ÿþ<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en"> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=unicode"> <meta name="Author" content="Vassil Karloukovski"> <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 5.0"> <meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document"> <title>Thracian language - 5</title> </head> <body> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <b>The Language of the Thracians, </b>Ivan Duridanov </font> <blockquote> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>V. The Thracian vocabulary</b> </font> <p>&nbsp;<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">The reconstructed (mainly from nouns and adjectives) 180 Thracian words, together with the 23 words, explicitly characterized as Thracian, is all we have from the Thracian language. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Here are listed these 180 reconstructed words: <br>( H = hydronym; RN = river name; VN = village name; PN = place name) </font> <blockquote><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>achel-</b>  <u>water (noun), water (adj.)</u> [Lith. H <i>Ak½l</i>, Phryg. <i>akala</i>  water ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>aiz-</b>  <u>a goat</u> [Armen. <i>aic</i>, Greek <i>aix</i>]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>ala </b> <u>current, stream</u> [Latv. H <i>Alaja</i>, Lith. <i>al'ti</i>  flooded ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>alta(s)</b>  <u>current, stream</u> [Illyrian RN <i>Altus</i>, Russ. (from Balt.) RN <i>AlLta</i>]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>an(a)</b>  <u>at, on</u> [Avest. <i>ana</i>  along , Greek <i>aná</i>  at, along , Goth. <i>ana</i>  at, towards ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>ang- </b> <u>curved, twisting</u> [Old-Ind. <i>ancati</i>  a curve , Greek <i>ankos</i>  valley, abyss ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>ant(i)</b>  <u>against</u> [Old-Ind. <i>ánti</i>  against, nearby, the Lith. <i>añt</i>  towards, against , Toch.&nbsp;<i>nt</i>  through , Greek <i>antí</i>  against , etc.]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>apa, aphus </b> <u>water, river; a spring</u> [Old-Pruss. <i>ape</i>  river , <i>apus</i>  spring , Old-Ind.&nbsp;<img SRC="A_CHV.jpg" height=22 width=13><i>p</i>-  water ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>apsa</b>  <u>aspen</u> [Altin <i>apse</i>  aspen , Old-Pruss. <i>abse</i>, Pol. <i>osa</i> (from Proto-Slavic *<i>aps</i>), Old-HighGerman <i>aspa</i>  aspen ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>arma</b>  <u>swamp, bog</u> [Lith. <i>arma</i>  bog, puddle , <i>armuõ</i>, -<i>eñs</i>  the same ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>ars-</b>  <u>to flow; current, river</u> [Old-Pruss. RN <i>Arsio</i>, <i>Arse</i>, Old-Ind. <i>ár_ati</i>  to flow , Hett. <i>ara</i>-  the same ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>arta(s)</b>, <b>arda(s)</b>  <u>current. river</u> [Old-Ind. <i>árdati</i>  to flow , Greek <i>ardM</i>  to bedew ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>arzas</b>  <u>white</u> [Greek <i>argós</i>  white , Toch. A&nbsp;<i>rki</i>-, B&nbsp;<img SRC="A_CHV.jpg" height=22 width=13><i>rkwi</i>-  white , Hett.<i> kar-ki-is</i>  white ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>asa(s)</b>  <u>stone</u> , <b>as(a)m</b>  <u>stony</u> [Old-Ind. <i>as man</i>  stone; heaven , Avest. <i>asman</i>-  the same , Pelasg. <i>asáminthos</i> (stone) bath , Lith. <i>akmuõ</i>, -<i>eñs</i>  stone ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>at</b>  <u>at, towards</u> [Latv. <i>ad</i>  at, towards , Old-Icel. <i>at</i>  at, opposite to ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>ath-</b>  <u>high, steep coast, a hill</u> [Greek <i>akt</i>  steep coast, peninsula, cape ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>at(u) </b> <u>current, stream</u> [Latv. RN <i>Adula</i>, German <i>Attel</i>, Avest. <i>adu</i>-  current, stream, channel ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>bebrus</b>  <u>beaver</u> [Lith. <i>bebrus</i>  beaver , Old-Pruss. <i>bbrus</i>, Bulg. VN <i>Bebrovo</i>, Old-HighGerman <i>bibar</i>, etc.]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>bend-</b>  <u>to bind</u> [Old-Ind. <i>bándhana</i>-  binding , Avest. <i>bandayaiti</i>  to bind , Goth, Anglo-Saxon <i>bindan</i>, German <i>binden</i>  to bind ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>beras</b>  <u>brown, swarthy</u> [Lith. <i>b'ras</i>  brown , Latv. <i>b½rs</i>  the same , Old-HighGerman <i>bero</i>  a bear (initially  brown )]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>berga(s)</b>  <u>hill, bank</u> [Old-Icel. <i>berg</i>  mountain , Old-HighGerman <i>berg</i>, German <i>Berg</i>  mountain , Old-Bulg. <i>bregY</i>, New-Bulg. <i>brjag</i>  bank, coast ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>berza(s)</b>  <u>birch</u> [Lith. <i>bér~as</i>, Latv. <i>b½rzs</i>, dial. <i>bêrza</i>, Old-Pruss. <i>berse</i>, Russ. <i>berëza</i>, Bulg. <i>breza</i>  birch ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>bredas</b>  <u>pasture-ground</u> [Russ. <i>bred</i>, <i>bredina</i>  pasture , <i>bresti</i>, <i>bredu</i>  to cross by a ford , Balt. (Zhemait.) RN <i>Bred-upja</i>]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>brentas</b> (<b>brendas</b>)  <u>deer</u> [Messap. <i>bréndon</i>  deer ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>brink-</b>  <u>to swell</u> [Lith. <i>brìnkti</i> [<i>brìnkstu</i>)  to swell , Pol. <i>na-brekac&#39;</i>  the same ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>bruzas</b>  <u>quick</u> [Lith. <i>brù~as</i>  somebody who runs to and fro , the Slavic *<i>bYrzY</i>, Bulg. <i>brYz</i>]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>bur</b>, <b>buris</b> (<b>boris</b>)  <u>man</u> [Alb. <i>burrë</i>  man ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>burt-</b> (<b>burd-</b>)&nbsp;  <u>a ford</u> [Slavic *<i>brodY</i>, Bulg. <i>brod</i>  a ford ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>bkzas</b>  <u>a goat</u> [Avest. <i>bkza</i>-  a goat ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>chalas</b>  <u>mud</u> [Old-Bulg. <i>kalY</i>, New-Bulg. <i>kal</i>  mud , Czech <i>kal</i>  swamp; mud, soft soil ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>dama</b>  <u>settlement, place for settling</u> [Old-Ind. <i>dhman</i>-  place for dwelling , Greek <i>thaimós</i>  house ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>daphas</b>  <u>a flood </u> [Lith. <i>dãpas</i>  a flood , Norw. dial. <i>dave</i>  puddle, pool ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>darsas</b> (<b>dersas</b>)  <u>brave, courageous</u> [Old-Pruss. <i>dyrsos</i> (pl.)  able, brave , Avest. <i>darayu</i>-  brave, strong ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>datan</b> (<b>datas</b>)  <u>place, settlement</u> [Alb. <i>datë</i>  place, settlement]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>dentu-</b>  <u>clan, tribe</u> [Latv. <i>gens</i>  clan, tribe ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>desa(s)</b>, <b>disa(s)</b>  <u>deity, god</u> [Greek <i>théos</i>  god ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>dinga</b>  <u>fertile&nbsp; ground</u> [Latv. <i>dinga</i>  fertile place ,&nbsp; Old-Icel. <i>dyngia</i>  dunghill ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>diza</b>  <u>fortress</u> [Avest.<i> uz-daza</i>  a heaping, a fortification , Old-Pers. <i>did</i>, New-Pers. <i>diz</i>, <i>dz</i>  fortress ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>dMn</b>  <u>place, country(side)</u> [Old-Ir. <i>dk</i>, Gen. <i>don</i>  place, country(side) , Greek <i>chthMn</i>  soil, land ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>drenis</b>  <u>deer </u> [Alb.&nbsp;Geg <i>dre</i>, <i>dreni</i>  deer ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>dumas</b>  <u>dark</u> [Lith. <i>dk'mas</i>  dark, dark brown (for cattle) , Latv. <i>d<img SRC="U_CHV.jpg" height=21 width=13>ms</i>  dark brown ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>dkn-</b>  <u>hill, mountain</u> [Anglo-Saxon  <i>dkn</i> hill, mountain , German <i>Düne</i>  dune ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>e(i)b-</b>  <u>to flow, to drip</u> [Pelasg. <i>eibM</i>  to drip, to flow (out) ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>ermas</b>  <u>fierce, mad</u> [Alb. <i>jerm</i>  furious, mad ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>esvas</b> (<b>ezvas</b>)  <u>horse</u> [Old-Ind.<i> ás va-h</i>  horse , Avest. <i>aspa</i>-  the same , Latin <i>equus</i>, etc.]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>gaidrus</b>  <u>bright, clear</u> [Lith. <i>gaidrùs</i>  bright, clear (cloudless) , Greek <i>phaidrós</i>  shining, bright, cheerful ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>gava(s) </b> <u>county, countryside</u> [Goth. <i>gawi</i>  county , pre-Greek <i>gaia</i>, Att. <i>g  l</i>and, region ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>germas</b>  <u>warm, hot</u> [Old-Ind. <i>gharmá</i>-  heat , Armen. <i>5erm</i>  warm , Greek <i>thermós</i>  the same ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>gesa</b>  <u>stork kingfisher</u> [Old-Pruss. <i>geeyse</i>  kingfisher , Latv. <i>dzse</i>  heron, kingfisher ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>gin-</b>  <u>to languish, to spoil, to dry out</u> [Old-Kurian <i>Ginulle</i> (a stream), Latv. <i>g'nins</i>  to spoil, to languish ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>haimos</b> (<b>-on</b>), <b>*saimas (-an)</b>  <u>ridge, mountain chain</u> [Old-Ind. <i>simán</i>-  ridge, boundary , Irish <i>s+m</i>  chain ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>ida</b> (<b>ide</b>)  <u>tree; forest</u> [Old-Ir. <i>fid</i>, Gen. <i>fedo</i>  tree, trees, forest ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>iet(e)r</b> (=<b>jeter</b>-)  <u>quick, agile</u> [Old-HighGerman&nbsp;<i>tar</i>  quick , Latv. <i>ãtrs</i>  quick ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">+<b>l(u)-</b>  <u>silt, mud</u> [Greek&nbsp;<i>+lys</i>, -<i>ýos</i>  mud, silt , Church Slavic <i>ilY</i>  the same ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>ikras</b> (=<b>jkras</b>)  <u>water, river</u> [Lith. <i>jk'ra</i>  a sea , Old-Nord.&nbsp;<i>kr</i>  drizzle ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>kaba(s)</b>  <u>bog, swamp</u> [Engl. <i>quab</i>]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>kalas</b>  <u>district, border region</u> [Lith. <i>gãlas</i>  end, border of a field, meadow or forest , Latv. <i>gals</i>  neighbourhood ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>kalsas</b>  <u>dry, dried up</u> [Latv. <i>kálst</i> (-<i>stu</i>, -<i>tu</i>)  to dry up, to wither ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>kapas</b>  <u>hill, slope</u> [Latv. <i>kãpa</i>, <i>kape</i>  long mountain strip, dune, slope , Lith. <i>kopà</i>  and hill, dune ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>kel(l)a</b>  <u>a spring</u> [Old-HighGerman <i>quella</i>, German <i>Quelle</i>  a spring ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>kenthas</b>  <u>a child, descendant</u> [Latv. <i>re-cens</i>  fresh, young, new , with another suffix in the New-Bulg <i>chedo</i>  a child ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>kersas</b>  <u>black</u> [Lith. <i>kéraas</i>  on black and white spots , Bulg. <i>cheren</i>  black , Old-Ind. <i>krsná</i>  black, dark ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>ketri-</b>, <b>ketre-</b>  <u>four</u> [Greek <i>tetra</i>  four , Cymr. <i>pedry</i>-  four-fold , Lith. <i>keturì</i>, Latv.&nbsp;<i> etri</i>, Bulg.&nbsp;<i> etiri</i>  four ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>kik-</b>  <u>live, agile</u> [Anglo-Saxon <i>cwicu</i>, Old-Nord. <i>kvikr</i>, <i>kykr</i>  live, agile , Engl. <i>quick</i>]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>kiri-</b> [or <b>kira</b>]  <u>mountain</u> ,  <u>forest</u> [Old-Ind. <i>girí-h</i>  mountain , Avest. <i>gairi</i>-  the same , Lith. <i>girià</i>, <i>gìre</i>  forest, wood . Latv. <i>dzi<img SRC="R_KR.jpg" height=19 width=11 align=ABSBOTTOM>a</i>  forest ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>knisa(s)</b>  <u>eroded place</u> [Lith. <i>knìsti</i>  to dig ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>kupsela</b>  <u>a heap, a hillock</u> [Lith. <i>kups½lis</i>  heap, hillock ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>kurp-</b>  <u>to burrow </u> [Lith. <i>kur</i></font><i><font face="Arial Unicode MS"></font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>pti</i> (-<i>iù</i>)  to burrow , Russ. <i>korpat</i>  to burrow ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>kurta</b>  <u>groove, wood</u> [Old-Pruss. <i>korto</i>  groove from the Baltic *<i>kurt</i>]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>laza</b> (<b>-as</b>)  <u>clearing (in forest), glade</u> [Serbo-Croat <i>läz</i>  clearing , Russ. <i>laz</i>  animal pathway to a river (lake) , <i>lazina</i>  clearing ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>lingas</b>  <u>depression, meadow</u> [Lith. <i>lénge</i>  low land , PN <i>Linge</i>, Bulg. <i>longY</i>  meadow ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>mar-</b>  <u>water, river, bog</u> [Anglo-Saxon <i>merisc</i>  swamp , Old-Icel. <i>mørr</i>  swampy country ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>marka</b>  <u>bog; swampy country</u> [Lith. <i>markà</i>  a pit for steeping flax or hemp , Ukrain. <i>morokva</i>  bog ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>melda(s)</b>  <u>marshy reed</u> [Lith. <i>meldà</i>, <i>méldas</i>  marsh reed , Latv. <i>meldi</i>  reed , Old-HighGerman <i>melta</i>]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>mr-</b>  <u>large, great</u> [Church Slavic personal name <i>Vladi</i>-<i>merY</i>, Old-HighGerman<i> Volk-mr, Hlodo-mr</i>, Old-Icel. <i>mr</i>  big ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>mezna</b>  <u>a horseman</u> [Alb. <i>mes</i>, <i>mezi</i>  stallion , Roman. (substrat) <i>mînz</i>  stallion ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>muka</b>  <u>seed, clan, posterity</u> [Iran. <i>muka</i>- in the Osset. <i>mugæ</i>  family , muggag  seed, clan ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>mukas</b>  <u>swampy country, a bog</u> [Latv. <i>muka</i>  swamp, where one can sink , <i>mukls</i>  swampy , Lith. RN <i>M<img SRC="U_CHV.jpg" height=21 width=13>k</i>]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>musas</b>  <u>moss, mould</u> [Old-HighGerman, Anglo-Saxon <i>mos</i>  moss, swamp , German <i>Moss</i>  moss , Church-Slav. <i>mYhY</i>  moss , Lith. <i>musai</i>, pl.  mould on yoghourt ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>nest-</b>  <u>rumbling, roaring</u> [Old-Ind. <i>nádati</i>  to rumlble, to roar , <i>nadi</i>-  river, current ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">M<b>stas </b> <u>river mouth</u> [Lith. <i>úostas,</i> <i>uostà</i>  river mouth; a port , Latv. <i>uosts</i>-, <i>uosta</i>  the same , Latin&nbsp;<i>Mstium</i>  river mouth , Old-Bulg. <i>uostije</i>  the same ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>pa(i)vis</b>  <u>child, son</u> [Greek Homer <i>pavis</i>, Att. paus, <i>pais</i>]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>paisa(s) </b> <u>soot</u> [Lith. <i>paiaai</i>  soot ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>pala</b>  <u>swamp, bog</u> [Lith. <i>pãlios</i>, pl.  big swamp. bog , Latv. <i>pa<img SRC="L_Z.jpg" height=18 width=7>as, pa<img SRC="L_Z.jpg" height=18 width=7>i</i>  swampy banks of a lake , Latin <i>palus</i>  lake ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>palma</b>  <u>swamp, bog</u> [from <i>pala</i> with the suffix -<i>m</i>]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>pan(i)</b>  <u>swamp, quagmire, peat-bog</u> [Old-Pruss. <i>pannean</i>  quagmire , Goth. <i>fani</i>  silt , etc.]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>para</b>, <b>phara</b>  <u>settlement, village</u> [from the IE *(<i>s</i>)<i>por</i> as  village ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>pauta(s)</b>  <u>foam</u> or  <u>foaming</u> [Old-Pruss. RN <i>Pauta</i>, Lith. <i>putà</i>  foam , <i>putóti</i>  to foam , Latv. <i>putas</i>  foam ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>per</b>  <u>boy, son</u> [Lat. <i>puer</i>  child, boy, son ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>per(u)-</b>  <u>a rock</u> [Hett. <i>peruna</i>-  a rock , Old-Ind. <i>párvata</i>-  mountain ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>ps </b> <u>boy, child </u> [Greek <i>paus</i>, <i>pais</i>  child , Cypr. <i>pas</i>  the same ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>piza(s)</b>  <u>bog, meadow</u> [Latv. <i>p+sa  deep</i> swamp , Greek <i>p+sea</i>, pl.  damp places, meadow ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>pras-</b> (resp. <b>*praus-</b>)  <u>to wash, to splash, to bedew</u> [Lith. <i>praisti</i>  to wash, to sprinkle , Latv. <i>prauslat</i>  to splash, to besprinkle , Old-Ind. <i>prusnM'ti</i>  to splash ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>puis</b>, <b>pus</b>, <b>pys</b>  <u>child, son</u> [-<i>pu</i>(<i>i</i>)<i>s</i> = Greek Att. <i>paus</i>  child, son ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>pupa</b>  <u>beans</u> or  <u>hill</u> (?) [Lith. <i>pupà</i>  beans or Alb. <i>pupë</i>  hill ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>pura-</b>  <u>maize, spelt</u> [Greek <i>pyrós</i>  maize , Lith. <i>pkrai</i>  winter maize , Church Slavic <i>pYiro</i>  spelt ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>purda</b>  <u>swampy, damp place</u> [Latv. <i>purdu<img SRC="L_Z.jpg" height=18 width=7 align=ABSBOTTOM>i </i> a snivel , Greek <i>pardakos</i>  damp, wet ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>puris</b>, <b>poris</b>, <b>por</b>, <b>pyris</b>, <b>pyros</b>, <b>pyr</b>  <u>son, boy</u> [Latin <i>pure</i>  child, boy, son in Latin PN <i>Marci-por, Nae-por,&nbsp;Lli-por</i>, Etr. <i>nei-pur, naei-purs</i>]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>pus</b>, <b>pys</b>  <u>child, son</u> - see <b>puis</b>. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>pusinas</b>  <u>spruce forest, pine forest</u> [Lith. <i>puaýnas</i>  spruce forest from <i>puaìs</i>  pine, spruce ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>putras</b>  <u>bawler, squaller, babbler</u> [Old-Latv. personal name <i>Putre</i>, Latv. <i>putruôt</i>, <i>putrât</i>  to cry, to speak fast ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>raimas</b>  <u>motley</u> [Lith. <i>ráimas</i>  motley, particoloured ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>raka(s)</b>  eroded<u> place, a gully</u> [Lith. <i>ràkti</i>  to burrow ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>ramus</b>  <u>quiet, calm</u> [Lith. <i>ramùs</i>  quiet , Old-Ind. <i>rámate</i>  to stay quiet, to rest ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>raskus</b>  <u>quick, agile, live</u> [Old-HighGerman <i>rasc</i>  quick , German <i>rasch</i>  the same , Engl. <i>rash</i>]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>rera</b>  <u>stones, stony ground</u> (from an earlier *<i>lera</i>) [Alb. <i>lerë,</i> -a  stones, fallen stones ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>rzas</b> (<b>resas</b>)  <u>king</u> [Latin <i>rex</i>  king , Old-Ind. <i>raj</i>-  the same ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>ring-</b> (<b>rink-</b>)  <u>quick, skillful</u> [Old-HighGerman (<i>ge</i>)-<i>ringi</i>  light , Middle-German <i>ge-ringi</i>  light. quick , Greek <i>rhimpha</i>&nbsp;  quickly, skillfully ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>rudas</b>  <u>red, reddish</u> [Lith. RN <i>Rùd-up</i>, adj. <i>rùdas</i>  (red-) brown, reddish , Latv. <i>ruds</i>  reddish ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>rumba(s)</b>  <u>edge; rapids</u> [Lith. <i>rum</i></font><font face="Arial Unicode MS"></font><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>bas</i>  periphery , Latv. <i>rum</i></font><font face="Arial Unicode MS"></font><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>ba</i>  waterfall, rapids ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>rks-a</b> (-<b>as</b>, <b>-is</b>)  <u>a pit</u> or <b>rus-</b>  <u>slowly flowing</u> [Old-Pruss. PN <i>Russe</i> (a village and a swamp), Lith. <i>rksùs</i> (and <i>rúsas</i>)  potatoe s pit; hut , Latv. <i>rksa</i>  pit; or the Litv. <i>rus'ti</i>  to flow slowly ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>sabazias </b> <u>free</u> [Old-Bulg. <i>svobodL</i>  free ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>saldas</b> (instead of <b>*zaldas</b>)  <u>golden</u> [Old-Bulg. <i>zlato</i> (from the Proto-Slavic *<i>za</i></font><i><font face="Arial Unicode MS"> </font><font face="Palatino Linotype">lta</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS"> </font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">)  gold (noun) , New-Bulg. <i>zlato</i>  gold , <i>zlaten</i>  golden ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>sara</b>  <u>current, stream</u> [Old-Ind. <i>sar</i>'  river, stream ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>sartas</b>  <u>light-red</u> [Lith. <i>sar</i></font><i><font face="Arial Unicode MS"></font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>tas</i>  light-red (for horses) , Latv.<i> </i>sarts  red ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>satras</b> (<b>satrus</b>)  <u>live, quick, agile</u> (?) [Lith.&nbsp;<i>aatrùs</i>  live, quick, agile, row ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>saut-is</b> (<b>-as</b>)  <u>lazy</u> [Latv. <i>sautis</i>  lazy man, who sleeps all the time ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>sei(e)tuva</b>  <u>deep place in the river</u> [Lith. <i>sietuvà</i>  deep place in the river ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>seina(s)</b>  <u>village, settlement</u> [Armen.&nbsp;an<i>,</i> Gen. <i>sini</i>  village , Greek Rhod. <i>kroina</i>  residence ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>skas</b>  <u>grass, greenery; hay</u> [Lith.&nbsp;<i>a'kas</i>  recently mowed down grass , Old-Ind. <i>s'ka</i>-  vegetable ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>sem(e)la</b> (= <b>zeml a</b>)  <u>land, earth</u> [Old-Bulg. <i>zemlja</i>, Russ. <i>zemlja</i>, Lith. <i>zeme</i>, Latv. <i>zeme</i>]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>serma</b>, <b>sermas</b>  <u>current, stream</u> [Old-Ind. <i>sárma-h</i>  current , Lith. RN <i>Sérmas</i>]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>siltas</b>  <u>warm, pleasant</u> [Lith.<i>&nbsp;ai<img SRC="L_V.jpg" height=20 width=10>tas</i>  warm, pleasant , Latv. <i>sìlts</i>  warm , Cymr. <i>clyd</i>  warm, warming ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>sind(u)-</b>  <u>river</u> [Old-Ind. <i>sindhu</i>-  river , Old-Pers. <i>hindus</i>  the same ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>singas</b>  <u>low land, depression</u> [Goth. <i>sigqan</i>, Old-HighGerman <i>sinkan</i>, German <i>sinken</i>  to sink, to collapse ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>skaivas</b>  <u>left</u> [Greek <i>skaiós</i>  left , Latin <i>scaevus</i>  the same ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>skalp-</b>  <u>to beetle, to hit</u> [Lith. <i>ska<img SRC="L_V.jpg" height=20 width=10>bti</i> (-<i>biù</i>, -<i>biai</i>)  to beetle, to dolly (for laundry) ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>skaplis</b>  <u>axe</u> [Lith. <i>skãplis</i>  axe ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>skapt-</b>  <u>to dig</u> [Lith. <i>skaptúoti</i>  to cut, to carve (in wood) , Greek <i>skápto</i>  to dig ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>skaras</b> (<b>-is</b>)  <u>quick</u> [Old-Bulg. <i>skorY</i>, Russ. <i>skorYj</i>  quick , etc. (Proto-Slavic *<i>skarY</i>)]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>skarsas</b>  <u>transverse, slanting</u> [the Greek <i>en-kársios, epi-kársis </i> curved, bent, transverse , Lith. <i>sker</i></font><i><font face="Arial Unicode MS"></font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>sas</i>  transverse, oblique]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>skilas</b>  <u>quick, impetuous</u> [Lith. <i>skìlti</i>  set fire and  run mad ] </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>skreta</b>  <u>circle, circumference</u> [Lith. <i>skret</i>&#39;  a (round) disk , <i>skrìt</i>  circumference ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>skumbr-as </b>(or <b>-is</b>)  <u>hill, mountain</u> [Lith. <i>kumbrùs, kum</i></font><i><font face="Arial Unicode MS"></font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>bris</i>  hillock, hill, mountain peak, small mountain ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>spinda(s)</b>  <u>clearing (in the forest)</u> [Lith <i>spiñdis</i>  clearing in the forest ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>stra</b> (from an earlier <b>*strava</b>)  <u>current, torrent</u> [Lith. <i>sravà</i>  current , Latv. <i>strava</i>  current, torrent ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>strambas</b>  <u>stubble-field</u> [Old-Pruss. <i>strambo</i>  stubble-field , the Latv. <i>strùobs</i>  a spray, a stem, a straw ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>strum</b>, <b>strumMn</b>  <u>current, river</u> [Old-HighGerman <i>stroum</i>, German <i>Strom</i>  current river , Lith. <i>sraumuõ</i>, -<i>eñs</i>  fast current , <i>srkti</i> (<i>srkvù</i>, dial. <i>srknù</i>)  to fill with water and  to flow, to outflow the banks (for a river) ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>strkna</b>  <u>current, river</u> [Lith. <i>sriti</i>  to fill with water, to outflow ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>stur(ia)</b>  <u>country, countryside</u> [Old-Bulg <i>strana</i> (Proto-Slavic *<i>sta</i></font><i><font face="Arial Unicode MS"> </font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>rn</i>)  country , Bulg. <i>pro-stor</i>  expanse, space ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>suchis</b>, <b>sukis</b>, <b>suku</b>(<b>s</b>) (<b>-os</b>)  <u>girl</u> , resp.  <u>boy, juvenile</u> [Cymr. <i>hogen</i>  girl , <i>hogyn</i>  boy, lad , Lith. <i>sknùs</i>  son , Old-Bulg. <i>sYin</i>  son , etc.]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>suka</b>  <u>a crack, a gorge, a pass</u> , [Lith.&nbsp;<i>aùk</i>  a gap, a crack ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>sula</b>  <u>groove</u> [Greek <i>hýle</i>  forest, groove ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>sunka</b>  <u>sap, fluid</u> [Lith. <i>sunkà</i>  sap (of a tree); fluid ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>sura</b> (<b>zura</b>)  <u>current, stream</u> [Old-Ind. <i>sir</i>'  current. stream ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>suras</b>  <u>strong, brave; a hero</u> [Old-Ind.<i> sk'ra-h</i>  a hero, a warrior , Avest. <i>sk'ra</i>-  brave, courageous; a hero ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>suras</b>  <u>salty, bitter</u> [Lith.<i> sk'ras</i>  salty , Latv. <i>sirs</i>  salty, bitter, sour ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>svit- </b> <u>to shine, to twinkle</u> [Lith.&nbsp;<i>avit'ti</i>  to shine, to twinkle , Old-Bulg. <i>svLteti</i> <i>sia</i>)  to shine ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>tarpas</b>, <b>terpas</b>  <u>a gap, a crack</u> [Lith. <i>tárpas</i>, <i>térpL</i>  an interstice, a crack , Proto-Slavic *<i>tarpY</i>  a pit, a ditch ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>taru-</b>  <u>spear</u> [Greek <i>dóry</i>  tree and  spear , Hett.<i> ta-ru-</i>  tree, trees , Old-Ind. <i>dáru</i>-  tree ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>thin-</b>  <u>to hold, to carry</u> [Latin <i>teneM</i>, -<i>ere</i>  to hold ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>thurd-</b>  <u>to crash, to collapse</u> [Old-HighGerman <i>sturzen</i>, German <i>stürzen</i>  to overthrow, to fall ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>tirsas</b>  <u>thicket</u> [Lith. <i>tir</i></font><i><font face="Arial Unicode MS"></font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>atis</i>  density, thickness and  thicket, brush-wood , <i>tir</i></font><i><font face="Arial Unicode MS"></font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>ati</i> (<i>tir</i></font><i><font face="Arial Unicode MS"></font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>atù</i>)  to thicken ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>titha</b>  <u>light, radiance</u> [Greek <i>titM</i>&#39;  morning glow; morning, day , Alb. <i>ditë</i>  day ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>tranas</b>  <u>rotting</u> [Lith. RN <i>Tranùs</i>, <i>tren'ti</i>  to rot, to decompose ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>traus-</b>  <u>to break, to crumble</u> [Lith. <i>trauati</i>  to break, to crumble , <i>traiaus</i>  brittle , the Latv. <i>trauss</i>, <i>trausis</i>  brittle, fragile , Old-Russ. <i>trohY</i>  lazy; sad ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>tund-</b> 1.  <u>to push, to knock</u> ; 2.  <u>river</u> [1. Latin <i>tundM</i>, -<i>ere</i>  to push, to knock , Old-Ind. <i>tundat</i>  to push . 2. Old-Icel. <i>þund</i>  river ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>tuntas</b>  <u>a flock, a flight; a heap</u> [Lith. <i>tuñtas</i>  a flock, a flight; a heap, a pile ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>turm-</b>  <u>a run, a flight</u> [Old-Ind. <i>drámati</i>  to run , Greek <i>drómos</i>  a run ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>udra(s)</b>  <u>otter</u> [Old-Ind. <i>udrá-h</i>  water animal , Avest. <i>udra</i>-  otter , Greek <i>hy dros</i>, Old-HighGerman <i>ottar</i>, Lith. <i>údra</i>, Bulg. <i>vidra</i>  otter ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>udrnas</b>  <u>water, aquatic</u> [Greek <i>hydrinós</i>  referring to water, water , <i>án-ydros</i>  waterless ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">k<b>kas</b>  <u>mist; misty, turbid</u> [Lith.&nbsp;<img SRC="U_CHV2.jpg" height=23 width=13><i>kas</i>  a mist; clouding; fume, vapour ,&nbsp;<i>k'kanas</i>  cloudy, turbid ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>upa</b>  <u>river</u> [Lith. <i>ùp</i>  river , Latv. <i>upe</i>  river, stream ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>urda(s)</b>  <u>stream</u> [Lith. <i>urdulùs</i>  (mountain) stream, pool , Latv. <i>urdaviFa</i>  stream ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>usku-</b>  <u>water; aquatic, marshy</u> [Old-Ir. <i>u</i>(<i>i</i>)<i>sce</i>  water , Old-Cymr <i>uisc</i>, Irish <i>esc</i>  water, bog, swamp ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>ut- </b> <u>water, river</u> [Old-Ind. <i>ud-án</i>-  water , Greek <i>hydos</i>  the same ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>vair-as</b> (<b>-us</b>)  <u>spinning</u> [Lith. <i>vairùs</i>, <i>vairas</i>  spinning , Swed. <i>v+rr</i>  a spiral ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>varpasas</b>  <u>whirlpool</u> [Latv. <i>vrpats</i>  whirlpool , the Lith. <i>varpýti</i> (-<i>pau</i>, -<i>piau</i>)  to dig, to burrow ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>veger-</b> (resp. <b>*veker-</b>)  <u>damp; to bedew</u> or  <u>haymowing</u> [Dutch <i>wak</i>  damp , Latv. <i>vedzere</i> etc.]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>veleka(s)</b>  <u>place for washing</u> [Lith. <i>vel<img SRC="E_TV.jpg" height=22 width=14>kles </i> a place, used for washing , <i>vel'ti</i>  to wash (with a paddle) ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>ver- </b> <u>to spring, to issue</u> [Lith. <i>vírti</i> (<i>vérdu</i>, <i>viriai</i>)  to boil, to bubble , the Old-Bulg. <i>vLreti</i> <i>vLrion</i>  to spring, to boil ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>verza(s)</b>  <u>a barrier used for fishing; dam</u> [Latv. <i>varza</i>  dam ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>zbel- </b>(from an initial <b>*zibel-</b>)  <u>shining; a thunderbolt, a lightning</u> [Latv. <i>zibele</i>  shining , <i>zibelêt</i>  to flash, to twinkle, to shine ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>zburul-</b>  <u>light (noun); shining</u> [Lith.&nbsp;<i>~iburùs</i>  light (noun) ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>zelmis</b>  <u>an offspring, descendant</u> [Lith.&nbsp;<i>~elmuõ</i>, -<i>eñs</i>  plant and  an offspring ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>zenis</b>, <b>zens</b>  <u>born, born in</u> [=<i>genes</i> in the Greek personal name of <i>Dio-génes</i>, from the IE *<i>gen</i> -  to give birth in the Old-Latin <i>geno</i>  to produce, to give birth ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>zri-</b> (from an earlier <b>*zvri-</b>)  <u>an animal, a beast</u> [Lith.&nbsp;<i>~vris</i>  a beast , Old-Bulg. <i>zverY</i>  the same , Greek <i>thr</i>]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>zi-</b>  <u>god</u> [shortened from <i>ziu</i>-, <i>zia</i>- and similar, Greek <i>Zeus</i>]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>zilas</b>  <u>grey,&nbsp; turned grey</u> or  blue [Lith.&nbsp;<i>~ìlas</i>  grey-haired , Latv. <i>zils</i>, <i>zila</i>  blue ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>zilma(s) </b> <u>greenery</u> [Latv. <i>zelme</i>  green grass or wheat ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>zum-</b>, <b>zuml-</b>  <u>dragon</u> [Old-Bulg <i>zmLi</i>  dragon , <i>zmLia</i>  snake ]. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>zvaka(s)</b>  <u>bright, white</u> [Lith.&nbsp;<i>~vãk</i>  light (noun) ].</font></blockquote> </blockquote> <font face="Palatino Linotype">[<a href="thrac_4d.html">Previous</a>] [<a href="thrac_6.html">Next</a>] <br>[<a href="index.html">Back to Index</a>] </font> </body> </html>