="118.">118.</a></b> The usual Arabic spelling for the word translated as  group is <i>t#a ifah</i>, but the Beatty MS here gives <i>t#yifah</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="119.">119.</a></b> <i> Shaylam</i> means either  a cruel-looking man or  tares which are known as darnel grass (Lolium temulentum), an herb which causes mild physical reaction.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="120.">120.</a></b> This almost certainly refers to <i> Al+</i> ibn Muh#ammad, called S#h#ib al-Zanj.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="121.">121.</a></b> The translation follows the Beatty MS. The word given as  fastened cannot be identified with certainty. It could be <i>ka-zadanj</i>,  like sheep s intestines. In other words, as the intestines, a popular form of food, are cooked on a spit, so the caliph burned his victim on a tent pole over a fire. See Tankkh+, <i>Nishwr</i>, pp. 73, 74; T#abar+, <i>Annales</i>, Part III, pp. 2135-36, for differently worded accounts of this incident.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="122.">122.</a></b>  His epistles lacking in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="2"><b><a name="123."> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">1</span><span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">3.</span></a></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> Second title lacking in the Beatty MS.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="124.">124.</a></b> Second title lacking in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="125.">125.</a></b> The name in the Beatty MS appears to be Ish#q ibn Sulmah. The second title is lacking in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">280</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Mks</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn  *s al-Kisrw+ <a href="#126.">[126]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Love of Fatherlands; The Contradictions of He Who Claims that Judges Are Not Obliged to Imitate the Imams and Caliphs in Connection with Their Food.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Yazdijird</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn Mih+nddh al-Kisrw+</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He lived at the time of [the Caliph] al-<i>Mu tad#id</i>. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Excellencies of Baghdd and Its Characteristics; Guides to the Oneness [of God] from the Words of the Philosophers and Others besides Them, a large book which I have glanced through.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a12">A</a>nother Group</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">D kd</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn al-Jarrh#</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was the grandfather of Abk al-H#asan <i> Al+</i> ibn  *s and served as the secretary of al-<i>Musta +n</i>. <a href="#127.">[127]</a> Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The History and Historical Traditions of the Secretaries; Epistles.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Muh#ammad</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn D kd ibn al-Jarrh#</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was surnamed Abk  Abd Allh. No one appeared during his time who was more illustrious than he. He served as vizier to <i> Abd</i> Allh ibn al-Mu tazz during the time when he was caliph. He was a learned man, who mingled with people, learning from scholars, masters of literary style, and poets. In his own handwriting he wrote more than can be computed, and he both read over and corrected whatever was written with his penmanship.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">After the uprising of [ Abd Allh] ibn al-Mu tazz, he [Muh#ammad ibn D kd] was made known to <i>Mu nis</i> al-Khdim, who had early knowledge of his situation, but as Abk al-H#asan ibn al-<i>Furt</i> feared him, he [Mu nis] counseled his execution. Accordingly, he was</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="126.">126.</a></b> Al-Kisrw+ indicates connection with the royal fatnily of Persia and descent from Chosroes. The Beatty MS spells the name al-Kasrw+. The second title among his books has been obscured in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="127.">127.</a></b> Both the name al-Musta +n and the title Epistles are omitted by the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">281</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">killed. [His body] was taken out and cast into a canal by the gate at al-Ma mkn+yah and later carried to his home. <a href="#128.">[128]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Leaf, about historical traditions of the poets; <a href="#129.">[129]</a> the delightful book, Poetry and the Poets; Who among the Poets Was Named  Umar during the Pre-Islmic and Islmic Periods; <a href="#130.">[130]</a> The Four, modeled after the book of Abk <i>Hiffn</i>; The Viziers.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Al+</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn  *s ibn D kd ibn al-Jarrh#</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was in a position of leadership, having power and rank, but he was especially famous and conspicuous for his professional skill and virtue. <a href="#131.">[131]</a> Three times he served as the vizier of al-<i>Muqtadir</i>. He traced his lineage back to al-<i>H#asan</i>. <a href="#132.">[132]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">He died on the day during the morning of which <i>Mu izz</i> al-Dawlah crossed over, which was the day of the conflict in the middle of the night, during Dhk al-H#ijjah [the twelfth Muslim month], in the year three hundred and thirty-four [A.D. 946]. He was buried in his house. <a href="#133.">[133]</a> Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="128.">128.</a></b> To understand this passage it is necessary to know the history. <i> Abd</i> Allh ibn al-Mu tazz contested the right to be the caliph with al-Muqtadir and ruled for one day, after which he was killed; see Hitti, <i>Arabs</i>, p. 468. At this time <i>Mu nis</i> Abk al-H#asan al-Muzaffar, called al-Khdim, was an influential member of the government. He evidently knew of a connection between <i>Muh#ammad</i> ibn D kd and  Abd Allh ibn al-Mu tazz, but was inclined to forgive him for his complicity with the plot. When, however, he learned that the powerful vizier Ibn al-<i>Furt</i> was afraid of Muh#ammad ibn D kd, Mu nis al-Khdim did not want to lose the favor of his chief and so encouraged the execution of Muh#ammad ibn D kd. For the Ma mkn+yah Quarter, see Coke, <i>Baghdad</i>, pp. 65, 116.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="2"><b><a name="129."> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">12</span><span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">9</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">.</span></a></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> Flügel adds,  which he wrote for Ibn al-<i>Munajjim</i>, probably either <i> Hrkn</i> ibn  Al+ the authority on poetry, or Abk Ah#mad <i>Yah#y</i> ibn  Al+, the court favorite.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="130.">130.</a></b> Flügel has  Amr instead of  Umar. Flügel also adds the clause  during the Pre-Islmic and Islmic Periods. The last title is not found in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="131.">131.</a></b> The Flügel edition has  law instead of  virtue. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="132.">132.</a></b> At this point there is a space left in the Beatty MS, evidently meant to be filled in later with data about genealogy.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="133.">133.</a></b> The translation follows the Beatty MS. Flügel gives,  He died on the day in which Mu izz al-Dawlah crossed over, which was Friday, at midnight during the month of Dhk al-H#ijjah, in the year three hundred and thirty-four [A.D. 946]. Ah#mad ibn Buwayh, known as Mu izz al-Dawlah, came from al-Ahwz to Baghdd, and after a period of negotiations he deposed and blinded the Caliph al-<i>Mustakf+</i>, early A.D. 946. See  Mu izz al-Dawlah, <i>Enc. Islam</i>, III, 705; Miskawayh, V, 87 (84); 88 (85); Hitti, <i>Arabs</i>, p. 470.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">282</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Collection of Invocations; The Meaning and Explanation of the Qur n, with which work Abk al-H#usayn al-<i>Khazzz</i> and Abk Bakx ibn <i>Mujhid</i> helped him; The Secretaries, the Politics of the Kingdom, and a Record of the Caliphs.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">His Son, Abk al-<i>Qsim</i>  *s ibn  Al+</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He devoted his time to logic and the ancient sciences. His birth was -----------. Among his books there was a book about the Persian language.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abk al-<i>Qsim</i>  Abd Allh ibn  Al+ ibn Muh#ammad ibn Da kd ibn al-Jarrh# <a href="#134.">[134]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was known as the son of <i>Asm</i>, who was a sister of <i> Al+</i> ibn  *s. He was an excellent secretary and a writer of correspondence, among whose books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Benefit, about history; The Explanation and Correction of Speech (Tongue).</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Abd</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> al-Rah#mn ibn  *s</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was a brother of Abk al-H#asan [<i> Al+</i> ibn  *s], and an excellent man. He was a secretary who served as vizier to al-<i>Muttaq+</i> with the counsel of his brother. For the one who directed him and supervised his affairs was Abk al-H#asan  Al+ ibn  *s. Among his books there were:&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Record of the Family of al-<i>Jarrh#</i>  Traditions about Them and Their Genealogies, Both in Ancient and Modern Times; <a href="#135.">[135]</a> History, from the year two hundred and seventy [A.D. 883/84] to his own day; large book about land tax (<i>al-kharj</i>), which he did not finish.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibn al-<i> Aramram</i> Abk al-Qsim  Abd Allh</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He held high positions <a href="#136.">[136]</a> in the lowlands near  Umrn. Among his books there was <i> The Land Tax</i> (<i>Al-Kharj</i>), which he named</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="134.">134.</a></b> This paragraph is lacking in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="135.">135.</a></b> The translation follows the Beatty MS, which gives <i>l al-Jarrh#</i> ( the family of al-Jarrh# ). Flügel has <i>ahl al-kharj</i> ( people of the land tax ), which seems to be a mistake.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="136.">136.</a></b> The translation  held high positions is taken from the Beatty MS. Flügel gives <i>wa-mt</i> ( and he died ).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">283</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Al-<i>Mut#awwaq</i>  Al+ ibn al-Fath#</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was surnamed Abk al-H#asan. Among his books there was <i>The Viziers</i>, supplementing the book of <i>Muh#ammad</i> ibn D kd ibn al-Jarrh# and brought up to the time of Abk al-Qsim al-<i>Kalwdhn+</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibn <i> al-H#arun </i><a href="#137.">[137]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Excellency of the Arrangement of the Qur n; Epistles.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Al-</font><i><font size="3">Marthad+</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; Abk Ah#mad ibn Bishr al-Marthad+ the Elder was the man to whom Ibn al-<i>Rkm+</i> wrote verses about fish, for there was a joke between them. He served as the secretary of al-<i>Muwaffaq</i> in connection with his confidential affairs. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Al-Anw , a large and exceedingly good book; Poems of the Quraysh, upon which al-<i>S#ul+</i> depended for  Al-Awrq, for he plagiarized him  I saw a copy written in the handwriting of al-Marthad+; Collection of Letters. <a href="#138.">[138]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a13">M</a>ention of the Family of <i>Thawbah</i> ibn Yknus</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; Their origin was Christian. It is said that Yknus was known as Lubbah and that he was a cupper (barber-surgeon). It is also said that Lubbah was their maternal ancestor. Abk Sa +d <i>Wahb</i> ibn Ibrh+m ibn T#zdh said to me: <a href="#139.">[139]</a></font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">There was once a dispute between <i> Al+</i> ibn al-H#usayn and Abk al- Abbs ibn <i> Thawbah</i> about an estate. <a href="#140.">[140]</a> They met at the hearing of some high official; I think he was <i> Ubayd</i> Allh ibn Sulaymn.  Al+ ibn al-H#usayn delegated this case with Abk al- Abbs to his brother, Abk al-</font><i><font size="3">Qsim</font></i></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="137.">137.</a></b> The account of Ibn al-<i>H#arkn</i> is not found in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="138.">138.</a></b> This title lacking in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="139.">139.</a></b> The versions of the following passage show numerous variations in Flügel, the Beatty MS, and Yqkt, <i>Irshd</i>, VI (2), 36.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="140.">140.</a></b> The Flügel text gives Abk al- Abbs Ah#mad ibn Muh#ammad ibn Thawbah. This man and the wife of  Al+ ibn al-H#usayn were both descendants of Thawbah ibn Yknus, the cupper, and for that reason claimed the right to inheritance of the same piece of property. When  Al+ proved his intimate relationship with the cupper, his opponent gave up the case.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">284</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ja far <a href="#141.">[141]</a> ibn al-H#usayn, who was a match for (became the rival of) Abk al- Abbas. Abk al- Abbs began accusing him of falsifying and mocking him. Finally, in summing up his remarks he said to him,  Who are you that you have so roughly twisted the truth? </font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Then he [Wahb ibn Ibrh+m] went on to say:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Al+ ibn al-H#usayn turned to a boy accompanying him, as though he were the world to come, and took him by his hand, standing up in his place. Then he uncovered his head, saying with his loudest voice,  Oh, group of scribes, you have known me. This is my son, by so-in-so, the daughter of so-in-so. She shall be divorced from me by the divorce of invalidation and precedent (<i>al-jarah# wa-al-sunnah</i>) according to the usage of the law codes, if this cupping scar on the vein of my neck is not the scarification of his [the boy s] grandfather, so-in-so the cupper, <a href="#142.">[142]</a> and if he is not surnamed for a grandfather Ibn Thawbah. </font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">He [Wahb ibn Ibrh+m] continued,  Abk al- Abbs gave up, neither answering [questions] nor making any remarks about the estate after that, capitulating without dispute or argument, so that the persons present respected this [outcome]. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abk al- Abbs was troublesome and spiteful. Words of his, which are recorded, are both shameful and overbearing. It is for me to wash the words of this cupper from my mouth with rose water. From him we have,  When the people saw the Commander of the Faithful, they became chiefs, they trimmed their pens, they advanced and became viziers, with hobbled jumps. <a href="#143.">[143]</a> He died during the year two hundred and seventy-seven [A.D. 890/91]. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Collected Epistles; Epistle on Writing and Script (Penmanship).</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="141.">141.</a></b> The Beatty MS leaves a blank, but Flügel fills in the name Ja far.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="142.">142.</a></b> The Flügel text has al-Bah#rayn, an obvious error. The Beatty MS gives <i> al-muzayyin</i> ( cupper or  barber ).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="143.">143.</a></b> In this sentence, the Beatty MS and Yqkt, <i>Irshd</i>, VI (2), 36, place <i>&nbsp;t d </i>&nbsp;before each verb. This may be meant to show the heavy speech of Abk al- Abbs. Probably, however, Flügel is correct in giving, instead of <i>t d</i>, &nbsp;<i>qad</i>, an Arabic expression of emphasis. Flügel omits the last word of the Arabic quotation, and Yqkt does not make it clear. In the Beatty MS the letters look like &nbsp;<i>b r s f n</i>. &nbsp;As the long <i>a</i> is often omitted, the word may be, as translated, <i>bi-rasafan </i>( with hobbled jumps ), which means with jumps like those of a fettered camel, a good description of the advances of upstarts, always bound by the caliph s whims.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">285</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abk  Abd Allh Muh#ammad ibn Ah#mad ibn </font><i><font size="3">Thawbah</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was a writer of correspondence, who had an excellent literary style and served as the secretary of al-<i>Mu tad#id</i>. <a href="#144.">[144]</a> He wrote a book of recorded letters.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abk al-H#usayn ibn </font><i><font size="3">Thawbah</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was the last one of the distinguished and learned men among those [descendants of Ibn Thawbah] whom we have seen. He wrote the book Epistles.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Qudmah</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn Ja far</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Qudmah ibn Ja far ibn Qudmah, whose grandfather was a Christian. He became a Muslim under the auspices of al-<i>Muktaf+</i> bi-Allh. <a href="#145.">[145]</a> Qudmah was one of the masters of literary style, one of the polished writers, and one of the distinguished philosophers. He was noted in connection with the science of logic, although his father <i>Ja far</i> was one of those who were neither interested in nor had any knowledge of it. Among his books there were: <a href="#146.">[146]</a>&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Land Tax (Al-Kharj), eight stages, to which he added a ninth; <a href="#147.">[147]</a> Criticism of Poetry; The Cleanser <a href="#148.">[148]</a> of Sorrow; Disrnissal of Anxiety; his epistle about Abk  Al+ ibn Muqlah [<i>Muh#ammad</i> ibn  Al+] , <a href="#149.">[149]</a> known as The Brilliant Star; Withstanding (Making Clear) Grief; Wines of Thought; <a href="#150.">[150]</a> Politics; <a href="#151.">[151]</a> Refutation of Ibn al-<i>Mu tazz</i>; The Pleasure of Hearts and the Provision of the Traveler.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="144.">144.</a></b> The name of the Caliph al-Mu tad#id is not in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="145.">145.</a></b> In the Beatty MS a space is left here; the name al-Muktaf+ bi-Allh is lacking. The Beatty MS implies that the grandfather became a Muslim.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="146.">146.</a></b> The scribe who copied the Beatty MS made careless mistakes in this list of titles. Yqkt, <i>Irshd</i>, VI (6), 203-5 quotes <i>Al-Fihrist</i> giving a more accurate list.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="147.">147.</a></b> On the margin of the Beatty MS there is the note, perhaps a correction,  seven stages to which he added the eighth. This line is followed by a longer explanation which has not been included in the translation, as it is evidently not part of the original.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="148.">148.</a></b>  Cleanser is <i>s#bkn</i>, the modern word for  soap. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="149.">149.</a></b> The Beatty MS omits <i>Abk</i>, evidently mistakenly.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="150.">150.</a></b> The Beatty MS is garbled, but both Flügel and Yqkt, <i>Irshd</i>, VI (2), 36, give <i>daryq</i> ( wines ). It can also mean  antidotes. </font></span> </p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="151.">151.</a></b> This title and those following are not in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">286</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibn </font><i><font size="3">H#ammdah</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Abk al-H#asan Ah#mad ibn Muh#ammad ibn H#ammdah the secretary. He was highly cultured and one of the most illustrious of the secretaries. He wrote books and met with men of letters. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Examination of the Secretaries and a Collection of the Works of Men ot Understanding; <a href="#152.">[152]</a> The Epistles.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Al-</font><i><font size="3">Kalwdhn+</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <font size="3"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Abk al-Qsim  Ubayd Allh ibn Ah#mad ibn Muh#ammad ibn  Abd Allh ibn al-H#usayn ibn Ab+ al-H#asan ibn Khusraw Pirkz (F+rkz) ibn Hurmuz (Urmi) ibn Bahrm (al-Mihrwn) from the lineage of Ardash+r ibn Ppak (Bbak) and [known as] al-Kalwdhn+. <a href="#153.">[15</a></span><a href="#153."><span lang="bg" style="font-family: Times New Roman">3</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">]</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> He was the director of the Bureau of al-Sawd succeeding Abk al-H#asan <i> Al+</i> ibn  *s, and he was head of the group of secretaries. Then he served as a nominal vizier, gaining increased authority in the bureau of Ibn al-<i>Furt</i>. His birth was <a href="#154.">[154]</a> ---------- and he died ----------. Among his books there was <i>Land Tax </i>(<i>Al-Kharj</i>), two manuscripts, the first of which he wrote during the year twenty-six [A.D. 937/38] and the second during the year three hundred and thirty-six [A.D. 947/48].</span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abk al-<i>H#usayn</i> Ish#q ibn Surayj, the Christian Secretary <a href="#155.">[155]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Land Tax (Al-Kharj), a thousand leaves; The Designated Land Tax (Al-Kharj al-Ma rkf), about two hundred leaves; his small book about the land tax, about one hundred leaves.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="152.">152.</a></b>  And a collection of the works of men of understanding and the title following are not in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="153.">153.</a></b> The names in parentheses are those given in the Beatty MS. The names preceding these are Persian, taken from Firdaws+, <i>Shahnama</i>, VII, 150 69, and VI, 254 ff. Instead of Hurmuz ibn Bahrm, Firdaws+ gives Hurmuz ibn Yazdigird ibn Bahrm. For the town of al-Kalwdhn near Baghdd, see Yqkt, <i>Geog.</i>, V, 28.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="154.">154.</a></b> The Flügel text includes  before three hundred (A.D. 912).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="155.">155.</a></b> This paragraph is not in the Flügel edition, but is in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">287</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibrh+m</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn  *s, the Christian</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was one of the secretaries with eloquent literary style and refined training. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Account of al-H#awr+; <a href="#156.">[156]</a> Epistles.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abk Sa +d <i>Wahb</i> ibn Ibrh+m ibn T#zdh, the Secretary of al-Mut#+ <a href="#157.">[157]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was one of the scholars whom we have known. He was distinguished, cultured, a writer of correspondence, a collector of valuable books, and a man who was spiritually good. He and Abk al-H#asan <i>T#zdh</i> ibn  *s were the last of the secretaries whom we saw in the service of Abk Ja far ibn <i>Shirzd</i>. Abk Sa +d died ------------. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Amplifications, about the book which his father <i>Ibrh+m</i> wrote; a book in which he collected accounts of the group [of secretaries]; Epistles, [selected] from his elegant compositions.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibn <i> Nas#r</i> <a href="#158.">[158]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Abk al-H#asan  Al+ ibn Nas#r the Christian, son of a physician, who died a few months ago and was one of the men of letters who were distinguished and were authors. He told me about a number of his books, but I imagine that he never finished most of them. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Amalgamation of Qualities, about fifteen hundred leaves  he wrote it</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="156.">156.</a></b> Flügel gives al-Khawrij; the Beatty MS has al-H#awr+. S#b+, <i>Wuzar </i>, p. 246, calls an official by this name who died A.D. 923/24 and was named Abk al-Qsim  Al+ ibn Muh#ammad. Al-H#awri might also refer to a Christian disciple. The Beatty MS omits the title which follows this one.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="157.">157.</a></b> The Beatty MS leaves a blank space where Flügel includes the name T#zdh in the title of this account. The Beatty MS has a small note of no importance on the margin at the end of the paragraph. Flügel gives some variations, which do not seem to be accurate.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="158.">158.</a></b> As Ibn <i>Nas#r</i> had the name  Al+, the term  Christian in the first sentence must refer to his origin, before he joined Islm. On the margin of the Beatty MS there are notes saying that this paragraph was written in a diflferent handwriting. As Ibn Nas#r died at the time when <i>Al-Fihrist</i> was written, it is reasonable to believe that the data about him was inserted after the original manuscript was composed. Shuj , VI, 434, sect. 408, gives the date of the death of Ibn Nas#r as A.D. 1001.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">288</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">in his handwriting and formed it to include both government and belles lettres; <a href="#159.">[159]</a> Training of the Sultan, more than one thousand leaves.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibn al-<i>Bzyr</i> <a href="#160.">[160]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Abk  Al+ Ah#mad ibn Nas#r ibn al-H#usayn al-Bzyr, a court companion of <i> Sayf</i> al-Dawlah. His father, <i>Nas#r</i> ibn al-H#usayn, was one of the people who moved up to Smarr. He lived at the time of al-Mu tad#id, whom he served and amused. His origin was from Khursn and he adopted the sport [of hunting] with birds of prey, various kinds being given to him by al-Mu tad#id.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abk  Al+ died at Aleppo during the lifetime of Sayf al-Dawlah, during the year three hundred and fifty-two [A.D. 963]. Among his books there were:&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Formation of Elegant Literary Style; Speech. <a href="#161.">[161]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibn <i> Zanj+</i>, the Secretary <a href="#162.">[162]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Abk  Abd Allh Muh#ammad ibn Ism +l ibn Zanj+. He was distinguished for beauty of penmanship. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">His epistles; The Secretaries and the Profession.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a14">A</a>l-</font><i><font size="3">Marzubn+</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Abk  Abd Allh Muh#ammad ibn  Imrn ibn Mks ibn Sa +d ibn  Abd Allh. <a href="#163.">[163]</a> His origin was in Khurasn and he was the last of the writers about historical traditions and composers of books whom I saw. He was a quoter of traditions, with a truthful tongue</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="159.">159.</a></b> This first book listed is not in the Flügel edition, but Flügel adds a title, <i>Distinction</i> ( <i>Al-Bar ah</i> ), which the Beatty MS lacks. Flügel oniits mention of the number of leaves given by the Beatty MS with the second title. The Beatty MS gives the second title as <i>Training of the Sultan</i>, whereas Flügel gives <i>Association of</i> (<i>with</i>) <i>the Sultan</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="160.">160.</a></b> The Beatty MS gives <i>al-bziyr</i> ( the falconer ) very clearly, but <i> bzyr</i>, same meaning, is used more often. The Beatty MS does not make clear whether Nas#r ibn al-H#usayn or al-H#usayn was a falconer.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="161.">161.</a></b> This last title is not in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="162.">162.</a></b> The Beatty MS lacks this paragraph except for the words  Ibn Zanj+, the Secretary. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="163.">163.</a></b> The last two elements may be  Ubayd Allh instead of  Abd Allh.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">289</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">and a broad knowledge of traditional authorities. He had also heard a great deal. His birth was during Jumd al-khirah [the sixth Muslim month] in the year two hundred and ninety-seven [A.D. 909/10], and he is still living in our time, which is the year three hundred and seventy-seven [A.D. 987/88], so we pray that Allh, through His bounty and beneficence, may give him health and long life. <a href="#164.">[164]</a> Among his books there are: <a href="#165.">[165]</a></font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Pleasing (Kitb al-Mu niq), with accounts of the famous Pre-Islmic poets, beginning with <i>Imru </i> al-Qays and the members of his generation (category), and with a thorough investigation of the traditions about them. Then [he discusses the poets] who started before Islm and lived into the Islmic period, with the Muslims following them and their generations. He deals with <i>Jar+r</i> and al-<i>Farazdaq</i>, with their generations (categories) among the early Muslims, citing the best of the traditions about them, until the beginning of the  Abbsid regime, may Allh strengthen, support, prolong, and extend it. He mentions Ibn <i>Harmah</i> and al-<i>H#usayn</i> ibn Mut#ayr, together with those who made their poetry known. The number of leaves [in this book] is over five thousand.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Illuminating (Kitb al-Mustan+r), in which there are accounts of the recent poets who were famous and prosperous, with a selection of their poems according to their ages and periods. The first of them is <i>Bashshr</i> ibn Burd, the last one is Abk al- Abbs <i> Abd</i> Allh ibn al-Mu tazz bi-Allh, with both of whom may Allh be well pleased. The number of leaves is six thousand, written in the handwriting of al-Marzubn+ in sixty Sulaymn+yah volumes. <a href="#166.">[166]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Profitable (Kitb al-Muf+d), in which there are a number of sections. The first of these sections contains accounts of the Pre-Islmic and Islmic poets who were given surnames, with traditions as to which one of them</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="164.">164.</a></b> The year of his death is given by different authorities as follows: Flügel  988/89; Yqkt, <i>Irshd</i>, VI (7), 50  either 988/89 or 994; the Beatty MS, Khallikn, III, 67, and Baghdd+, <i>Ta r+kh</i>, Part III, p. 135 sect. 1159  994. The correct date is probably A.D. 994. On the margin of the Beatty MS there is a note,  From here to the end of the account of al-Marzubn+ it is in a handwriting other than that of the author. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="165.">165.</a></b> The translation follows the sequence of titles as given in the Beatty MS. It is so different from the sequence in the Flügel edition that the transliteration of the Arabic is given to help identify the titles. The different editions have variations in the number of leaves given for each book.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="166.">166.</a></b> Evidently there was a leather cover for each volume (<i>mujallad</i>) of one hundred paper leaves. Sulaymn+yah most likely refers to the kind of paper used.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">290</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">was identified with a surname and whether he was noted for his father s surname, or known in connection with his mother or the lineage of his grandfather, or related to his patrons, and also how these relationships were similar or were connected with the group as a whole. <a href="#167.">[167]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">In the second section there are mentioned the things quoted about the characteristics of the poets, together with the defects of their bodies and appearances, such as being Negroid, one-eyed, blind, weak-sighted, or leprous. There are also mentioned the things leaving traces on the body, from the hair of the head to the two feet, limb for limb. The third section is about the religious categories of the poets, such as the Sh+ ah, the theologians, the Khawrij, al-muthimkn, the Jews, and the Christians, and those who followed their rites. <a href="#168.">[168]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The last section mentions everyone who put aside the recitation of the poetry of Pre-Islmic times so as to increase in importance and in Islm to become pious; also each one who left eulogy <a href="#169.">[169]</a> so as to rise to a higher standard, or [put aside] satire to be complimentary, and [put aside] love poetry to be virtuous; also each one who devoted his poetry to some one subject, as did the Sayyid ibn Muh#ammad al-<i>H#imyar+</i> and al-<i> Abbs</i> ibn al-Ah#naf, and those who followed their precedent. <a href="#170.">[170]</a> It is a book of five thousand leaves.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Alphabetical Book (Kitb al-Mu jam), <a href="#171.">[171]</a> in which are mentioned the poets alphabetically, starting with the ones whose names begin with <i>alif</i> (<i>a</i>), then those beginning with <i>b</i> (<i>b</i>), to the end of the alphabet. It contains about five thousand names [of poets], with some poetry of each, a number of stanzas selected from his [each poet s] famous verse. It exceeds one thousand leaves.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Acrostic (Kitb al-Muwashshah#), in which there is a description of the points which have caused the authorities (al- ulam ) to disapprove</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="167.">167.</a></b> This is a free translation. The last phrase is literally,  or entered in its aggregate. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="168.">168.</a></b> The word  theologians is <i>ahl al-kalm</i> ( people of the word ) in Arabic. Richardson (<i>Dictionary</i>, p. 210) translates the term as  orators. The word written as <i>al-muthimkn</i> usually means  the suspected ones, but it might also mean  the agnostics. This is probably the word intended here, rather than the longer Arabic form <i>al-mutahhimkn</i> ( heated,  obsessed ).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="169.">169.</a></b>  Eulogy (<i>al-mad+h#</i>) may be instead  indecent (<i>al-mudabbaj</i>).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="170.">170.</a></b> This sentence evidently deals with poets who gave up the habits and interests of Pre-Islmic times so as to join Islm and to become respected by the Muslim community.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="171.">171.</a></b> Sometimes this word has a different significance, but here it obviously means  alphabetical. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">291</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">of some of the poets in connection with their poems [such as use of] kasrah [the vowel sign <i>i</i>], errors of pronunciation, inconsistent use of vowel signs in verses, repetition of the last syllable of a verse, irregular rhyming, changes, ambiguity, loose weaving of the composition, and other errors of poetry. It exceeds three hundred leaves.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Poetry (Kitb al-Shi r), <a href="#172.">[172]</a> a compendium of its excellencies, with a description of its benefits, its injuries and defects; also a description of its kinds and forms, measures, prosody, essential points, and selections; also the training of its composers and reciters, proof of its plagiarism and robbery, with other points about its varieties and forms. It exceeds two thousand leaves.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Poems of Women (Kitb Ash r al-Nis ), about five hundred leaves. <a href="#173.">[173]</a> Poems of the Caliphs (Kitb Ash r al-Khulaf ), with more than two hundred leaves. Things Quoted (Kitb al-Muqtabas), with traditions about the grammarians of al-Bas#rah, mentioning the first person to speak about grammar and he who first compiled it, with traditions about al-<i>Farr </i> and the scholars of al-Bas#rah and al-Kkfah, who quoted from others, and who among them lived in the City of Peace [Baghdd]; about three thousand leaves.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Guide to the Right Way (Kitb al-Murshid). In it are traditions about al-mutakallimkn and the People of Justice and Oneness [the Mu tazilah], with something about their meetings and doctrines; about one thousand leaves. Poems Attributed to the Jinn (Kitb Ash r Tunsab il al-Jinn), <a href="#174.">[174]</a> about one hundred leaves.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Gardens (Kitb al-Riyd#), <a href="#175.">[175]</a> in which are accounts of persons obsessed, arranged in categories. In it is a statement about [passionate] love and what results from it, with mention of its start and finish, together with the terminology and varieties connected with it, as recorded by the language scholars. [It also mentions] the derivations of these terms, with examples from the poems of Pre-Islm and of men who converted to Islm, as well as of Muslims, including the more recent ones; more than three thousand leaves.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="172.">172.</a></b> The versions show variations; the translation follows the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="173.">173.</a></b> In the Beatty MS the word for  book (<i>kitb</i>) is carelessly omitted in this title and the one following it.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="174.">174.</a></b> Flügel gives this title as follows:  <i>Poems of Those Imitating the Jinn</i>  in it he mentions whoever made an imitation in poetry; more than one hundred leaves. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="175.">175.</a></b> The translation follows the Beatty MS in which the sequence and order of sentences is different from what is in the Flügel edition.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">292</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Clear (Kitb al-R iq). <a href="#176.">[176]</a> In it there is a description of the characteristics of song, of its qualities, forms, and methods, together with traditions about the male and female singers among the freeborn, the handmaids, and the slaves; more than one thousand six hundred leaves.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Seasons (Kitb al-Azminah), in which there are the characteristics of the four seasons: summer, winter, and the two temperate ones; and also a description of heat and cold, clouds and lightning, winds and rain, seeking for fresh pasturage, <a href="#177.">[177]</a> prayer for rain, and other things included in general descriptions of the spring and autumn. Then there are mentioned the beauties <a href="#178.">[178]</a> of the celestial sphere, the stations of the zodiac, the sun, and the moon with its stations, and also the characteristics ascribed to them by the Arabs and their poems about them. <a href="#179.">[179]</a> Also mentioned are the planets and fixed stars, the characteristics of night and day, the Arab and Persian days, the months and years, periods and eras, together with what appears in every one of the sections of this book in connection with language, historical traditions, and poems, giving explanations. It is about two thousand leaves.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Flowers and Fruits (Kitb al-Anwr wa-al-Thimr). In it are some of the things said about the rose, the narcissus, and the other flowers in poetry, with what is said about them in the records and traditions. Then there are the fruits and mention of palms and all the fruits in general, with what there is for them of praise in poetry and prose; about five hundred leaves.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Traditions of the Barmak Family (Kitb Akhbr al-Barmakah), <a href="#180.">[180]</a> in which there is a description [of the periodj from their beginnings until the downfall of the regime, ending with their disgrace; about five hundred leaves.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="176.">176.</a></b> Flügel gives the title <i>Kitb al-Wthiq</i>, followed by the paragraph as given here. The Beatty MS gives the title used in the translation, but lacks part of the paragraph.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="177.">177.</a></b> In the Beatty MS  fresh pasturage (<i>al-rawwd</i>) is clearly written, but it is given incorrectly by Flügel.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="178.">178.</a></b> Flügel has <i>t#araf</i>, but <i>z#uraf </i> ( beauties ) seems to be more correct. For an explanation of the stations of the moon and the zodiac, see  Astrology<i>, Enc. Islam</i>, I, 496.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="179.">179.</a></b> This is a very free translation but seems to give the meaning implied in the Arabic text. The sentence which follows is clearer in the Beatty MS than in the Flügel version.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="180.">180.</a></b> In the Flügel text this paragraph is much shorter than it is in the Beatty MS, which is translated here.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">293</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Distinguished for Excellence (Kitb al-Mufad#d#al or al-Mifd#al), <a href="#181.">[181]</a> about clear speaking, Arabic, and writing; about seven hundred leaves. Congratulations (Kitb al-Tahn+); about five hundred leaves. Submission and Pilgrimage (Kitb al-Tasl+m wa-al-Ziyrah); four hundred leaves. Visiting (Kitb al- Iydah); <a href="#182.">[182]</a> four hundred leaves. Consolations (Kitb al-Ta z+); <a href="#183.">[183]</a> about three hundred leaves.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Elegies (Kitb al-Marth+); five hundred leaves. The Exalted Book (Kitb al-Mu all), about the excellencies of the Qur n; two hundred leaves. <a href="#184.">[184]</a> Fertilization of Minds (Kitb Talq+h# al- Uqkl), <a href="#185.">[185]</a> with more than one hundred sections, the first of them being about the mind, culture, learning, and similar things. It has more than three thousand leaves.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Noble Book (Kitb al-Mushrif), about the rule of the Prophet, may Allh bless him and give him peace, his culture, his preaching, his Companions, with whom may Allh be well pleased, and others, as well as about the testaments and the rule of the Arabs and Persians; one thousand five hundred leaves. <a href="#186.">[186]</a> Traditions about Those Who Make Metaphors in Poems (Kitb Akhbr man Tamaththal bi-al-Ash r); over one hundred leaves. Youth and Old Age (Kitb al-Shabb wa-al-Shayb); three hundred leaves. Crowned (Kitb al-Mutawwaj), about justice and good living; over one hundred leaves. Brocaded (Adorned) (Kitb al-Mudabbaj), <a href="#187.">[187]</a> about banquets, invitations, and drink. Relief (Kitb al-Faraj); <a href="#188.">[188]</a> nearly one hundred leaves.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Gifts (Kitb al-Hady); about three hundred leaves. Gifts <a href="#189.">[189]</a> (Kitb al-Hady), another manuscript in his own handwriting. Ornamented (Kitb al-Muzakhraf), about the brothers (ikhwn) and companions (as#h#b); three hundred leaves. Traditions of Abk <i>Muslim</i> al-Khursn+, Giver of the Summons (Akhbr Ab+ Muslim al-Khursn+, S#h#ib</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="181.">181.</a></b> Flügel gives  <i>Kitb al-Mufas#s#al</i>, about clear speaking and eloquence. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="182.">182.</a></b> The Flügel text gives Worship ( <i>Kitb al-Ibdah</i> ).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="183.">183.</a></b> Flügel gives <i>Raids</i> ( <i>Kitb al-Maghz+</i> ).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="184.">184.</a></b> This book is omitted in the Flügel version.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="185.">185.</a></b> The translation follows the Beatty MS; Flügel differs.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="186.">186.</a></b> The translation follows the Beatty MS; the number of pages and other details differ from Flügel.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="187.">187.</a></b> Flügel gives Praise ( <i>Kitb al-Mad+h</i># ).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="188.">188.</a></b> The Arabic could also be <i>Al-Furaj</i> or <i>Al-Farj</i>. Flügel gives <i> The Young</i> ( <i>Kitb al-Farkh</i> ).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="189.">189.</a></b> This extra manuscript is mentioned in the Flügel text but omitted by the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">294</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> al-Da wah); <a href="#190.">[190]</a> one hundred leaves. Supplication (Invocation) (Kitb al-Du  ); about two hundred leaves.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Ancients (Kitb al-Aw il), <a href="#191.">[191]</a> in which are accounts of the ancient Persians and of the People of Justice and Oneness [the Mu tazilah], with something about their sessions and point of view; about one thousand leaves. The Newly Acquired (Kitb al-Musta#traf), about the foolish and unusual; over three hundred leaves. Traditions of the Children, the Wives, and the Family (Kitb Akhbr al-Awld wa-al-Zawjt wa-al-Ahl), with praise and blame; <a href="#192.">[192]</a> two hundred leaves. Renunciation and Traditions of the Ascetics (Kitb al-Zuhd wa-Akhbr al-Zuhhd); over two hundred leaves. <a href="#193.">[193]</a> Blame of the World (Kitb Dhamm al-Duny); over one hundred leaves. <a href="#194.">[194]</a> The Shining (Kitb al-Mun+r), about repentance, good work, piety, abstention from the illegal, and similar things; over three hundred leaves. Warnings and Mention of Death (Kitb al-Maw iz# wa-Dhikr al-Mawt); over five hundred leaves. <a href="#195.">[195]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Traditions about Those Near Death (Kitb Akhbr al-Muh#tad#ar+n); one hundred leaves. <a href="#196.">[196]</a> The Chamberlains (Kitb al-H#ujjb); <a href="#197.">[197]</a> one hundred leaves. Al-<i>H#tim</i> (Kitb al-H#tim). <a href="#198.">[198]</a> Abk <i>H#an+fah</i> and His Associates (Kitb Ab+ H#an+fah wa-As#h#bihi). <a href="#199.">[199]</a> Traditions of  Abd al-S#amad ibn al-Mu adhdhal (Kitb Akhbr  Abd al-S#amad ibn al-Mu adhdhal); about two hundred leaves. <a href="#200.">[200]</a> Traditions of Abk  Abd Allh <i>Muh#ammad </i>ibn H#amzah al- Alawi (Kitb Akhbr Ab+  Abd Allh</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="190.">190.</a></b> Abk Muslim was called Giver of the Summons because he sounded the call to overthrow the Umayyad caliphs and to establish the  Abbsid regime, A.D. 750.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="191.">191.</a></b> For this book, the Beatty MS gives only the title and the words  about one hundred and fifty leaves. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="192.">192.</a></b> Flügel adds a few words to this clause, but without changing the meaning.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="193.">193.</a></b> Flügel omits the number of leaves, but adds  in his own handwriting. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="194.">194.</a></b> As differences in the texts for this and a number of titles which follow are unimportant, they are not described in detail. The translation follows the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="195.">195.</a></b> Flügel omits this title.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="196.">196.</a></b> This title is not clear in the Beatty MS; it may also be <i>Traditions about Settled People</i> ( <i>Kitb Akhbr al-Muh#tad#ir+n</i> ).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="197.">197.</a></b> Instead of  chamberlains (<i>al-h#ujjb</i>), this word might be  curtain (<i>al-h#ijb</i>). Flügel gives <i>Chiding the Chamberlains</i> ( <i>Kitb Dhamr al-H#ujjb</i> ).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="198.">198.</a></b> The Flügel version has  <i>The Poetry of H#tim al-T#a +</i> ( <i>Kitb Shi r H#tim al-T#a + </i> ); about one hundred leaves. See H#tim, chief of the T#ayy Tribe, in the Biog. Index.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="199.">199.</a></b> Flügel has  <i>Traditions of Abk H#an+fah al-Nu mn ibn Thabit</i> ( <i>Kitb Akhbr Abk H#an+fah al-Nu mn ibn Thbit </i>); about five hundred leaves. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="200.">200.</a></b> This title and the ones which follow are in the Flügel version, but not in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">295</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Muh#ammad ibn H#amzah al- Alaw+); about one hundred leaves. Traditions of the Kings of Kindah (Kitb Akhbr Mulkk Kindah); about two hundred leaves. Traditions of Abk <i>Tammm</i> (Kitb Akhbr Ab+ Tammm) by itself; about one hundred leaves, Traditions of <i>Shu bah</i> ibn al-H#ajjj (Kitb Akhbr Shu bah ibn al-H#ajjj); about one hundred leaves. Cancellation of Contracts (Kitb Naskh al- Uhkd); about two hundred leaves, addressed to the judges.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">He had many books about the <i>sawd</i> <a href="#201.">[201]</a> which he started to write and among which there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Essences of Poetry (Kitb An n al-Shi r), about praise and satire, glory and generosity. <a href="#202.">[202]</a> Traditions about the Generous (Kitb Akhbr al-Ajwd). Descriptions (Qualities) (Kitb al-Aws#f). Metaphors (Allegories) (Kitb al-Tashbiht).</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">From the sources written in his own handwriting there have come down to us more than twenty thousand leaves.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a15">I</a>bn al-<i>Tustar+</i> <a href="#203.">[203]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Sa +d ibn Ibrh+m ibn al-Tustar+, surnamed Abk al-H#usayn, a Christian living near the present time. Both he and his father worked for the Bank al-Furt. <a href="#204.">[204]</a> He adhered to rhymed prose in his writings. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Shortened and the Lengthened, according to alphabetical sequence; Masculine and Feminine, according to the same sequence; Epistles, about the invasions, according to this sequence; his collected epistles about each skill of his workmanship.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibn <i> H#jib</i> al-Nu mn</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Abk al-H#usayn al-Nu mn ibn  Abd Allh, the secretary. <a href="#205.">[205]</a> Abk al-H#usayn was one of the unique men of the period for virtue,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="201.">201.</a></b> Although the word <i>sawd</i> as a rule referred to central and southern  Irq, here it may mean  the populace or  environs. This paragraph is not found in the Flügel edition.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="202.">202.</a></b> In the original the word <i>kitb</i> is omitted before some of the titles, but it is understood.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="203.">203.</a></b> The Beatty MS gives al-Tushtar+, which is evidently an error. Yqkt, <i>Geog.</i>, I, 847, includes Tustar, but does not mention Tushtar.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="204.">204.</a></b> The Bank al-Furt were members of the family of the famous vizier Ibn al-<i>Furt</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="205.">205.</a></b> A marginal note in the Beatty MS has Abk al-H#jib. Flügel has   Abd al- Az+z ibn Ibrh+m, whose father was H#jib al-Nu mn Abk  Abd Allh. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">296</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">genius, and knowledge of writing in government offices. During the days of <i>Mu izz</i> al-Dawlah he was in charge of the Bureau of al-Sawd. No library of books has been seen that was better than his collection, for it contained every book, either by itself or in a compilation, each one written in the handwriting of the scholar concerned. He died ----------. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Poems of the Secretaries; Traditions of Women, known as the book of Ibn al-<i>Dukkn+</i>; Intoxication of Daytime (Odor of the Day), about neighborhood traditions; <a href="#206.">[206]</a> Youth; Negligence (Hazard) and Gathering of Flowers; The Courtesy of Superiors, in Office and Retired.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Al-<i>S#b+</i> Abk Ish#q Ibrh+m ibn Hill ibn Ibrh+m ibn Hrkn</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was a writer of correspondence, a master of literary style, a poet, a scholar of geometry, and a man engrossed in developing writing, literary style, and poetry. His birth was after the year three hundred and twenty [A.D. 932] and he died before three hundred and eighty [A.D. 990]. <a href="#207.">[207]</a> He wrote:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Anthology of Epistles, written as late as this our own time  about a thousand pages; traditions of his family and the children of his father, which he wrote for some of his children; The Government of the Bank Buwayh, Traditions of the Daylam, and the Beginning of Their Rule, known as  Al-Tj+ and  Al- Ad#udi ; <a href="#208.">[208]</a> Missives of al-Shar+f al-Rad#+ Muh#ammad ibn al-H#usayn al-Mksaw+, [surnamed] Abk al-H#asan; Anthology of Poetry.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Al-<i>Muhallab+</i> Abk Muh#ammad al-H#asan ibn Muh#ammad</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was the vizier of <i>Mu izz</i> al-Dawlah, <a href="#209.">[209]</a> a poet, a master of literary style, the best of the period during his time. He died -----------. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Epistles and Edicts; a collection of his poems, which were only a few.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="206.">206.</a></b> This title and the one which follows are lacking in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="207.">207.</a></b> This sentence is not in the Beatty MS, which must have been copied before A.D. 990, or based on the original written before that time.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="208.">208.</a></b> For Buwayh and Daylam, see Hitti, <i>Arabs</i>, p. 470. <i>Al-tjt</i> signifies  the crowned and the second title honors the chief <i> Ad#ud</i> al-Dawlah. The two titles following are not found in the Beatty MS. Al-Sharif al-Rad#+ died A.D. 998/99, after the death of al-<i>Nad+m</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="209.">209.</a></b> The name Mu izz al-Dawlah and the mention of a collection of poems are in the Flügel edition, but not the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">297</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibn al-</font><i><font size="3"> Am+d</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Abk al-Fad#l. He wrote:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Collection of Epistles; The Method, about eloquent literary styles. <a href="#210.">[210]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Al-<i>S#h#ib</i> Abk al-Qsim ibn  Abbd</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was unique in his time, singled out during his period for eloquence of literary style, clarity, and poetry. Among his books there were: <a href="#211.">[211]</a></font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Collection of Epistles; Sufficiency, about epistles; Al-Zayd+yah; Feasts and the Excellencies of al-Nawrkz (New Year s).</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a16">A</a>nother Group</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> H#afs#uwayh</font></span></i></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; His name was ----------- and he was the grandfather of <i> Abd </i>al- Az+z al- Asjad+ al-Markz+ the poet. From what his mother said he used to quote  ----------- as if you were from the womb of a mixed breed (dispersed), except for the mother of Father Adam. <a href="#212.">[212]</a> He was one of the excellent tax officials, superior in his profession and the first to compose a book about the land tax. Among his books there were:&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Land Tax (Al-Kharj); Epistles.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibn <i>  Abd</i> al-Kar+m</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; His name was Ah#mad ibn Muh#ammad ibn  Abd al-Kar+m ibn Ab+ Sahl al-Ah#wal, surnamed Abk al- Abbs. He was one of the outstanding and excellent men among the secretaries, well informed about the administration of the land tax and more capable in connection with that type of work than the other men of his time. He died during the year two hundred and seventy [A.D. 883/84]. Among his books there was <i>Land Tax</i> (<i>Al-Kharj</i>).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="210.">210.</a></b> This title is not in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="211.">211.</a></b> This sentence and the list of books are in Flügel, but not the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="212.">212.</a></b> The quotation is not in Flügel and a note on the margin of the Beatty MS says that this account is not in the penmanship of the author. The quotation lacks some words and is a joke, impossible to translate with certainty. The Beatty MS lacks the title Epistles.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">298</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibn al-</font><i><font size="3">Mshitah</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Abk al-H#asan  Al+ ibn al-H#asan, nicknamed Ibn al-Mshitah by the persons whom he treated harshly. <a href="#213.">[213]</a> He lived near our own time and was skillful and outstanding in connection with finances and the administration of the land tax. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Answer of the Stubborn; The Excellent Book about the Land Tax (al-Kharj); Instruction about Certain Consultations, which I have seen, written in his own handwriting.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibn </font><i><font size="3">Bashshr</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; Ah#mad ibn Muh#ammad ibn Sulaymn ibn Bashshr was the secretary and teacher of Abk <i> Abd</i> Allh al-Kkf+, the vizier. He was one of the secretaries who excelled in eloquent literary style and professional skill. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The large book, Land Tax (Al-Kharj), a rough copy of which I saw written in his own handwriting  about one thousand leaves; Drink (Wine) and Court Companionship, written in his own handwriting.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Abd </font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">Allh ibn Hamrnd ibn Marwn, the Secretary</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; I know nothing more about his life. Among his books there was <i>The Meaning of White Hair, Its Refinements, the Excellency of Its Hues, the Arrangement of Its Front Parts, What Is Said about It in Prose and Poetry, and the Dyes</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Another Secretary</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was known as <i>Ya qkb</i> ibn Muh#ammad ibn  Al+. Among his books there <i>was Dyes, the Reproach of White Hair, and Praise of Youth</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Muh#ammad ibn Ah#mad ibn  Al+ ibn Khiyr, the Secretary</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; Among his books there was <i>Land Tax</i> (<i>Al-Kharj</i>).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="213.">213.</a></b> This nickname meant  son of the woman hairdresser. He was not as cruel as other officials, but evidently used harsh methods of collecting taxes, as the title of his book <i>Answer of the Stubborn</i> suggests.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">299</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibn <i> Surayj</i> <a href="#214.">[214]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He is of our time, living in this our age. His name is Ish#q ibn Yah#y ibn Surayj the Christian, surnamed Abk al-H#usayn. He has an excellent knowledge of the government departments, supervision of public works, and the administration of the land tax. He is also preeminent and knowledgeable in the study of the stars. <a href="#215.">[215]</a> His birth was during the year three hundred [A.D. 912/13], during Sha bn [the eighth Muslim month]. Among his books there are:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The large book, The Land Tax (Al-Kharj), which he divided into two sections and six stages; the small book, The Technique of the Land Tax; The Work of Consultation in an Audience [presence of a high official]; Interpretation of the Ordinances about Births, about one hundred pages; Gatherings Together of History, which he collected.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a17">A</a>nother Group</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Bh#</font></span></i></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Abk  Abd Allh Muh#ammad ibn  Abd Allh ibn Ghlib al-Is#bahn+, whose nickname was Bh#. He was a master of litcrary style, a writer of correspondence. and a secretary, who was called  Bh# because he said in one of his verses:  He revealed (bh#) what was in the soul, making it known. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">He came to Baghdd, where he stayed with al-<i>Nighyn+</i>, the secretary, for whose children he composed his book about epistles. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Collection of Epistles, in eight sections. He wrote an additional ninth, which he called The Book of Correlating Prose and Poetry; Al-Taws+kh wa-al-Tarsh+h, about some of the dualists among the Shu kb+yah; <a href="#216.">[216]</a> Oratory and Eloquence; Poverty (Al-Faqr).</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="214.">214.</a></b> This man should be compared with Abk al-H#usayn Ish#q ibn Surayj. As his son s name was al-H#usayn, the family must have become converted to Islm.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="215.">215.</a></b> The Flügel version has  grammar (<i>al-nah#w</i>), but the Beatty MS clearly gives the word for  stars (<i>al-nujum</i>).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="216.">216.</a></b> This title is given as it is written in the Beatty MS, perhaps meaning,  Fouling and Administering Well. But the first word is perhaps meant to be <i>al-tawsh+h#</i> ( arranging verses ) or <i>al-tawsh+j</i> ( binding together ), while the last word may mean  rearing or  educating. The word  dualists is taken from the Beatty MS, which differs from the Flügel text. The term seems to be logical, as there were many Manichaeans and Zoroastrians among the Shu kblyah, or non-Arabs. The Beatty MS gives <i> Al-Fiqar</i> for the last title, which is very likely an error.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">300</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abk </font><i><font size="3">Muslim</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Muh#ammad ibn Muslim ibn Bah#r al-Is#bahn+, a secretary, writer of correspondence, master of literary style, theologian, and debator. Abk al-H#asan <i> Al+</i> ibn  *s used to have connections with him, and desired his company. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">A Collection of Explanations for the Interpretation of the Revelation According to the School of Thought of the Mu tazilah, about exegesis of the Qur n  a large book; <a href="#217.">[217]</a> a collection of his epistles.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibn <i> T#abt#ab</i> al- Alaw+</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He is mentioned in connection with poetry and the poets. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Support of the Exalted; Standards (Examining) of Poetry; Poetry and the Poets, his selections; an anthology of his poetry. <a href="#218.">[218]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Al-</font><i><font size="3">Diymart+</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; His name was -----------. Diymart is in the region of Is#bahn. He was a master of literary style, an author, and a grammarian, among whose books there was <i> Training of Character</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibn Ab+ al-</font><i><font size="3"> Awdhil</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was ------------. Among his books there was <i>Excellence and Eloquence</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abk al-H#us#ayn <i>Muh#ammad</i> ibn  Al+ al-Is#bahn+ al-Diymart+</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Faults of Thaq+f and the Rest of the Arabs; Al-H#amsah. <a href="#219.">[219]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Abd</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> al-Rah#mn ibn  *s al-Hamadhn+</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was the secretary of <i>Bakr</i> ibn  Abd al- Az+z ibn Ab+ Dulaf He was a poet and secretary, among whose books there was <i>Pronunciations</i> (<i>Dialects</i>).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="217.">217.</a></b> The Beatty MS omits  a large book. </font></span> </p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="218.">218.</a></b> The anthology is not mentioned in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="219.">219.</a></b> For the Thaq+f Tribe, see  Thak#+f, <i>Enc. Islam</i>, IV, 734. <i>Al-H#amsah</i> is omitted by the Beatty MS. It means  valor and is often used as the title of an anthology of poetry.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">301</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibn </font><i><font size="3"> Abdakn</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; His name was Muh#ammad ----------- and he was a secretary of the T#klkn family. He was eloquent, a writer of correspondence, and a master of literary style, who wrote a large collection of epistles.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibn Ab+ al-Baghl</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; His name was Ah#mad ibn Muh#ammad ibn Yah#y ibn Ab+ al-Baghl, surnamed Abk al-H#usayn. <a href="#220.">[220]</a> He was summoned from Is#bahn to be promoted to act as vizier during the days of al-<i>Muqtadir</i>. He was eloquent, a writer of correspondence, and a master of literary style, one of the people of Marwn. <a href="#221.">[221]</a> He was also a poet of excellent quality, with natural talent, who wrote a collection of epistles. His epistles were about the conquest of al-Bas#rah. <a href="#222.">[222]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Muh#ammad</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn al-Qsim al-Karkh+ <a href="#223.">[223]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was one of the secretaries who were transferred to the vizierate. He was a writer of correspondence and a master of literary style, who wrote:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Anthology of Epistles; Anthology of Poetry.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Al-Bh#ath  an Mi ys# <a href="#224.">[224]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; His name was <i>Muh#ammad</i> ibn Sahl ibn al-Marzubn al-Karkh+, surnamed Abk Mans#kr. He was one of the people of al-Karkh and one of the masters of eloquence and literary style. A man who saw him told me that he had a paralyzed hand. [225] Among his books there was <i>The Limit of Perfection</i> (<i>Al-Muntah+ f+ al-Kaml</i>), comprising twelve books (chapters), which were:</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="220.">220.</a></b> The Flügel text does not give  Ah#mad ibn. The translation follows the Beatty MS. A father and a son have probably been confused. See Ibn Ab+ al-<i>Baghl</i> for the members of this family.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="221.">221.</a></b> Flügel has <i>al-marwt</i>, but al-Marwn, a part of Marw (Merv), seems to be the word meant.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="222.">222.</a></b> The reference to his epistles is not found in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="223.">223.</a></b> Flügel gives al-Maqsam instead of al-Karkhl. The second title is lacking in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="224.">224.</a></b> The name means  searching for the difficult in learning, and is given in the Beatty MS. Flügel has a different form, almost certainly incorrect.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="225.">225.</a></b> In the Flügel edition, this statement is given incorrectly.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">302</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Praise of Culture; Description of Rhetoric (Eloquence); Prayer and Glorification; Passionate Love and Separation; Love of Fatherlands; Congratulations and Consolation; Hope and the Hoped-For; Youthful Amatory Praises and Beseechings; Praise and Blame; Apologies (Excuses); Pronunciations (Dialects); Values of the Government.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abk <i> Sa +d</i>  Abd al-Rah#mn ibn Ah#mad al-Is#bahn+ <a href="#226.">[226]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He wrote <i>Epistles</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Al-<i>Abhar+</i> al-Is#bahn+</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; Nothing more is known about him [except that] among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Formation of Literary Style; Training of the Secretary; The Court Companion. <a href="#227.">[227]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Al-</font><i><font size="3">Jayhn+</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Abk  Abd Allh Ah#mad ibn Muh#ammad ibn Nas#r al-Jayhn+, the secretary, vizier of the lord of Khursn, among whose books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Roadways and Kingdoms; Usage of Examples of Writing the Contracts of the Caliphs and Governors; <a href="#228.">[228]</a> Additions to the book of al-<i>Nsh+</i> about discourses; <a href="#229.">[229]</a> Epistles.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abk Zayd al-</font><i><font size="3">Balkh+</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; His name was Ah#mad ibn Sahl and he was distinguished in connection with both ancient and modern sciences. In his compositions and compilations he followed the usage of the philosophers, but, as he resembled the men of letters and was closest to them, I have included him in this section of the book.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="226.">226.</a></b> The Beatty MS has Abk Sa d instead of Abk Sa +d. The translation follows Flügel, which is probably correct. The Beatty MS, however, corrects Flügel by giving Al-Abhar+ as a separate heading rather than running it into the preceding paragraph.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="227.">227.</a></b> Last title not in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="228.">228.</a></b> The translation follows what seems to be indicated in the Beatty MS. The Flügel edition varies.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="229.">229.</a></b> The Flügel edition is garbled, but the Beatty MS clearly gives al-Nsh+, although which one of the men with this name is not explained. The final title is not in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">303</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">It is said of Abk Zayd that he said:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Al-<i>H#usayn</i> ibn  Al+ al-Marwarrkdh+, the brother of <i>Su lkk</i>, used to conduct familiar and continuous prayers for me, but when I dictated my book about investigation by methods of interpretation, he discontinued these [prayers] for me. Then Abk  Al+ <a href="#230.">[230]</a> al-Jayhn+, the vizier of <i> Nas#r</i> ibn Ah#mad, had slave girls with whom he used to favor me, but when I dictated my book <i>Offerings and Sacrifices</i>, he withheld them from me.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Al-H#usayn [al-Marwarrkdh+] was a Qarmat#+, al-Jayhn+ a dualist, and Abk Zayd was accused of heresy. But it has been related that al-Balkh+ <a href="#231."> [231]</a> said,  This man, meaning Abk Zayd,  is suffering an injustice, for he is a believer in the oneness [of Allh]. I know it from other people and also because I was brought up with him. Although it [heresy] might have come from logic, we studied logic together and thanks be to Allh did not become heretics. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Among the books of Abk Zayd there were: <a href="#232.">[232]</a></font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Ordinances of Religions; The Categories (Divisions) of the Sciences; Choice of Conduct (Choice of Journeys); the large book, Politics; the small book, Politics; Perfection of the Faith; <a href="#233.">[233]</a> Excellency of the Art of Writing; Advantages of Bodies and Souls; <a href="#234.">[234]</a> The Names of Allh, Exalted and Sublime, and His Attributes; The Making of Poetry; The Excellency of the Science (Knowledge) of Historical Traditions; Names, Surnames, and Nicknames; Names of Things; Grammar and Conjugation; The Picture and the Pictured; his epistle about the definitions (limits) of philosophy; What Is Correct about Judgments of the Stars; Refutation of the Worshippers of Idols; Excellence of the Mathematical Sciences; about divulging <a href="#235.">[235]</a> the sciences of philosophy; Offerings and Sacrifices; Infallibility of the Prophets, for Whom May There Be Peace. <a href="#236.">[236]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="230.">230.</a></b>   Al+  may be a mistake, as he is usually called Abk  Abd Allh.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="231.">231.</a></b> This was probably Muh#ammad ibn al-Fad#l ibn al- Abbs al-<i>Balkh+</i>, who died in A.D. 931, three years before the death of Abk Zayd al-Balkh+.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="232.">232.</a></b> The list given here should be compared with Yqkt, <i>Irshd</i>, VI (1), 141 44.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="233.">233.</a></b> See Yqkt, <i>Irshd</i>, VI (1), 149 bottom. There is a note on the margin of the Beatty MS implying that this was an explanation of the perfection of religion.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="234.">234.</a></b> Yqkt, <i>Irshd</i>, VI (1), 142 l. 7, adds,  known as <i>The Two Discourses</i>. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="235.">235.</a></b> Flügel gives <i>ifsh</i> ( divulging ), Yqkt <i> aqsm</i> ( dividing ), and the Beatty MS <i>iqtin</i> ( acquiring ).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="236.">236.</a></b> The pious phrase is not found in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">304</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Arrangement of the Qur n; Qawri al-Qur n; <a href="#237.">[237]</a> The Bold and Those Devoted to God (Al-Futtk wa-al-Nussk); a book in which he collected what was difficult to understand among the strange things in the Qur n; about how the  Skrah al-H#amd <a href="#238.">[238]</a> is representative of the Qur n as a whole; Replies of <a href="#239.">[239]</a> Abk al-Qsim al-<i>Ka b+</i>; Rarities among Various Sciences (Rarities in Various Forms); Replies of the People of Persia; Explanation of the Figures in the Book,  Heaven and the World, by Abk Ja far al-<i>Khazin</i>; Replies of Abk  Al+ ibn Ab+ Bakr ibn al-Muz#affar, known as Ibn <i>Muh#taj</i>; Replies of Abk Ish#q al-Mu addab [<i>Ibrh+m</i> al-H#arb+]; Verbal Nouns (Origins); Replies to the Questions of Abk al-Fad#l al-<i>Sukkar+</i>; Chess and Backgammon; The Superiority of Makkah over Other Places; Reply of the Epistle of Abk  Al+ ibn al-Mun+r al-<i>Ziyd+</i>; Awakening of the Secretaries; <a href="#240.">[240]</a> the large book, Investigation of Interpretations; the clarifying epistle to the person reproached; <a href="#241.">[241]</a> his epistle praising the profession of the warrq; his will (testament).</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Al-<i>Bush+</i> <a href="#242.">[242]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Abk al-Qsim ----------. Although I never saw any book of his, information was given to me by Abk  Al+ ibn <i>Sawwr</i>, <a href="#243.">[243]</a> the secretary, to whom may Allh show mercy, who established the library of the endowment (<i>al-waqf</i>) at al-Bas#rah, and who was devoted to the sciences and strong in his passion for them. He told me,  There are some of his [al-Bush+ s] books in my library at al-Bas#rah. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Thus saith Muh#ammad ibn Ish#q [al-<i>Nad+m</i>]: I am doubtful about  al-Bush+ ; &nbsp;is it written with a <i>sh+n</i> (<i>sh</i>) or a <i>s+n</i> (<i>s</i>)?  Bust is known to be a place in Sijistn, but we do not know  Bush. That which made Abk  Al+ [ibn Sawwr] feel that the pronunciation</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="237.">237.</a></b> Verses recited for protection against men and demons.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="238.">238.</a></b> The opening skrah of the Qur n.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="239.">239.</a></b> The phrases translated as  replies of may really refer to the replies of al-Balkh+ in his disputes with other authors, in which case  replies to would be the accurate translation.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="240.">240.</a></b> The words given both in Flügel and the Beatty MS are not entirely clear.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="241.">241.</a></b> The word translated as  clarifying is <i> al-slifah</i>, which usually means  previous or  former. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="242.">242.</a></b> In the Flügel edition the heading is  Al-Bust+. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="243.">243.</a></b> The Beatty MS spells the name as Suwr (meaning  cavalier ).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">305</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">was with <i>sh+n</i> (<i>sh</i>) was the dotting [of the consonants]. <a href="#244.">[244]</a> We shall inquire about this man and his books and, if Allh so wills, make a supplement to his section. Abk  Al+ said that his books were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Trees and Plants; Description of the Climate of Jarjn; his reply about the antiquity of the world; The Weakness of a Double-Faced Vizier; Preservation of Learning and Control of the Soul; his epistle about the ordinances of the principal organ of man s body.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">H#amzah</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn al-H#asan</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was from the people of Is#bahn, a man of letters and an author, among whose books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Is#bahn and Its Historical Traditions; Similitudes (Allegories); Kinds of Prayer; Mispronouncing (Al-Tas#h#+f); Examples of Af ala, into which both poetry and prose are introduced; <a href="#245.">[245]</a> Examples Derived from Proofs of Poetry; Information about al-Mus#h#if; <a href="#246.">[246]</a> Epistles; Illustrations, about tidings of joy.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> H#ukmwayh</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn  Abdks</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">He was from the region of the Mountain (al-Jabal). Nothing more is known about his life. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Unusual Expressions (Al-Shawrid) in the Epistles; Literary Pursuits.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Samakah</font></span></i></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was the teacher of Ibn al-<i> Am+d</i> and his name was Muh#ammad ibn  Al+ ibn Sa +d. Among his books there was <i>Historical Traditions of the  Abbsids</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Kushjim</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a href="#247.">[247]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Abk al-Fath# Mah#mud ibn al-H#usayn, whose literary work and poetry are famous. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">The Training of a Court Companion; Epistles; an anthology of his poetry.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="244.">244.</a></b> See Yqkt, <i>Geog.</i>, I, 612, for Bust; p. 628 for Busht near Nisbkr. No place called Bush is mentioned.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="245.">245.</a></b> <i>Af ala</i> is a verb form. This title and the four which follow are not in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="246.">246.</a></b> <i>Al-Mus#h#if</i> means a  written book, but is as a rule used for the Qur n, as is evidently the case in this title.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="247.">247.</a></b> The paragraph about Kushjim is in the Flügel edition, but not the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">306</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> Khushkannjah</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">, the Secretary</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was from among the people of Baghdd, but spent most of his life at al-Raqqah and then moved to al-Maws#il. His name was  Al+ ibn Was#+f. The meaning of the name  Al+ was derived by the language authorities. <a href="#248.">[248]</a> He composed a number of books, which <i> Abdn</i>, the chief of the Ism +l+yah, attributed to himself. He was friendly and agreeable to me. He died at al-Maws#il, a Sh+ +. <a href="#249.">[249]</a> Among his books there was <i>Explaining and Making Straight</i>, about the institution of the land tax (<i>al-kharj</i>) and its usages.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">His Son, Abk al-<i>H#asan</i> Ah#mad ibn  Al+ <a href="#250.">[250]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was a secretary, poet, and master of literary style. He died in the City of Peace [Baghdd], there being among his books:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Prose Joined to Verse (Prose Connected in Sequence); The Production of Literary Style (The Art of Rhetoric); Benefits; an anthology of his poetry.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ibn <i> Kath+r</i> al-Ahwz+</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Abk Bakr Ah#mad ibn Muh#ammad ibn al-Fad#l. Among his books there was <i> Virtues of the Secretaries</i>. <a href="#251.">[251]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abk <i> Namlah</i> al-Numayl+</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was also called al-Naml+, but we know nothing about his life. Among his books there was <i>Precious Things</i> (<i>Al-Shudhkr</i>), about the counseling of the caliphs and governors (<i>umar </i>).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="248.">248.</a></b> The Flügel text apparently confuses this phrase and the Beatty MS does not make clear exactly what the author meant. Literally the passage is  His name was  Al+ from the masters of literary style in its meaning. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="249.">249.</a></b>  A Sh+ + is not in the Beatty MS.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="250.">250.</a></b> This paragraph with its list of book titles is given very clearly in the Beatty MS but badly confused in the Flügel version. The Beatty MS does not mention the anthology of his poetry.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="2"><b> <a name="251.">251.</a></b> Flügel has <i>manqib</i> ( virtues ), which is probably correct. In the Beatty MS the only word which at all fits the letters <i>is muta wik</i> ( defective ).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="en-us"> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">[<a style="text-decoration: none" href="an_1_1.htm">Previous</a>] [<a style="text-decoration: none" href="an_5_1.htm">Next</a>]</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="en-us"> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">[<a href="index.html" style="text-decoration: none">Back to Index</a>]</font></span></p> </body> </html>