ÿþ<html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-gb"> <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 5.0"> <meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=unicode"> <title>VII - 1985</title> <style> <!-- p.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt; margin-top:0pt} li.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt; margin-top:0pt} --> </style> </head> <body> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; font-weight:700"> <font size="4">VII. Comparative phonetics of the Thracian language</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center"><font face="Palatino Linotype">Chapter VII. VERGLEICHENDE PHONETIK DER THRAKISCHEN SPRACHE (<i>I. Duridanov</i>, <i>Die Sprache der Thraker</i>, Neuried, 1985)</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center"><font face="Palatino Linotype">translated by Jordan Tchorbadzhijski</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> The concrete appearence of the words in every language is defined by the occurrence and sequence of a certain number of phonetic units (phonems) <a href="#1.">[1]</a>. The Thracian language has developed its own phonetic system after its separation from the <span style="color: black">Proto-Indo-European (PIE). Some of the Indo-European (IE) phonems have remained unchanged, whereas others have experienced some change, especially regarding the consonants. The phonetic system of the Thracian could&nbsp; be described purely descriptive, regardless of the origin of the particular phonems, or on a historical basis, in a diachronical perspective, that is comparing it with the phonetic systems of the other Indo-European languages. Following the second methodology would throw more light on the problem of the position of the Thracian in the group of the IE languages, which is why I have chosen it.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black">The preserved bits of the Thracian are chronologically </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <a href="http://dict.leo.org/se?lp=ende&p=/Mn4k.&search=inhomogeneous" style="color: #303A88; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none; text-line-through: none"> <span style="color: windowtext">erratic.</span></a> The earliest records are from the end of the second millenium B.C. (some Thracian personal, tribal and geographical names attested in the Iliad and the Odyssey, whose oldest parts originate from the end of the Mycenaean period), the latest  from the 6. century AD. Certainly, during this long period of 1600 years the phonetics of the Thracian has been changing, a fact that can be observed on the basis of the evidence from the last centuries of the Thracian history. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <b><a name="1."><font size="2">1.</font></a></b><font size="2"> A phoneme is a basic, theoretical unit of sound that can distinguish words.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Palatino Linotype">105</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> In some cases the possibility of a certain Greek influence is not excluded, and after the arrival of the Romans  accordingly Latin. Those are problems, which have not been adequately researched yet. The important thing, however, is that on the basis of the etymological analysis of the material we are able to reconstruct to a large extent the phonetic system of the Thracian and to identify a number of very old sound changes, as well as some that must have taken place in the late period of the evolution of the language.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700"> The vowels</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> The IE featured in its last period long and short vowels<i>: a, e, i, o, u, <font size="4">Y</font></i> and <i>, , +, M, k</i>. In the first period of its history, the Thracian preserved that state, excluding the short <i>o</i>, which changed to <i>a</i> and the so called Schwa (<i><font size="4">Y</font></i>), that was substituted in Thracian (as in the most IE languages) by <i>a</i>.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>a</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> Thr. <i>a</i>. There are many examples of that change: Hydronym (HN)<i> Asamus </i> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE<i> *ak mo-</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> stone , Greek (Gk) </span><i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">á</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">km</span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">M</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">n</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">  anvil , Old Indian (OI)<i> a[man</i>  stone, sky ; HN <i>Angíts </i> IE <i> *ank-, *ang- </i> bend , Gk <i>ank</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="o_chu.jpg" align="absbottom" width="11" height="22"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">n</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">  bow, elbow ,<i> ánkos</i>  dale, ravine </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>e</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> Thr. <i>e</i>: <i>Sérm</i>  IE *<i>serm</i>, IE stem *<i>ser</i>  flow in Latin (Lat) <i>serum</i>  the watery </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">part of the curd, whey ; Toponym (TN) <i>Meldia</i>  IE <i>*meldh</i>-, cf. Lithuanian (Lit) <i>meldà, m</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><span lang="EN-US" style="">é</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">ldas</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">  a kind of cane . In the late period of the Thracian (it well may be the case only in some dialects) the <i>e</i>, followed by <i> nt(h) </i> developed to<i> i</i>, which can be concluded of the existence of the form <i> cinthus</i> in the personal name (PN) <i>Dias-cinthos</i> alongside  <i>centus, -kenthos</i> (in <i>Dias-centus</i> and <i>Dias-kenthos</i>)</span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> &lt;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE *<i>kento-s</i>  child, descendant , Lat <i>re-cens</i>  fresh, young, new . The unstressed <i>e</i> tended to <i>i</i> (reduction), maybe a vernacular feature, cf. the parallel forms <i>Desa-(kenthos)</i> and <i>Disa-(centus), Diza-(kenthos)</i>  IE <i>dh</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">eso</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">  god in Gk<i> theós</i>.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> &nbsp;IE <i>i </i></span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> Thr. <i>i</i>: TN <i>Id, Idakos</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE *</span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">idhu</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">  tree , Old Irish (OIr) <i>fid</i>  tree, wood, forest , </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Gaulic tribal name (TrN) <i>Uidu-casses</i>, Old English (OE) <i>widu</i>  forest, wood, tree ; <i> -diza</i>, -<i>dizos</i>  castle, fortress (in TN <i>Tyro-diza, Burtu-dizos</i>)</span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> &lt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE <i>dhig h</i>, Old Persian (OP) <i>did</i> (from *<i>diz</i>)  fortress .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>o</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>a</i>: <i>skálm</i>  knife, sword </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE *<i>skolm</i>, Old Icelandic (OIc) <i>sk</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="o_ogonek.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="18">lm</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">  knife, </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt"> <span lang="DE" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">sword , OE <i>helma</i>, English (En) <i>helm</i> (rudder); HN <i>Pan(n)ysis, </i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Palatino Linotype">106</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Panisas </span></i> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>pon-iso</i>, stem *<i>pon(i)-</i> in Gothic (Got) <i>fani</i>  mud , Middle Irish (MIr) HN <i> On, Onach</i> (swamp); Thr. TN <i>Markellai</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>mork</i> in Lit <i>markà</i>  a hole, used in the treatment of hemp , Ukrainian <i>morokva</i>  mire (from Proto-Slavic *<i>mrky, -</i></span><i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">J</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">ve</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">) </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>merk</i> in Lit <i>me<img border="0" src="r_v2.jpg" align="absbottom" width="8" height="15">kti</i> (<i>merkiù</i>)  to put in water, to dip, to wet . The IE ending in Nominative, singular of the  <i>o</i>-roots was accordingly  <i>as</i> in Thracian, which can be concluded of the exactly rendered HN <i>Iuras, Panisas</i> (alongside <i>Panisos</i>), PN <i>Taruthinas</i> (alongside  <i>os</i>). But in the most cases the ending was rendered as  <i>os</i> (in the Greek sources) or  <i>us</i> (in the Latin; sometimes under Greek influence also  <i>os</i>), being the result of an (morphological) adaptation of the Thracian nouns of masculine gender, ending with  <i>as</i> to the Greek  <i>os</i> and the Latin  <i>us</i>.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>u</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>u</i>:<i> Suitulnos</i>, a sobriquet of the Heros, a development of the TN *<i>Suitula</i>, </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype" lang="en-us">cf.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> Lit <i>avitulys</i>  something glaring, light ; <i>Muka</i>- in PN <i>Muka</i>-<i>boris, Muka-poris</i> and others  IE *<i>muk</i>, cf. Iranian <i>muka</i>- in Ossethian <i>mugæ</i>  family , <i>muggag</i>  seed, house . Sometimes the Thracian <i>u</i> was represented by an <i>o</i> in Greek (and also in Latin), which could be explained by the openness of the Thracian <i>u</i> (so D. Detchev) or by a peculiarity of the Greek vowel development: the letter </span> <i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Å</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> has already been used to denote <i>ü</i> or (in a later time) even <i>i</i>, so that the Thracian <i>u</i> could not be represented by an </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Å</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Compare for example the PN <i>Moka-poris, Moca-por</i> alongside&nbsp; <i>Muka</i>-; TrN <i>Odrysai </i> </span><i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">*Udrusai</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, from IE *<i>udr</i> in avestan (Av) <i>udra-</i>  otter .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i><font size="4">Y</font></i> <a href="#2.">[2]</a> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>a</i>: PN <i> Gaidrs</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>g</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">h</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><i><font size="4">Y</font></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">idr-</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> in Lit <i>gaidrùs</i>  light (colour), clear (weather) , </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Gk <i>phaidr</i></span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Ì</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">s</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">  clear, bright, blazing , from IE *<i>g</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">hi,</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> *<i>g</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">h</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><i><font size="4">Y</font></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">i</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">; TN <i>Daton </i>(<i>-os</i>) </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>dh<font size="4">Y</font>to-m</i>(<i>-o-s</i>), cf. Albanian (Alb) <i>dat</i></span><i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Q </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> place, locality , from IE *<i>dh-, *dh<font size="4">Y</font>-</i>  to sit, to put, to lay .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> </span></i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i></i> (represented as </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">· </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">in Gr): PN <i>Rhsos</i> (</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Á</span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Æ</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">ÿÂ</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, testified by Homer) </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">*<i>rg o-s, </i> cf. Lat <i>rx, rgis</i>  king , OI <i>rj</i>-  the same ; TN <i>Z</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="e_chu.jpg" align="absbottom" width="11" height="22">rynthos,</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <i>Zrýnthion, Z</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="e_chu.jpg" align="absbottom" width="11" height="22">rinthon</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> (in Gr </span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">–</span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">u</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">ÁŽ¸¿Â</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> and so on) </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE *<i>g h</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">r</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-  wild animal in Lit <i>~vrìs</i>  wild animal , old bulgarian (OBul) <i>zvr</i></span><i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">L </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> the same , Gk <i>thr </i> animal . In the late Thracian the <i></i> could well have changed to an<i> +</i> (cf. the word for wine, used by Hesychios <i>zílai </i>(</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">¶¯»±¹</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">) to the<i> zlas</i> (</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">¶®»±Â</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">) and <i>zelâs</i> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <font size="2"><b><a name="2.">2.</a></b> This vowel has developed in the late IE from the composition of the so called second laryngeal and e, that is: H<sub>2</sub>e</font></span><span lang="en-us"><font size="2"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">.</span></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Palatino Linotype">107</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">(</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">¶µ»</span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">¶</span></i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Â</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">) in other Greek sources; from IE *<i>g hl</i>), if the first example does not reflect the Greek change of <i></i> (</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">·</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">) to <i>i</i>. I see a sure example for that sound change in a Thracian loan word in Bulgarian: <i>griv</i>  gray (of a dove, falcon, eye) , OBul *<i>griv</i></span><i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">J</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, borrowed in modern Greek as <i>grivós</i>, Romanian <i>griv</i>  colourful, spotted white and black from the Thr. *<i>gr+vas</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Old Thr. *<i>grvas</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">*<i>g</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">(</span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">)hr</span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">o-s</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, cf. Old High German (OHG) <i>gro</i>, genitive <i>grwes</i>, German <i> grau</i>.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>M</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>M</i> (represented as </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">É</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> in Gr): HN <i>Str<img border="0" src="y_ch2.jpg" align="middle" width="13" height="24"></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">m</span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="o_chu.jpg" align="middle" width="11" height="22"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">n </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">i</span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">n Greek </span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">£ÄÁ</span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">á</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">¼Î½</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, so Hesiodus in the 7. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">century B.C. and Herodotus in the 5. century B.C.) </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>Srk-mMn</i>, cf. Lit <i>sraumuõ</i>, -<i>meñs</i>  a quick current , where the  <i>uo</i> traces back to IE <i>M</i>; <i>Mygdon</i> (</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">œÅ³´Î½</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, a personal name, used by Homer) is in fact a name of a region, known later as <i> Mygdonia</i>, from IE *<i>M</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_chgd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="22">ko-ghdhMm</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, the second part being connected to Gk <i>chthMn</i>  earth, ground .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>k</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>k</i> (represented as </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Å</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, </span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">¿Å </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">in Greek): HN <i>Str<img border="0" src="y_ch2.jpg" align="middle" width="13" height="24"></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">m</span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="o_chu.jpg" align="middle" width="11" height="22"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">n </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">(</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">£ÄÁ</span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">á</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">¼Î½</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">) </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>Srk-mMn</i>, root: </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>sreu-</i> <i>- sr</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_chgd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="22"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">- in Lit <i> srúti</i> (<i>srkvù, srknù</i>)  to fill with water, to stream, to flow .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">The quantity of the Thracian vowels often was not reflected in Greek, particularly the <i> </i>and <i>+.</i> On the basis of the above mentioned examples we can assume that long vowels were a part of the Thracian phonetic system, that is, the length of the vowels was a distinctive attribute; hence long <i>a</i> and <i>i</i> must have existed along <i>M</i>,<i> </i>, and <i>+</i>. For example the IE <i></i> as an ending in the singular, nominative form of the feminine nouns of the <i></i>-root would be preserved; cf. Thr. <i>bria</i>  town, city </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *</span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">ri<img border="0" src="i_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="23"></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, cf. Tocharian (To) A <i>ri</i>, B <i>riye</i>  town, a refuge ; <i>-diza </i>in TN <i>Tyro-diza, Oru-disza </i></span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>dhig h</i>  fortress . One should also keep in mind that the Thracian <i></i> was not rarely represented by an </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">·</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> in Greek (especially at the end of a word), accordingly to the sound laws of the Greek (Ionic-Attic), compare for example the Thr. TN </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">£ÄÁͼ·</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, which in Thracian must have been *<i>Str</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_chu.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="22">m</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>+</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>+</i>: TN </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Ilion</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i> +l(u)</i>-  mud, dirt in Gk <i>+lýs</i>  mud, dirt , Old Church Slavonic </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">(OCS) <i>il</i></span><i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">L</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">  sllime, mud .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> In late Thracian several changes affected the long vowels. The long <i>k</i> lost its dislabilized and evolved to a front vowel, <i>i</i>, possibly via <i>ü</i>. Such a change can be suggested on the basis of a comparison of the name <i> Dinace</i> (from a Latin inscription in Carnuntum, Austria), if it is correctly regiven, and </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Palatino Linotype">108</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> the <i>Dunaka</i> (</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">”¿Í½±º±</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, Accusative), mentioned by Strabo </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>Dhkn-k</i>, root: IE *<i>dhkn</i>, cf. the OE <i>dkn</i>  elevation, mountain . The same change of <i>k to + </i>is possibly reflected in the Thr. PN <i>Bizo, Bizens, Bizias, Bizzos, Deo-Bizos</i> (all of them known from inscriptions) alongside forms like <i>Byzas, Byzs, Byzos</i>, which were represented in Greek by an </span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Å</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> in the stem; that Greek </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Å</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> was used to represent Thr. <i>k</i> is obvious, if we consider the etymology of the names: from IE *<i>bhkg o-s </i>in Av <i>bkza </i> a he-goat . However, the sound change <i>k</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">+</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> must have been typical just for some dialects and not for the whole Thracian language area. The rendering of the Thracian tribal name <i>Bes</i>s as </span> <i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">’·Ãÿ</span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">w</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> (with </span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">·</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> = <i></i>) by Herodotus and as </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">’­Ãÿ¹</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> by the late autors (like Strabo, Polybius etc.) cannot be seen as an evidence for a change <i></i></span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> &gt;<i> </i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">e</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">: in the Greek language of the 1.-2. century AD </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">·</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> already denoted <i>i </i>corresponding to the Greek sound development, that is why the foreign <i></i> could not be represented by that letter. It is well possible that the Greek autors had to use </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">µ</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, although it didn t represent a long vowel at that time.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> Previous to <i></i> and <i>k</i> at the beginning of a word sometimes appears a prothetic <i>j-</i>, as in the following examples: HN <i>Ieterus</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>tro</i>-, OHG <i>tar</i>  quick (<i></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> </span></i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE <i></i>); <i>Iuras</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>jro-s</i>, cf. the Old Norse (ONo) <i>kr</i>  drizzle , Lat <i>krina</i>  urine , Lit (also with a prothetic <i>j-</i>) <i>j</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_chu.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="22">ra </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> (and plural <i>j<img border="0" src="u_chu.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="22">rios, -<img border="0" src="e_t2.jpg" align="absbottom" width="11" height="17">s</i>)  sea , Latvian <i>jkra</i>  the same . However, this phonetic phenomenon was not common Thracian, as we can see from the examples of an <i>k</i> at the beginning of words (sure evidence of<i> </i> does not exist): HN <i>Ucasus, Utus </i> (etymologically both had a long <i>k</i> at the beginning, s. p. 48).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> In Thracian (especially in its late period, beginning with the 3.-2. century BC) the unstressed vowels were apparently subject to a reduction, as a result of which they could sometimes even fully disappear. The PN <i>MygdMn</i> (Homer) gives us the earliest example for this phenomenon (syncope): the name is connected to the land, which was later to be known as <i>Mygdonia</i> (<span style="color: black">Thucydides, 5. century BC), as per the offered etymology derived from *<i>M</i></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_chgd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="22"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; color: black">ko-ghd</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Mm </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> marsh, swampland (s. p. 35). Another example for syncope is the HN <i>Atlas</i> (Herodotus, 5. century BC) </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">*<i>Attulas</i>, cf. the Latvian HN <i>Adula</i> and the German HN <i>Attel </i></span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Attula</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> (s. p. 23). Syncopized appear in other Thracian names too, e.g. <i>Pyr-mrulas </i>(a sobriquet of the Heros) alongside <i>Pyru-mrulas </i>and <i>Pyry-mrulas</i>; the deity name (DN) <i>Zbel-thurdos, Zbel-thiurdos </i>etc. </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;older *<i>Zibel-thurdos</i>, cf. the Latvian <i>zibele</i>  twinkling ; TN <i>Zburulus</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">older</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Palatino Linotype">109</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;*<i>Ziburulus</i>, cf. Lit <i>~iburys</i>  fire, light ; <i>Zym-drnós, Zym-zdrnós </i>(a sobriquet of Asclepius) alongside <i>Zym-ydrnós</i>, <i>Zyml-yzdrinós </i>etc. Another example would be the word <i>midne</i>  village , as in in its Latvian parallel *<i>m)tne</i>  residence, dwelling, accommodation </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">older *<i>m+tin</i> or *<i>m+ten</i>.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; font-weight: 700; font-style: italic"> The diphthongs</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> The IE featured <i>i-</i> and <i>u-</i>diphthongs. They had their counterpart in Thracian as follows:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>ai</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>ai:</i> <i>Aizik</i> (country), from the IE root *<i>aig </i>-  a goat , cf. Gk <i>aix</i>, </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Genitive <i>aigós</i>, Armenian (Arm) <i>aic</i>  a goat .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>ei</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>ei</i>: <i>Seietovien(us)</i> (a sobriquet of the Heros), derived from the TN *<i>Seietovia</i> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt"> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE *<i>Sei<font size="4">Y</font>to</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="i_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="23"></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, cf. Lit <i>sietuvà</i>  a whirlpool, a deep spot in a river .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>oi</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">thr <i>ai</i>: <i>Paisulnos</i> (a sobriquet of Zeus), derived from the TN *<i>Paisula</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">*<i>Poik ul</i>, cf. Lit <i>paiaa)</i>  grime , Gk <i>poikílos</i>  colourful . In the TN <i>Vevocasenus vicus,</i> <i>Vevo-</i> (possibly from Thr. *<i>Vaiva</i>) </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> older *<i>Vaevo</i> is explained by the Latin mediation (s. p. 49).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i><font size="4">Y</font>i</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">(</span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; H</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><sub>2</sub>e</span></i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><i>i</i>) </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>ai</i>: <i>PN Gaidrs</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>g</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">h<font size="4">Y</font>idr-</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> in Lit <i>gaidrùs</i>  light (colour), clear , Gk </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">phaidr</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Ì</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">s</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">  clear, bright, blazing .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>Yu</i></span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> (&lt;</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">H<sub>2</sub>e</span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="middle" width="13" height="17"></font></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">) </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> Thr. <i>au </i>(<i>av</i>): bulgarian (Bg) <i>Osogov(o</i>) (a mountain) </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. *<i>Asagav</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">*<i>Ok o-gh<font size="4">Y</font></i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">o-</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, compare the second element of the name to Got <i>gawi</i>  land, area , pre-Greek <i>gaia</i>  land, area .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>ou</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>au</i>: TN <i>Pautalia</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>pout</i>-, cf. Old Prussian (OPru) HN <i>Pauta</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">*<i>Pout</i> from the IE stem *<i>peut-</i>: *<i>put</i>- in Lit <i>putà</i>  foam , Latvian <i>putas</i>  the same .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>Mu</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>o</i> (maybe<i> M</i>): TN<i> Ost-aphos</i>, <i>Ostu-dizos</i>, the first element being derived from </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">the IE *<i>Musto-s or </i> *<i>Musta </i>  mouth, estuary , Lit <i>úostas</i>, <i>uostà</i>  estuary , Lat <i>Mstium</i>  the same .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> In the word <i>zetráia</i>  pot </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>g he</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">tra<img border="0" src="i_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="23"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">the IE diphthong <i>eu</i> is surprisingly substituted by <i>e</i>. In all likelyhood the word was not reproduced correctly by Pollux (2. century). Admittedly there is no sure example for the substitution of the IE <i>eu</i>, that is the case with the rest of the IE diphthonhs as well.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> In the late Thracian we can assume a monophthongization of <i>ai</i> to <i>i</i> previous to consonants on the basis of the mountain name</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Palatino Linotype">110</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <i>Im</i>- </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Haimos</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> (s. p. 30). The only example for a monophthongization <i>au</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">o</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> is the TN <i>Potelense</i>, a Latin development of </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">*</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Potela</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> *<i>Pautela</i> (s. p. 39). However, because the same sound change is typical of the balkanic Latin from the 2. century AD onward (see for examples H. Mihescu 1978, p. 185), it is difficult to decide whether the monophthongization of <i>au</i> to <i>o</i> previous to a stressed syllable (*<i>Pautéla, *Potéla</i>) took place in the late Thracian or was due to the development of the balkanic Latin.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700"> The sonants</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> The IE sonants <i> <img border="0" src="l_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="18"></i>, <i> <img border="0" src="r_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="8" height="15"></i>, <i> <img border="0" src="m_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="17" height="16"></i>, <img border="0" src="n_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="16"> have a twofold substitution in Thracian:</span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt" start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE <i> <img border="0" src="l_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="18"></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <i><img border="0" src="r_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="8" height="15"></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="n_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="16"> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>il, ir, in</i>: TN <i>Silta</i>, Lit <i>ai<img border="0" src="l_v2.jpg" align="bottom" width="9" height="18">tas</i>  warm, comfortable </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>k lto-</i>; field name (FN) <i>Zilmissus</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>g h<img border="0" src="l_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="18"></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">m-is-(<img border="0" src="i_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="23">o)-</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, cf. Lit <i>}ilm</i>à, comprehensive (follstufig) Latvian <i>z<img border="0" src="e_ocv.jpg" align="absbottom" width="10" height="17">lme</i>  verdant grass, a meadow ; TN <i>Tirsai</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>T<img border="0" src="r_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="8" height="15"></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">soi</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, cf. OPru TN <i>Tirs-kaymen</i>, Lit <i><font size="3">ti<img border="0" src="r_v2.jpg" align="absbottom" width="8" height="15">atis</font></i>  thicket ; TN <i> Dingion</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE *<i>dh</i><img border="0" src="n_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="16"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">gh-</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, cf. Latvian <i>dinga</i>  plant; fructiferous land ; PN <i>Brinka</i>z<i>is, Brinkainos</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>bhr</i><img border="0" src="n_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="16"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">k-</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, cf. Lit <i>brìnkti</i>  to swell . We have no evidence of IE<i> <img border="0" src="m_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="17" height="16"></i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. </span><i> <span lang="DE" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">im</span></i><span lang="DE" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">.</span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE <i> <img border="0" src="l_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="18"></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> , </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <i> <img border="0" src="r_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="8" height="15"></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> , </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="n_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="16"> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>ul</i> (<i>ol</i>), </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">ur</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> (<i>or</i>), <i>um</i> (<i>om</i>), <i>un</i> (<i>on</i>): <i>bólinthos</i>  a bison </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE </span></li> </ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">*<i>bh<img border="0" src="l_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="18"></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">n-ent</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-, cf. German <i>Bulle</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE * <i>bh<img border="0" src="l_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="18"></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">n-n</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">; <i>póltyn</i>  a wooden fort (TN <i>Poltym-bria</i>) </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE <i>*(s)p<img border="0" src="l_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="18"></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-tu-(n)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, cf. OIc <i>spjald</i>  a board (*<i>spel-to-s</i>); <i>burt-</i>, <i> burd</i>-  a ford in TN <i>Burd-apa</i>, <i>Burd-enis</i>, <i>Burt-icom</i>, <i> Burtu-dizos</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>bh<img border="0" src="r_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="8" height="15"></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">d(h)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, cf. OBul (OCS) <i>nepr-br</i></span><i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">L</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">d-om</span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">J</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">  boundless, unlimitted (literally  impossible to roam through </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Proto-Slavic *<i>b</i></span><i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">L</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">rd</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-); TN <i>Kurpisos</i>, IE root: <i>k<img border="0" src="r_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="8" height="15"></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">p</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, cf. Lit <i>ku<font size="3"><img border="0" src="r_v2.jpg" align="absbottom" width="8" height="15"></font>pti</i>  to grub ; <i>brynchos</i>  a guitar </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>bhr<img border="0" src="m_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="17" height="16"></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">ko-s, </span></i> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype" lang="en-us">cf.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> Polish <i>brzk</i>  clink, rattle , Ukrainian <i>br ak, </i> clink, rattle ; <i>Rumbo</i>- (in TN <i>Rumbo</i>-<i>dona</i>)</span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> </span> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt;</span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>r<img border="0" src="m_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="17" height="16">b(h)</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-,</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> cf. Latvian <i>ru<img border="0" src="m_v2.jpg" align="absbottom" width="17" height="16">ba</i>  a waterfall, a shoot , Lit <i>ru<img border="0" src="m_v2.jpg" align="absbottom" width="17" height="16">bas</i>  an edge ; <i>Sonktn</i>, a sobriquet of Hera, a derivation of TN *<i>Sonkt</i>, cf. Lit <i>sunkà</i>  juice, sap, liquid </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>s</i><img border="0" src="n_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="16"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">k-</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">. The fact that Thr. <i>u</i> was reproduced in Greek as <i>o</i> could be explained either by the openness of the Thracian vowel or by the absence of another option: the Greek </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Å</span></i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">already denoted <i>ü</i> or <i>i</i>.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> There are three examples of IE sonants previous to a vowel: PN <i>Skilas</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>sk</i></span><i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">L</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">lo-s</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, cf. Lit <i>skìlti</i> (<i>skiliù, skýliau</i>)  to light a fire and  to run/ride very fast ; TN</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Palatino Linotype">111</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <i>Keiris, Keir-para, Kri-parMn</i> (with Greek </span> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">µ¹</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, </span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">·</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> = <i>i</i>) </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE <i>g</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">L</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">r(i)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">- in OI <i>girí-<img border="0" src="h_t_hud.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="18"></i>,  a mountain , Lit <i>girià</i>, ~emait <i>gìr</i>  a wood, a forest ; <i> -thinas</i> (<i>-sinas</i>) in PN <i>Taru-thin(n)as, Taru-sinas, Taru-tinos</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE<i> t</i></span><i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">L</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">n</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-, a reduced grade of the IE root *<i>ten-</i> in Lat <i>teneM, -re</i>  to hold .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> The IE </span><i> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></font></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> has resulted in Thracian in <i>v</i>, which was reproduced in Greek by </span> <i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Å</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, </span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">²</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, </span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">¿Å </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">and in Latin by <i>v</i> and <i>b</i>. An incontestable example for the conservation of the Thr. <i>v</i> up to recent times in Bulgarian is the HN <i>Veléka</i>, that was inherited from the Thracians: it is a development of the root *</span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">el-</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> in Lit <i>vel<img border="0" src="e_tu.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="21">ti</i>  to wash . Another example is the TN </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">’±¯Á¿Â</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> (= <i>Vairos</i>), used by Ptolemaios (2. century AD), cf. Lit <i>vairùs, vairas </i> rotating, looping </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE * </span><i> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">o<img border="0" src="i_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="23">-ro</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-. Thr. <i>v</i> was reproduced as </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">¿Å</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> in the sobriquet of Dionissius </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">ŸÅ·Á¶µ»·½¿Â</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, a derivation of the TN *<i>Verzela</i>, cf. Lit HN <i>Vér~a</i>. In the first syllable of a word, previous to a vowel, <i>v</i> could disappear, apparently under Greek influence, e.g. TN <i>Egerica</i>, cf. Lit HN <i> Veger<img border="0" src="e_t2v.jpg" align="absbottom" width="11" height="23"></i>, Latvian <i>vedzere</i>  a crick </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *</span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">eg</span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-; TN <i>Id, Idakos </i></span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE * </span><i> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">idhu- </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> wood, timber in old irish <i>fid</i>  a tree, wood; a forest , OIc <i>vir</i>  a tree . In TN <i>Chalá-stra </i>the second element is derived of an older *<i>strava</i>, cf. Latvian <i>stràva</i>  to stream, a stream, a downpour , then the <i> -v- </i>between two vowels has disappeared, presumably under Greek influence, after that a contraction of <i>-aa- </i></span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; <i>-0- </i></span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">took place so that it came to <i>-stra </i>at the end. The Thracian <i>v</i> was not preserved after the dental <i>d</i> (</span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;IE <i>dh</i>), as in PN <i>Desa-kenthos</i>, where the first element <i>Desa-</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>dh</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">eso- </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> deity , compare to the related word in Lithuanian <i>dvãsas</i>  a ghost, a spirit . The conservation of Thr. <i>v</i> after the fricative consonants <i>s</i> and <i>z</i> is attested by the following examples:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -18.0pt; margin-left: 90.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">1.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7.0pt; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>IE <i> k </i></span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></i></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>sv,</i> (z<i>v</i>): in the sobriquet of the Heros </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">£¿Å¹Ä¿Å»·½¿Â</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, </span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">£¿Å·Ä¿Å»·½¿Â</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> (= <i>Svitulnos</i>), a derivation of the TN <i>*Svitula </i>(s. p. 46); in the PN </span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">•¶²µ½¹Â</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> (= <i>Ezvenis</i>), </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">•Ã²µ½µ¹¿Â</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> (= <i>Esvenios</i>), derived of the Thr. *<i>esva-, ezva- </i> a horse </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="DE" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>H<sub>1</sub>ek</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> </span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">o-</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -18.0pt; margin-left: 90.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">2.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7.0pt; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>IE <i> g h</i></span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17">v</i></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>zv</i> in TN <i> D</i></span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Á¿Â –űº¿¶ÁµÁɽ </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">(= *<i>ZvakozrenMn</i>) with first element being derived of IE * <i>g h</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Ùk</span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-, cf. Lit <i>~vãk </i> light .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> In some Thracian dialects and possibly under Greek influence the <i>v</i> previous to the fricative consonants <i>s</i> and <i>z </i>has been dropped out. Compare for example the TN <i>Z<img border="0" src="e_chu.jpg" align="absbottom" width="11" height="22">rynthos, Z<img border="0" src="e_chu.jpg" align="absbottom" width="11" height="22">rinthon </i>(</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">–®ÁŽ¸¿Â</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, </span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">–®Á¹½¸¿½</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">) from an older *<i>Zvr-unth- </i>(<i>-inth-</i>)<i> </i></span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>G h</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">r-</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="n_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="16"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">t-</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> (s. p. 50); DN <i>Sabazios, Sabadios </i>(</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">£±²¬¶¹¿Â</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, </span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">£±²¬´¹¿Â</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">)  from an older *<i>Svabazios, *Svabadios </i></span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>s</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">obhodhio-</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">s.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> In the word <i>bria</i>  a town, a city , which was reproduced in Greek as </span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">²Á¯±</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> (Strabo) and in the same manner in many TN (*</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">‘<i>»±±¹</i></span><i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-</span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Palatino Linotype">112</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> ²Á¹±</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, *</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">’¿»²±</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">²Á¹±</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, </span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">œ±Ãº¹¿²Á¹±</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, </span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">œµÃ±¼²Á¯±</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, </span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> ¿»Äż²Á¯±</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> etc.), the Greek </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">²</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> may have represented <i>v</i> or <i>b</i>. For good reasons, it is to assume that we have the phonem <i>b</i> in that case, that is: Thr. <i>v</i> (</span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE </span> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <i><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></i></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">) previous to <i>r</i> altered to <i>b</i>. So the TN <i>Mesemvrija</i> (with this pronunciation in more recent times) is written by Herodotus (5. century BC) as </span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">œµÃ±¼</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">²Á¯·</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, and in his time the Greek letter </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">²</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> denoted the sound <i>b</i>. The Slavs have adopted the name from the indigenous population with its original <i>-b-</i>, compare the evidence from the Slav sources: <i>Ne<sup><font size="4">s</font></sup></i></span><i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">1@L</span></i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> (</span><i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; font-weight:700"><font size="4">T</font><sup><font size="4">A</font></sup><font size="4">1@J</font></span></i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">from the 11. century), <i>Nesbr</i></span><i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">L</span></i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> (</span><i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; font-weight:700"><font size="4">T<span lang="bg">A<img border="0" src="158a.jpg" align="middle" width="17" height="14">1</span>@J</font></span></i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">A</span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">D </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">1337</span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">). </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">In the PN <i>Esbenus</i> (<i>Hesbenus</i>) we have also a Thr<i>. b</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">older <i>v</i> after an <i>s</i>.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; font-weight: 700; font-style: italic"> The consonants</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> We can observe many changes in the Thracian system of the consonants, some of them are typical of other IE languages too.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> The IE voiced aspirated consonants (the so called Mediae aspiratae) <i>bh, dh, gh </i>in Thracian have lost their aspiration and have merged with <i>b, d </i>and <i>g</i> ( und sind somit in reine stimmhafte Konsonanten b, d, g übergegangen ) .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE<i> bh </i></span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>b</i>: <i>bólinthos</i>  a bison </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>bh<img border="0" src="l_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="18"></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">n-ent</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-, cf. German <i>Bulle</i>; TN <i>Bérg, </i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Bergúl</span></i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> &lt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>bhergho-</i>, cf. OIc <i>berg</i>, OHG <i>berg</i> = German Berg; <i>burt-</i>, <i>burd</i>-  a ford in TN <i>Burd-apa</i>, <i>Burd-enis</i>, <i>Burt-icom</i>, <i> Burtu-dizos</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>bh<img border="0" src="r_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="8" height="15"></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">d(h)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>dh</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE <i>d</i>: TN <i>Dym, Lit d<img border="0" src="u_chu.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="22">mas- </i>  dark, blackish brown (of cattle), Latvian <i>d</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_chgd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="22">ms </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> dark </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">brown , OI <i>dhkmá-<img border="0" src="h_t_hud.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="18"> </i> smoke </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>dh</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_chgd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="22">mo-s</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">; <i>-diz, -dizos </i> a fortress, a fort in TN <i>Tyro-diza, Burtu-dizos, Tarpo-dizos </i></span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *d<i>hig h</i> (<i>-o-s</i>), OP <i>did</i>, New Persian (NP) <i>diz, dz</i>  a fortress , Gk <i>téichos</i>  a wall .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>gh</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>g</i>: TN <i>Bérg, Bergúl</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> </span></i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>bhergho- </i> a mountain, a riverbank ; TN <i>Dingion </i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>dh</i><img border="0" src="n_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="16"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">gh-</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, cf. Latvian <i>dinga</i>  plant; fructiferous land , OE <i>dynge</i>, OHG <i>tunga</i>  fertilisation .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> The IE voiced consonants (the so called Mediae) <i>b, d, g </i>have changed in Thracian to become their voiceless equivalents <i>p, t, k </i>(sound shift):</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>b</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>p</i>: <i>Skalpnos</i>, a sobriquet of Asclepius, a derivation of the TN </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Palatino Linotype">113</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;*<i>Skalpa</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>Skolb</i>, cf. Lit HN <i>Ska<img border="0" src="l_v2.jpg" align="bottom" width="9" height="18">b-upis</i>, verb <i>ska<img border="0" src="l_v2.jpg" align="bottom" width="9" height="18">bti</i> (<i>-biù, -biai</i>)  to wash, to beat ; <i>dinupula</i>  a plant similar to the beetroot </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>k un-bMl</i>, cf. Lit <i>aùn-obuolas </i> a wild apple tree , crimean goth <i>apel</i>  an apple </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="a_chgd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="10" height="20">bel-</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, *</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="a_chgd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="10" height="20">b<img border="0" src="o_chgd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="10" height="20">l-</span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>d</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>t</i>: HN <i>Utus</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>jdo-s</i> = *<i>kdo-s</i>, OI <i>ud-án</i>  water , Gk <i>hýdos</i>  the same ; </span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Taru-</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> in PN <i>Taru-thin(n)as</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>doru-</i>  a tree in Gk <i>dóry</i>  a trunk, wood, a spear , Hittite <i>ta-ru</i>  a tree, wood .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>g</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>k</i>: TN <i>Kíkones</i>, singular <i>KíkMn</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>g</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">igM(n)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, cf. OE <i>cwicu</i>, En </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">quick</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">; <i>skárk</i>  small silver coins </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>skor-g</i>, cf. ONo <i>skark</i>  a noise , OI <i>kharjati</i>  crunches .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> If one encounters within the borders of Thracia a geographical name, in which the IE voiced consonants (Mediae) are preserved, one can regard them as non-Thracian. Such is the case with the antique TN <i>Salmydes(s)ós </i> (Sophocles, Herodotus, Xenophon and others), that belonged to a coastal strip in Eastern Thrace, a town (nowadays <i>Midia</i> on the coast of the Black Sea) and maybe even a river. The basic form of the name is suested to have been *<i>salm-udes-</i></span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="i_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="23"></font><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">o</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">- or *<i>salm-udes</i>-  salty water , the first element being of the same root as Gk <i>hálme</i>  sea water, saltness, pepperiness , the second as OI <i>ud-án </i> water , Gk <i>hydos</i>  water ; accordinly the IE <i>d</i> was preserved in the second part of the word  <i>ydes(s)os</i>. On the basis of this phonetical criterion we can judge that the name was not Thracian. The fact that in antique Thrace there were TN of non-Thracian origin is not astonishing. It is enough to look at the present-day toponimy of the country: along the Slav, we encounter here Romanian, Osman-Turkic, Greek as well as a smaller number of adopted TN from Thracian. On the Black Sea coast there are not only Slav but also old Greek names as <i>Sozopol, Akhtopol </i>(from <i>Agatopolis</i>), <i> Gálata</i> (a rocky cape near </span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Varna</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">) and so on.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> The IE voiceless explosives (the so called Tenues) <i>p, t, k </i>have shifted in Thracian to their correspondent aspirated consonants (the so called Tenues aspiratae) <i>p , t , k </i>(<i>ph, th, kh</i>) (in Greek: </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Õ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, </span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">¸ </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">and </span> <i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Ç</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">):</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>p</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE <i>p </i>(<i>ph</i>): <i>rhomphaia</i> (</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">忼ձ¯±</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">)  a spear, a javeline and later  a sword </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">*<i>rump-</i> in Lat <i>rumpM, -ere </i> to break ; <i>-aphos</i> in TN </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Palatino Linotype">114</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <i>Ost-aphos </i>(</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">„„ŸÃÄ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">±Õ¿Â</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">)<i>,</i> cf. OPru <i>apus</i>  a spring </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE * </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="a_chgd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="10" height="20">p- </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> water, a river .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>t</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr<i>. t </i> (<i>th</i>): <i>-kenthos </i>in PN <i>Kenthos</i> (</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">šµ½¸¿Â</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">), <i>Desa-kenthos </i>(</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">”µÃ±</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">ºµ½¸¿Â</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">), <i>Bithi-</i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">centhus, Epta-kenthos </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">(</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">•Àı</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">ºµ½¸¿Â</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">) etc. </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>kent-to-s </i>  a child, descendant , Lat <i>re-cens</i>  fresh, young, new ; TN <i>Perinthos</i> (</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> ­Á¹½¸¿Â</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">) </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>Per</i></span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></i></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="n_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="16"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">to-s</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, OI <i>párvata-</i>  a mountain , Hittite <i>peruna-</i>  a rock ; alonside <i> Trausoi </i>(</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">¤Á±Åÿ¯</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> in Herodotus; a Thracian tribe in the southwestern Rhodopes) we encounter (in Livius) the form <i>Thrausi</i> too (with <i>th</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE <i>t</i>, see above).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>k </i></span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr<i>. k </i> (<i>kh</i>): <i>brynchós</i> (</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">²ÁŽÇÌÂ</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">)  a guitar </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>bhr<img border="0" src="m_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="17" height="16"></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">ko-s</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, Polish <i>brzk</i>  clink, </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">rattle ; <i>Chala-</i> in TN <i>Chalástra</i> (</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">§±»¬</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">ÃÄÁ±</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">) </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>klo-</i> in OBul <i>kal</i></span><i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">L</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">  slime, dirt ; -<i>sychis</i> in PN <i>Ept-sychis </i>(</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">•ÀÄ·</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">ÃÅǹÂ</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">) </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>sukis</i>  a girl , cf. Cymbrian <i>hogen</i>  a girl </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>suk</i>.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> Because of the comparatively weak aspiration of <i>p , t , k </i> in Thracian, relative to Greek (so Detchev), these consonants are often reproduced in Greek as </span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">À</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, </span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Ä</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, </span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">º </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">and Latin <i>p, t, c </i>respectively. E.g. we often encounter, alongside -<i>phara</i> in TN <i>Breiero-phara</i>,<i> </i> -<i>para</i> (</span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>(s)por</i>) as a second element of TNs: <i>Agata-para, Bessa-para, Brento-para, Drusi-para</i> etc. Alongside -</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">±Õ¿Â</span></i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">in TN</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> Î</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">ŸÃÄ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">±Õ¿Â</span></i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-<i>apa</i> is also to be found, in TN <i>Burd-apa</i> and in the sobriquet of the nymphs in an inscription from the same place: </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">’¿ÅÁ´</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">±À</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">·½±¹</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">; Along -<i>kenthos, -centhus </i>in PNs -<i>centus</i> occurs as well: <i>Dias-centus, Disa-centus, Epta-centus, </i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-kentios</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> in PN </span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">œµÃĹ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">ºµ½Ä¹¿Â</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">; along -<i>sychis</i> (s. above) also -<i>sykis</i> in PN </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">¡Å¼·</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Ãź¹Â</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-sykos </span></i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">in PN </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">”µ½ÄÅ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Ãź¿Â</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, </span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">•Àĵ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Ãź¿Â</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, -sucu </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">in PN <i>Dentu-sucu</i>. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> The above discussed changes in the three groups of IE consonants <i>bh dh gh, b d g</i> and </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">p t k</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, known in linguistics as a  sound shift , have not all happened at the same time but in different periods; otherwise one should have expect to find only one group of consonants (<i>ph th kh</i>). The sequence of the mentioned phonetic processes can specified as follows: first, the IE Tenues <i>p, t, k</i> have shifted to <i>p , t , k </i> (<i>ph, th, kh</i>); after the process had been completed and the phonetic law had stopped to function, the second shift began (the change <i>b, d, g</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">p, t, k</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">). Only after the end of this shift </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Palatino Linotype">115</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">the third one took place  <i>bh, dh, gh</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">b, d, g</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">. The chronology can be illustrated schematically:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="thrac_1.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="196" height="196">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="thrac_2.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="210" height="196"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="thrac_3.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="207" height="196">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img border="0" src="thrac_4.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="201" height="199"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt"> <span lang="DE" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">T&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; = &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tenues (<i>p, t, k</i>)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt"> <span lang="DE" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">M &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;= &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mediae (<i>b, d, g</i>)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt"> <span lang="DE" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">MA&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; = &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mediae aspiratae (<i>bh, dh, gh</i>)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt"> <span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">TA &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;= &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tenues aspiratae (<i>p , t , k </i>)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Palatino Linotype">116</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> The IE palatal consonants <i>k , g , g h</i>, which (according to V. Georgiev) have emerged from velar <i>k, g, gh</i> previous to front vowels and <i>j</i>, are represented in Thracian by the spirants <i>s, þ / z, </i>:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>k </i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>s</i> (<i>þ</i>): <i>Asamus</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>ak mo</i>-  a stone, rocky , OI <i>a[man</i>-  a stone; sky , Av </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">asman</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-  the same , Pelasgian <i>asámynthos</i>  a bath tub , Lit <i>akmuõ, eñs </i> a stone ; TN <i>Pusinón</i>, Lit <i>puaýnas</i>  a pinewood , <i>puaìs</i>  a pine tree , Gk <i>péuk</i>  a pine tree </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>peuk </i>-: *<i>puk </i>-.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>g </i></span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> &gt;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> Thr. <i>z</i> (<i></i>): HN <i>Arzos</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>Arg os</i>, cf. Gk <i>argós</i>  white ; -<i>zenis</i> in PN </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Dia-zenis </span></i> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE *<i>g enis</i>, cf. Gk </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">”¹¿³­½·Â</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, old Lat <i>genM, -ere </i> to create, to bear , OI <i>jánati</i>  creates, gives birth ; <i>Dentu</i>- (with <i>D</i>- = <i></i>) in PN <i>Dentu-ps</i>, <i> Dentu-brisa, Dentu-sucu</i>, etc. </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>g nt-(i)- </i> in Lat <i>gns, -ntis </i> a family, a tribe , Av <i>zantu</i>-  a district .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>g h</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>z</i> (<i></i>): <i>zetráia</i>  a pot </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>g he</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">tra</span></i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="i_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="23"></font><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">with the root IE *<i>g heu</i>-  to pour , </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype" lang="en-us">cf.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> Gk <i> chýtra</i>  a crock ; -<i>zelmis </i> an offshoot, a plant in PN <i> Abru-zelmis, Dia-zelmis</i> and others, cf. Lit <i>~elmuõ, -eñs</i>  an offshoot, a plant </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>g hel</i>-.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> The IE labiovelar sounds <i>k</i></span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="13" height="17"></i></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, <i>g</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="13" height="17"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> , g</span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="13" height="17"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">h</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> in Thracian have lost their labial element and have become pure velar sounds, <i> k (kh), k, g</i>:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>k</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr<i>. k (kh)</i>, in Gk </span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Ç</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">: HN <i>AchelMos</i> (</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">†Çµ»</span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">ö</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">¿Â</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">), <i>AchelMn</i> (</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">†Çµ»</span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">ö</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">½</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">) </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>Yk</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">el</span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> water , cf. Lit HN <i>Ak½l</i></span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="e_t2.jpg" align="absbottom" width="11" height="17"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, Lat <i>aqua</i>  water </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">*<i>Yk</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">a</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">. Because of the weak aspiration of the Thracian <i>k</i>, it was written in Greek with </span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Ç</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">: <i>Ketri</i>- in PN <i>Ketri-poris </i>(</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">šµÄÁ¹</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">À¿Á¹Â</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">) </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE * <i>k</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">etr-</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">  four , Gk <i>tetra-</i>  four , Lit <i>keturì</i>  four , Latvian <i> etri</i>, OBul <i> etyre</i>  four .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>g</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> </span></i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>k</i>: TN <i> Kellai, -cella</i> in TN <i>Syra-cella</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>g</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">eln</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> in OHG <i>quella</i>, German </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Quelle</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">  a spring, a source ; TN <i>Kabyl</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>G</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Ybhul</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, En <i>quab</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>g</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Ybh</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-; TN <i>Kalíndoia</i> (<i>Kalindia</i>), cf. OPru FN <i>Galynde</i>, Lit <i> gãlas</i>  an end, a boundary (of a field, forest, etc.) , Latvian <i>gals</i>  area, region </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>g</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">olo-s</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE g</span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">h</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>g</i>: <i> génton</i>  meat </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> &lt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>g</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">hento</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">- in OI <i>hatá-</i>  beaten, cut ; PN <i>Gaidrs</i>,</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>g</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; font-family: Palatino Linotype"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">hYidr-</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> in Lit <i>gaidrùs</i>  light (colour), clear , Gk <i>phaidr</i></span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Ì</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">s</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">  clear, bright, blazing . </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> The IE spirant <i>s</i> remained unchanged in Thracian in every position, which could be seen from a lot of TNs: <i>Sérm, Síngos, Sart, Ostaphos, Kypsela,</i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Palatino Linotype">117</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <i>Antisara, Kurpisos, Asamus, Atlas, Iuras</i> and others. IN the late Thracian this sound began to acquire voiceness in some positions (e.g. previous to a vowel or<i> v</i>, between vowels and after <i>r</i> it began to alter to <i>z</i>). Examples: <i>zalmós</i>  fur from an older *<i>salmos</i>, cf. OPru <i> salmis</i>  a helm , Lit <i>aálmas</i>  the same , OI <i>[árman- </i> a screen, a shield, a cover , IE root *<i>k el-  </i>to envelop, to hold, to rescue ; PN <i>Ezbenis</i> (or <i>Ezveni</i>s, in Gk </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">•¶²µ½¹Â</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">), <i>Hezbenus</i> with a <i>z</i>, alongside <i>Esbenus, Esbeneios </i>(or <i> Esveneios, </i></span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> •Ã²µ½µ¹¿Â</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">), a derivation of Thr. <i>esva, ezva </i> a horse </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE <i>H<sub>1</sub>ek u</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">/o</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-, cf. OI <i>á[va-h </i> a horse , Av <i>aspa</i>-, Lat <i>equus</i>; TN <i> Pizos </i>(</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> ¹¶¿Â</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">) from an older *<i>Pisos</i>, cf. Latvian <i>p+sa</i>  a groundless morass, where only small birches and spruces flourish </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>p+ds,</i> Gk <i>p+sea</i> (plural)  wet places, meadows ; <i>Diza</i>- in PN <i>Diza-zelmis, Diza-ps, Diza-por, Diza-tralis</i> (with <i>z</i>) alongside <i>Disa-centus</i> (and <i>Disa-kenthos</i>) from an older <i>Desa-</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>dh</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">eso</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-  a deity , cf. Lit <i>dvsas</i>  a ghost, a spirit ; PN <i>Kerza</i> f., <i>Cerzula</i> m. from an older *<i>Kersa</i>, *<i>Kersula</i>, cf. Thr. PN <i>Kerss, Kersos</i>, Lit <i>kéraas</i>  covered with white and black spots, piebald </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>k</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">(</span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">)Yr(Y)so-s</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">  black .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> The IE sonorant sounds <i>r, l, m, n</i> have not experienced a change in Thracian.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> The voiceless obstruents, no matter of what origin, can become voiced in the <a href="http://dict.leo.org/se?lp=ende&p=/Mn4k.&search=neighbourship" style="color: #303A88; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none; text-line-through: none"> <span style="color: windowtext">neighbourship</span></a> of a sonorant (assimilation):</span></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt" start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE <i>dr</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt;</span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> T</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">hr. <i>tr</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <i>dr</i>: PN <i>Gaidrs</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>g</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">hYidr-</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> in Lit <i>gaidrùs</i>  light (colour), clear (weather) , Gk <i>phaidr</i></span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Ì</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">s</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">  clear, bright, blazing , from IE *<i>g</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">hi,</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> which must have resulted in *<i>gaitr</i>- in Thracian; TrN <i>Odrysai </i> </span><i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">*Udrusai</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, from IE *<i>udr</i>, that is with a <i>dr</i> instead of the expected <i>tr</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE <i>dr</i>. On the other hand, we have <i>zetráia</i>  pot </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>g he</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">u</font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">tra</span></i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="i_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="23"></font><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, that is with a preserved <i>tr</i> (or <i>thr</i>).</span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE <i>rd </i></span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> Thr. <i>rt</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">rd</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">: <i>Burd-</i> in TN <i>Burd-apa</i>, <i>Burd-enis</i> alongside <i>Burt-</i> in TN <i>Burt-icom</i>, <i>Burtu-dizos</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>bh</i></span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="r_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="8" height="15"></font><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">d(h)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">  a ford ; Bg HN <i>Arda</i> (of a Thracian origin), in addition FN <i>campus Ardiensi</i>s (4. century) alongside HN <i>Artáns</i>, <i>Artiskós</i> (<i>Artaks, Artakos</i>), cf. OI <i>árdati</i>  flows , Gk <i>ardM</i>  to water ; -<i>thurdos</i> in DN <i>Zbel-thurdos</i> (<i>Zber-thurdos, Zber-turdus</i>) </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>(s)t</i></span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="r_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="8" height="15"></font><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">do-,</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> cf. OHG <i>sturzen</i>, German <i>stürzen</i>  to fall .</span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE <i>br</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>pr</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">br</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">: <i>Skombros</i> (a mountain) </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>Sk<img border="0" src="m_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="17" height="16"></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">bros</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, cf. Lit <i>kumbrys, ku<img border="0" src="m_v2.jpg" align="absbottom" width="17" height="16">bris</i>  a small hill, a mound .</span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE <i>nt</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>nt(h)</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">nd</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">: TN <i>Brendice</i> alongside <i>Brentice</i> and <i>Brento-para</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>bhrento</i>-  a deer , cf. Messapian <i>bréndon</i>  a deer . It is possible that </span></li> </ol> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Palatino Linotype">118</font></p> <blockquote> <p> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">this change occurred only in late Thracian because there are examples of a preserved <i>nth</i>: <i>bólinthos</i>  a bison , TN <i>Périnthos, Zrynthos</i>.</span></p> </blockquote> <ol style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt" start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal" value="5"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE <i>tn</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>t(h)n</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> </span></i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">dn</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">: <i>midne</i>  village , as in in its Latvian parallel *<i>m)tne</i>  residence, dwelling, accommodation </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">older *<i>m+tin</i> or *<i>m+ten</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>meit(h)</i>-: *<i>m</i></span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="i_chgd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="22"></font><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">t(h)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-.</span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE <i>ng, nk</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>nk</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">ng</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">: TN <i>Linos</i>, Lit TN <i>Lìngs</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>l</i><img border="0" src="n_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="16"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">g</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">-; HN </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Angíts</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, TN <i>Anissós</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE *<i>ank</i>-, *<i>ang</i>-  to bend in OI <i>añcati</i>  bends, arches , <i>anká-h</i>  a bend, a crook </span></li> </ol> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> The sound composition <i>d</i></span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="i_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="23"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> might have resulted in Thracian in a fricative sound <i>~</i> (from an older <i> d~</i>), which was reproduced in Gk as </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">¶ </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">and in Lat as <i>z</i>, because those two languages do not have fricatives of the type of <i> ~, a</i>. An example of such a rendering of IE <i>d</i></span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="i_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="23"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp; is the HN <i>Tonzos</i> (</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">¤Ì½¶¿Â</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">), which the Slavs of the upper reaches of the river have adopted under the form of OBul <i>T</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="o_ogonek.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="18">~a </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">(Bg <i>T</i></span><i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">J</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">~a</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">); nowadays the river s name in Bulgaria is <i>Tund~a</i>, possibly a Turkicised form instead of *<i>Tun~a</i>. Apparently the latter form was borrowed after the 9.-10. century, as in Slav (Bulgarian) the phonetic law of the open syllables (an effect of which was the emergence of a nasal from the combination of a vowel and a nasal consonant previous to a consonant) lost its impact. Compare to the Byzantine </span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">¤¿</span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">æ</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">½¶±</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> (Theophanus, Chronicle, 8. century). The fricative <i>-~- </i>in Bg <i>T</i></span><i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">J</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">~a</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> can be explained by the assumption, that it was present in Thracian name as well, thus the HN in Thracian sounding something like *<i>Tun~a</i> (or -<i>as</i>), almost the same way as it is pronounced today.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> Compositions of the consonants <i>m, l</i> and the semivowel </span> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="i_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="23"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> are represented in Thracian as follows:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE <i>m</i></span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="i_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="23"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>ml</i>: <i> Zyml-yzdrinos</i> (a sobriquet of Asclepius) with <i>ml</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">m</span></i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="i_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="23"></font><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, forms without </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">an epenthetic <i>-l-</i> are to be encountered too: <i>Zym-ydrnos, Zym-yzrnos</i>; compare to the form with a metathesis <i>ml</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">lm</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">: <i>Zylm-ydrnos, Zylm-yzdrnos</i>.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> &nbsp;IE <i>l</i></span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="i_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="23"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>ll</i>: <i> Kersullos</i> (a sobriquet of Zeus) from an older *<i>Kersul</i></span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="i_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="23"></font><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">os</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, a derivation of a </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">TN *<i>Kersula; Raimullus</i> (a sobriquet of Apollo) from an older *<i>Raimul</i></span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="i_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="23"></font><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">os</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, a derivation of a TN *<i>Raimula</i>.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> Changes in a series of consonant compositions are to be observed:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -18.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">1.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7.0pt; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>IE <i> d-t </i></span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span> <i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">t-t </span></i><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>s-t</i>: HN <i> Nestos</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>Ned-tos </i></span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">*<i>ned</i> in OI <i> nádati</i>  clinks, roars, hisses , <i>nad<img border="0" src="i_chu2.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="22"></i>  a river , OIr <i>nes</i>  a river .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Palatino Linotype">119</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -18.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt"> &nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -18.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">2.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7.0pt; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>IE <i>kt</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>tt</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">t(th)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, reproduced in Gk as </span><i> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">¸</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">: the mountain name <i>AthMs, AthMn </i></span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>AktM-s, *AktM(n)</i>, cf. Gk <i>akt</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="e_chu.jpg" align="absbottom" width="11" height="22"></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">  a steep bank ; Bg <i>Atija</i> (a rocky peninsula, westward of Sozopol on the Black Sea) from a Thr. *<i>Athija</i>, attested in a Graecised form as <i>Anthium, Antheia </i></span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>Akti</i></span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="i_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="23"></font><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, cf. Gk <i>akt</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="e_chu.jpg" align="absbottom" width="11" height="22"></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">. This sound change must have occurred later than the previous one, at a time when the dissimilation of IE <i>d-t </i>(<i>t-t</i>) to <i>st</i> was already a fact.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -18.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">3.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7.0pt; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>IE <i> ts, ds</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>s</i> (<i>z</i>): TN <i>Calsus</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>(s)kolt-so-s</i>, cf. Latvian <i>kàlst</i> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">(<i>-stu, -tu</i>)  become dry , an extention to <i>kàltêt</i>  to dehydrate, to dry, to cure , <i> kaltuonis</i>  dried tree ; TN <i>Pizos </i>(</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> ¹¶¿Â</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">) from an older *<i>Pisos</i>, cf. Latvian </span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">p+sa</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">  a groundless morass, where only small birches and spruces flourish </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>p+ds,</i> Gk <i>p</i></span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="i_chu2.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="22"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><i>sea</i> (plural)  wet places, meadows </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>p+dses</i>, root: IE *<i>p+d-</i>, cf. Gk <i>pîdax</i>  a spring, a source , OIc <i> fit</i>  a meadow .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">4.&nbsp;&nbsp; IE <i>sr</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>str</i>: HN <i>Str</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><i><img border="0" src="y_ch2.jpg" align="middle" width="13" height="24"></i></span><i><span lang="DE" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">m</span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="o_chu.jpg" align="middle" width="11" height="22"></font><span lang="DE" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">n </span></i><span lang="DE" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">(</span><i><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">£ÄÁ</span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">á</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">¼Î½</span></i><span lang="DE" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">) </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt; </span> <span lang="DE" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>Srk-mMn</i>, TN <i> Strým</i>, root: </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">IE *<i>sreu-</i> <i>- srú</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">- in Lit <i> sr</i></span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_chu.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="22"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><i>ti</i> (<i>srkvù</i>, dial. <i>srknù</i>)  to fill with water, to stream, to flow ; -<i>stra</i> in TN (originally a HN) <i>Chalá-stra</i> </span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE *<i>sro<img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></i>, cf. Lit <i>sràva</i>  a flow , Latvian <i>stràva</i>  to stream, a stream, a downpour .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">5.&nbsp;&nbsp; IE <i>ln</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> Thr. <i>l(l)</i>: TN <i>Kellai, -cella </i>in the TN <i>Syra-cella </i></span> <span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&lt;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> IE *<i>g</i></span><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">eln</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> in OHG&nbsp; </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; quella</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, German <i>Quelle</i>  a spring, a source .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">6.&nbsp;&nbsp; IE <i>mt</i> </span><span lang="BG" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&gt; </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">Thr. <i>nt</i>: T<i>yntnoi</i>, the name of the inhabitants of a TN *<i>Tynta</i>, </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype" lang="en-us">cf.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> Lit <i> tuñtas</i>  a band, a troop, a mass from an older *<i>tumtas</i>, a derivation of the verb <i>tuméti</i>  to coaulate , <i>tumùs</i>  viscous .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> The results of the research on the phonetic system of the Thracian can illustrated in the following table:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <div align="center"> <center> <table border="1" width="50%" id="AutoNumber1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"> <tr> <td width="50%"> <p align="center"><i><font size="4" face="Palatino Linotype">IE</font></i></td> <td width="50%"> <p align="center"><i><font size="4" face="Palatino Linotype">Thracian</font></i></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">a, Y, o</font></i></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>a</i></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>e</i></font></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>e</i></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>i</i></font></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>i</i></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>u</i></font></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>u</i></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"></font></i></td> <td width="50%"><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"></font></i></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i></i>, <i></i>-</font></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i></i> (later &gt; <i>+</i>), <i>j</i>-</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>+</i></font></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>+</i></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">M</font></i></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>M</i> ( &gt; <i>k</i> &gt; <img border="0" src="uu_ch.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="21"> &gt; <i>+</i>)</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>k</i>, <i>k</i>-</font></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>k </i>( &gt; <img border="0" src="uu_ch.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="21"> &gt; <i>+</i>), <i>jk</i>-</font></td> </tr> </table> </center> </div> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Palatino Linotype">120</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <div align="center"> <center> <table border="1" width="50%" id="AutoNumber1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"> <tr> <td width="50%"> <p align="center"><i><font size="4" face="Palatino Linotype">IE</font></i></td> <td width="50%"> <p align="center"><i><font size="4" face="Palatino Linotype">Thracian</font></i></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">ai, Yi</font></i></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>ai</i> (later <i>+</i>)</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>ei</i></font></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>ei</i> ( &gt; <i>+</i> ?)</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">ou, Yu</font></i></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>au</i> (<i>av</i>)</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <i><img border="0" src="l_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="18"></i>, <i> <img border="0" src="r_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="8" height="15"></i>, <i> <img border="0" src="m_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="17" height="16"></i>, <img border="0" src="n_kd.jpg" align="absbottom" width="12" height="16"></span></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>il, ir, (im ?), in</i><br><i>ul (ol), ur (or), um (om), un (on)</i></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i> <img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></i></font></td> <td width="50%"><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">v</font></i></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>bh</i>, <i>dh</i>, <i>gh</i></font></td> <td width="50%"><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">b, d, g</font></i></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">b, d, g</font></i></td> <td width="50%"><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">p, t, k</font></i></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">p, t, k</font></i></td> <td width="50%"><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">ph, th, kh</font></i></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <i>k </i></span></td> <td width="50%"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <i>s,</i> <i>þ</i></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <i>g </i></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <i>g h</i></span></td> <td width="50%"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <i>z,</i> <i> d</i> (=<i> )</i></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>k</i></font><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font></i></td> <td width="50%"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><i>k (kh)</i></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>g</i></font><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font></i></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>k</i></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>g</i></font><i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="top" width="11" height="13"></font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>h</i></font></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>g</i></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>s</i>-</font></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>s</i>- (later <i>z</i>-)</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype">-<i>s</i>-</font></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>s</i>- (later <i>z</i>-)</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><span lang="en-us"><i> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">r, l, m, n</span></i></span></td> <td width="50%"><span lang="en-us"><i> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">r, l, m, n</span></i></span></td> </tr> </table> </center> </div> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Palatino Linotype">The combinatory sound shifts in Thracian are reflected in the following table:</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <div align="center"> <center> <table border="1" width="50%" id="AutoNumber1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"> <tr> <td width="50%"> <p align="center"><i><font size="4" face="Palatino Linotype">IE</font></i></td> <td width="50%"> <p align="center"><i><font size="4" face="Palatino Linotype">Thracian</font></i></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>sr</i></font></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>str</i></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>dt (tt)</i></font></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>st</i></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i> <img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17">r</i></font></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>vr &gt; br </i>(<i><img border="0" src="b_ch2.jpg" align="absbottom" width="14" height="18">r</i> ?)</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>dh<img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></i></font></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>d</i></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <i>k </i></span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i><img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></i></font></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>sv, sb, zb </i>(<i>zv</i>)</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>g</i></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><i> </i></span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>h<img border="0" src="u_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="13" height="17"></i></font></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>zv, z</i></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>kt</i></font></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>th</i></font></td> </tr> </table> </center> </div> <p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" face="Palatino Linotype">121</font></p> <div align="center"> <center> <table border="1" width="50%" id="AutoNumber1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"> <tr> <td width="50%"> <p align="center"><i><font size="4" face="Palatino Linotype">IE</font></i></td> <td width="50%"> <p align="center"><i><font size="4" face="Palatino Linotype">Thracian</font></i></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>ts </i>(<i>ds</i>)</font></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>s</i> (<i>z</i>)</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>l<img border="0" src="i_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="23"></i></font></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>ll</i></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>ln</i></font></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>ll (l)</i></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; font-style: italic" lang="en-us"> m</span><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i><img border="0" src="i_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="23"></i></font></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>ml</i></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>mt</i></font></td> <td width="50%"><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">nt</font></i></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>d<img border="0" src="i_gdro.jpg" align="absbottom" width="9" height="23"></i></font></td> <td width="50%"><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">~</font></i></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">dr</font></i></td> <td width="50%"><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">tr &gt; dr</font></i></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">tr</font></i></td> <td width="50%"><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">thr, tr</font></i></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <i>rd</i></span></td> <td width="50%"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <i> rt, rd</i></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <i>br</i></span></td> <td width="50%"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <i> pr &gt; br</i></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>nt</i></font></td> <td width="50%"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><i>nth, nd</i></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>tn</i></font></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>t</i>(<i>h</i>)<i>n &gt; dn</i></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>ng, nk</i></font></td> <td width="50%"><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>nk &gt; ng</i></font></td> </tr> </table> </center> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">[<a href="index.html">Back</a>]</font></p> </body> </html>