ÿþ<html> <head> <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 5.0"> <meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=unicode"> <title>O. Pritsak, Slavs and Avars - 4</title> <style> <!-- p.MsoPlainText {margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"; margin-left:0pt; margin-right:0pt; margin-top:0pt} --> </style> </head> <body> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="left"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; font-weight:700"><font size="4">The Slavs and the Avars</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="left"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; font-weight:700"><font size="3">Omeljan Pritsak</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> &nbsp;</p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"><b> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">IV.</font></span></b></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"><font size="3"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; font-style: italic"> <a href="#4_1" style="text-decoration: none">__1_</a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><font size="3"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; font-style: italic"> <a href="#4_2" style="text-decoration: none">__2_</a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><font size="3"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; font-style: italic"> <a href="#4_3" style="text-decoration: none">__3_</a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><font size="3"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; font-style: italic"> <a href="#4_4" style="text-decoration: none">__4_</a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><font size="3"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; font-style: italic"> <a href="#4_5" style="text-decoration: none">__5_</a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><font size="3"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; font-style: italic"> <a href="#4_6" style="text-decoration: none">__6_</a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><font size="3"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; font-style: italic"> <a href="#4_7" style="text-decoration: none">__7_</a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><font size="3"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; font-style: italic"> <a href="#4_8" style="text-decoration: none">__8_</a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><font size="3"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; font-style: italic"> <a href="#4_9" style="text-decoration: none">__9_</a></span></font></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><b> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"><a name="4_1">1</a>.</font></span></b></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Of the three kinds of professional warriors mentioned by Jordanes (ca. 551), only two were connected with concrete Gothic tradition: Venethae (= Vinidi) with the Gothic king Hermanarich (d. ca. 374: § 119) and the Antes with king Vinitharius (d. ca. 400: § 247). No specific deeds with regard to the <i>Sclaveni</i> are ascribed to any Gothic ruler. The Sclaveni appear in Jordanes&#39;s catalogue of the kinds of professional warriors known to him (at the <i>end</i> of § 119) as an obvious addition made to glorify his hero Hermanarich.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">From this we can deduce that the Sclaveni were a post-Gothic institution, that is, after 400, since no Sclaveni of Attila were known either to the eyewitness, the Byzantine diplomat Priscus who visited Attila in 448, or to the Gothic traditions used by Jordanes. Thus the Sclaveni must have developed after Attila&#39;s death in 453.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><b> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"><a name="4_2">2</a>.</font></span></b></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Let me emphasize that this event marked a turning point in the history of the European part of the Eurasian steppe. Up to that time, the nomadic charismatic clans could always count on the cooperation of the nomad Germanic kings and their retinues (<i>comitatus</i>).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">400</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">In the last two decades of the fifth century, the two most important Germanic tribal units, the Ostrogoths and the Franks, settled in Italy and Gaul and became occupied - especially the Franks - with establishing their own <i>sedentary</i> states, in cooperation with the former Roman ruling class.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">It was exactly at this time that the Hunnic establishment was recovering from the consequences of Attila&#39;s death and beginning to reconstitute themselves as Bulgars (Proto-Bulgars) with two component parts, Uti!urs and Qutur!urs.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Since the Germanic tribes, and also the Alans, were being attracted by either the Goths in Italy or the Franks in Gaul, it was necessary for the new pax-builders in the steppe to create military units on an entirely new basis. These new warriors appear under the name of </font> </span> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <font size="3">£º»q²¿¹</font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">/</font></span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">£º»±²·½¿w.</font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> It is remarkable that all Proto-Bulgarian branches had their own <i>Sklavin</i>-/</font><i><font size="3">S</font></i></span><i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">#</font></span></i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">(<i>a</i>)<i>qlab</i>. Thus, when the Hunnic Qutur!urs raided Thracia and Constantinople in 559, their <i>Sklavin</i>- took active part <a href="#110">[110]</a>. A new analysis of the data of Ibn Khurddhbeh (ca. 840-880) has shown that Kobrat, the creator of the Azov (Bosporus) Magna Bulgaria (d. ca. 660), was referred to by the Sasanian bureaucracy as ruler over the </font> <i><font size="3">S</font></i></span><i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">#aqlab</font></span></i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">/<i>Sklavin</i>- <a href="#111">[111]</a>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The account of Ibn Fad#ln, the envoy of the Caliph of Baghdad to the king of the Volga Bulgars in 922, also called this ruler malik </font> <i><font size="3">as</font></i></span><i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">#-S#aqliba</font></span></i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> <a href="#112">[112]</a>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="110">110</a></b>) Agathias (d. 582), ed. Dindorf, <i>HGM</i>, vol. 2, pp. 366-388, calls the attackers simply Qutur!urs, but another contemporary, John Malalas (d. ca. 678) distinguishes «Huns» (i.e. Qutur!urs) and the Sklavin, <i>Chronographia</i>, ed. Dindorf, Bonn 1831, p. 490, as does the later compiler Theophanes (ed. i urov, p. 52).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="111">111</a></b>) The information has survived in Arabic translation as <i>malik</i> </font> <i> <font size="2">as</font></i></span><i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">#-S#aqliba</font></span></i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">. See Pritsak, <i>The Origin of Rus&#39;</i>, vol. 1, pp. 61-62.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="112">112</a></b>) See the text of his «Risla», ed. Andrij Kovalivs&#39;kyj, <i>Kniga Axmeda ibn-Fadlana o ego puteaestvii na Volgu v 921-922 gg</i>., Xarkiv 1956, p. 346, and</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">401</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The <i>Sklavin</i>- of the Pannonian Proto-Bulgars, who attacked the Byzantine Danube limes from the time of Justinian I, are well known from the «History» of Procopius and other contemporary Byzantine authors. The Kouber story (<i>fl</i>. 676-678) in the fifth miracle of St. Demetrius shows that even this Bulgarian ruler, who was under Avar suzereinty, also had his own </font> </span> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <font size="3">£º»q²¿¹</font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">/warriors <a href="#113">[113]</a>. It would take us too far afield to deal here with the role of the <i> Sklavin</i> in the First Danube Bulgarian empire created by Asparuch (679), or with the circumstances which conditioned the decision of Tsar Simeon (893-927) to take over the Slavic rite with Slavonic as the sacred language.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The <i>Sklavin</i> frontier warriors are also attested to in the Khazar pax, the successor state to Great Bulgaria. On the authority of the Arabic reports about the famous expedition of Marwn b. Muh#ammad into the interior of Khazaria in 737 (especially in the work by Ibn Atham al-Kkf+) <a href="#114">[114]</a>, the Khazarian S#aqliba (plural of <i>s</i>#</font></span><i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">aqlab</font></span></i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">) were stationed on the Middle Volga frontier <a href="#115">[115]</a>, near the confluence of the Bol&#39;aoj Irgiz and the Volga. It seems that during the ninth century the new Khazar regime, headed by a majordomo (bäg / ixad), had replaced the S#aqliba with another group of professional warriors, the standing army called <i> al-Arsiya</i>, who were Muslims recruited from among the Khwrizmians. This we learn from the account by al-Maskd+ (ca. 940) <a href="#116">[116]</a>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">the excursus by A. Zeki Validi Togan, «Anhang über &#39;S#aqliba&#39;», in his </font> <i><font size="2">Ibn Fad</font></i></span><i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">#ln&#39;s Reisebericht</font></span></i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">, Leipzig 1939, pp. 295-331. Among the members of the Abbassid mission to the Volga-Bulgars was a certain Brs as#-S#aqlab+, i.e. a Volga-Bulgar by the name of Bars (Turkic &#39;leopard&#39;, frequently used as a personal name), see the facsimile in Kovaliv&#39;skyj&#39;s ed., p. 344.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="113">113</a></b>) Ed. Lemerle, vol. 1, pp. 229-234; for the date, see vol. 2, p. 161.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="114">114</a></b>) Ed. A. Z. V. Togan, in </font> <i><font size="2">Ibn Fad</font></i></span><i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">#ln&#39;s Reisebericht</font></span></i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">, pp. 296-298.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="115">115</a></b>) Mixail Ilarionovi  Artamonov, <i>Istorija xazar</i>, Leningrad 1962, pp. 223-224.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="116">116</a></b>) Norman Golb and O. Pritsak, <i>Khazarian Hebrew documents of the tenth century</i>, Ithaca, N.Y. 1982, pp. 51-52, 141, 150.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">402</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><b> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"><a name="4_3">3</a>.</font></span></b></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The anonymous <i> Miracula S. Demetrii</i> (= <i>Mir II</i>; compiled ca. 675-685) <a href="#117">[117]</a> gives a list of five bands (</font></span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">ѽ¿Â</font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">) of the <i>Sklavins</i> who attacked Thessalonica in 614 <a href="#118">[118]</a>. Many scholars have labored in vain to establish Slavic etymologies of these putative «Slavic tribal names» <a href="#119">[119]</a>. If the Sklavin troops were created by the Proto-Bulgars sometime during the last decades of the fifth century, as I assume, the self-designations of these bands should reflect the Ponto-Caspian milieu of the time, which was Hunno-(Eastern) Iranian. Let us therefore check to see whether the hypothesis holds. Here are the names <a href="#120">[120]</a>:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <font size="3">’±Ê¿Å½·Ä-</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <font size="3">’µ»µ³µ¶·Ä-</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <font size="3">’µÁ¶·Ä-</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <font size="3">”Á¿Å³¿Å²¹Ä-</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <font size="3">£±³¿Å´±Ä-</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Four seem to have a suffix /it/, spelled -</font></span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">·Ä</font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">- or -</font></span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">¹Ä</font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">-, while the fifth may be seen as without suffix.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">There is a suffix /it/ that is very familiar to Altaists. Indeed, it occurs in the name of the Hunnic Avars: Varxun-<i> it</i> (see fh. 30, above).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Compare </font> </span> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <font size="3">Õѱ»ÖÄ-±¹</font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">, «Hephthalites», derived from the name of their leader Efthal <a href="#121">[121]</a>. This seems to be a parallel</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="117">117</a></b>) On the date, see Paul Lemerle, <i>Les plus anciens récueils des miracles de Saint Démétrius et la pénétration des Slaves dans les Balkans</i>, vol. 2, Paris 1981, pp. 142-144, 187-189.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="118">118</a></b>) I accept Lemerle&#39;s dating, vol. 2, pp. 91-92.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="119">119</a></b>) See Franjo Bariai, <i> uda Dimitrija Solunskog kao istoriski izvori</i>, Belgrade 1953.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="120">120</a></b>) <i>Mir II</i>, ed. Lemerle, vol. 1 (1979), pp. 175, 214, 229.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="121">121</a></b>) See Gyula Moravcsik, <i>Byzantinoturcica</i>, vol. 2, Berlin 1958, pp. 127-128.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">403</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">to a later stage in the linguistic history of this territory, namely the self-designations of groups of Ukrainian Cossacks that were based on the names of their leaders. There were two patterns. The first took the stem of the leader&#39;s name, sometimes removing a final suffix, and added a suffix denoting «adherent of» : e.g. <i> Mazepa</i> : Mazep-<i>yn-ci</i>, <i>Lisowski</i> : Lisov-<i> yk-y</i> (Lat. Lissov-<i>ian-i</i>) <a href="#122">[122]</a>. The second was simply the name of the leader, e.g. <i>Barabaa</i> «Left-bank Cossacks (after 1667)», from the name of Colonel Barabaa (<i>fl</i>. 1647-1648) <a href="#123">[123]</a>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Detaching the <i> it</i>-suffix, let us look at the four bases Baioun-, Belegez-, Berz- and Drougoub-.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Baioun. Here we can read <i>u</i> or <i>k</i> &lt; *-<i>a!u</i>- <a href="#124">[124]</a>, plus the nominative singular suffix /n/. This is then the equivalent of a well-known Old Turkic word, which occurs with the majestic plural suffix /t/ (because of the meaning): <i>bayagu-</i>t «rich-merchant» (the standard translation of Sanskrit <i>[res</i>#</font></span><i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">t</font></span></i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">#</font><i><font size="3">#</font></i></span><i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">h+</font></span></i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">). Therefore we posit *<i>baykn</i> &lt; *<i>baya-!un</i> <a href="#125">[125]</a>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Belegez is a reasonable transcription of Hunnic <i>bel-ege </i>, where *<i>bl</i> means «five », and *<i>ege </i> is comparable to Old Turkic <i>äkä </i> «(elder) sister of the clan» <a href="#126">[126]</a> and Old Mongolian <i>ege i</i> «elder sister» <a href="#127">[127]</a>. The surname <i>bel-ege </i> reminds</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="122">122</a></b>) See George Gajecki and Alexander Baran, <i>The Cossacks in the Thirty Years War</i>, vol. 1, Rome 1969, p. 111. Cf. also O. Pritsak, «Das erste türkisch-ukrainische Bündniss (1648)», <i>Oriens</i> 6, Leiden 1953, 295.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="123">123</a></b>) Oleksander Ohloblyn, «Virai smolens&#39;koho aljaxty a N. Poplons&#39;koho r. 1691 na est&#39; Perekops&#39;koho beja», <i>Studiji z Krymu</i>, ed. Ahatanhel Keyms&#39;kyj, Kiev 1930, p. 37.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="124">124</a></b>) O. Pritsak, <i>Die Bulgarische Fürstenliste</i>, Wiesbaden 1955, p. 73.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="125">125</a></b>) See the data in Sir Gerard Clauson, <i>An etymological dictionary of prethirteenth century Turkish</i>, Oxford 1972, p. 385.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="126">126</a></b>) See Besim Atalay&#39;s 1941 Ankara facsimile edition of the Arabic dictionary made about 1070 by the famous Turkic philologist Mah#mkd al-Ka!ar+, <i>Divanü lûgat-it-türk</i>, Ankara 1941, p. 38.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="127">127</a></b>) «Secret History of the Mongols» : Erich Haenisch, </font> <i><font size="2">Wörterbuch zu Mangh</font></i></span><i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">#ol un niuca tobca&#39;an (Yüan-ch&#39;ao pi-shi)</font></span></i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">, Leipzig 1939, p. 42.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">404</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">one of <i> Beaevliev</i>, the surname of the leading Bulgarian specialist in the field of Proto-Bulgarian inscriptions: <i>bea-evli</i> is Ottoman Turkish and means «(having) five wives».</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Berz- is doubtless the front variant of the name of a Khazaro-Bulgarian charismatic clan <i>Bar </i>- <a href="#128">[128]</a>; it can be taken as an incorrectly reconstructed form from </font> </span> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">’µÁ¶¹»</font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">- <i>Bar  il</i> &gt; <i>Bär il</i>, and finally <i>Bär </i>. The band leader was apparently a member of the Bar  clan.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Drougouw-. This word has three distinct Hunnic (Hunno-Bulgarian) features: first, initial <i>d</i>-, as against Old Turkic <i>t</i>- <a href="#129">[129]</a>; second, metathesis of the vowel, producing a consonant-cluster in initial position, *<i>dur</i>- &gt; <i>dru</i>- <a href="#130">[130]</a>; and third, the development of the final <i>g</i> into -<i>w</i> <a href="#131">[131]</a>. The root is the verb *<i>dur</i>- (OTurkic <i>tur</i>-, but Ottoman <i>dur</i>-) «stand», both in the sense of «stand upright» <a href="#132">[132]</a> and «stand still» */<i>!u!</i>/ is the suffix of <i>nomen usus</i>. This then is a surname *<i>Dru!uw</i> (equivalent to Turkic <i>tur!u!, turqu!</i>), signifying «he who usually stands still». Ka!ar+, the eleventh-century Turkic philologist explains the name (in Arabic) thus: «shyness (shame, diffidence) about something; one says <i>ol mändän turqu!</i> = (Arabic) </font> <i><font size="3">s</font></i></span><i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">#ra minn+ h#ay+y<sup>an</sup> li-fil bad minhk</font></span></i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> «he is ashamed before me over a matter that arose concerning him» <a href="#133">[133]</a>. The surname *<i>Druguw</i> was probably used jocularly, as an antonym, for a very forceful person (in the manner common among the Zaporogian Cossaks later).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="128">128</a></b>) On the <i> Bar </i> ( &lt; War  / Warz) see Pritsak, «The Khazar kingdom&#39;s conversion to Judaism», <i>HUS</i> 2 (1978) 261-262.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="129">129</a></b>) Pritsak, <i>Bg. Fürstenliste</i>, p. 88.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="130">130</a></b>) Pritsak, «The proto-bulgarian military inventory inscriptions», <i>Studia Turco-Hungarica</i>, Budapest 1981, pp. 43-44, 58.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="131">131</a></b>) András Róna-Tas, «A Volga bulgarian inscription from 1304»,<i> Acta Orientalia</i>, 30, Budapest 1976, 159-161.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="132">132</a></b>) Clauson, <i>Etym. dict.</i> (fn. 125 above), p. 539.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="133">133</a></b>) Facsimile edition by Atalay (cf. fn. 126 above), p. 232.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">405</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The fifth name, Sagudat-, with no suffix, is of Eastern Iranian origin: *<i>ska-dt</i> «gift of the stag» - the stag was the totem of the Scythians <a href="#134">[134]</a>. The etymon *<i>[ka</i>, in Ossetian <i>sag</i>, is rendered in the Bactrian inscriptions as C</font></span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">‘““Ÿ, </font> </span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">C</font></span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">‘“Ÿ</font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">; in the middle of the fourth century there was a Scythian people on the Danube called Saga-dares *<i>sga-dr</i> «stag [totem] possessor» <a href="#135">[135]</a>. Old Persian <i>dta</i> is Middle Persian, e.g. Pahlavi, <i>d t</i> <a href="#136">[136]</a>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Conclusion: the five names preserved in <i>Mir</i> II are not «Slavic tribal names», but self-designations of Proto-Bulgarian <i>Sklavin</i> bands; accordingly they have clear Hunnic or Iranian etymologies.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><b> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"><a name="4_4">4</a>.</font></span></b></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Since all attempts to find an etymology of the term <i>Sklavin</i>- / <i>Slav</i>-, on native ground have failed, one is tempted to look elsewhere <a href="#137">[137]</a>. Proto-Bulgarian seems the most promising spot. There we find a common Hunno-Turkic</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="134">134</a></b>) See the data in V. I. Abaev, <i>Osetinskij jazyk i fol&#39;klor</i> 1, Moscow-Le-ningrad 1949, pp. 179-180; Id., <i>Istoriko-ètimologi eskij slovar&#39; osetinskogo jazyka</i>, vol. 3, Leningrad 1979, pp. 11-16. One may add the name of the Pe eneg castle on the southern side of the Dniester River </font> </span> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <font size="2">£±º°ºqı¹</font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">, in «De administrando imperio» (ca. 948), by Constantine Porphyrogenitus, see Pritsak, <i>The Pe enegs</i>, Lisse 1976, p. 19, fn. 74.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="135">135</a></b>) /dr/ is from -<i>dra</i> «holder, keeper», see Ilya Gershevich, <i>A Grammar of Manichaean Sogdian</i>, Oxford 1961, p. 173, § 1135.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="136">136</a></b>) Johann August Vullers, <i>Lexicon Persico-Latinum</i>, vol. 1 (repr. Graz 1962), p. 779. See also Febdinand Justi, <i>Iranisches Namenbuch</i> (repr. Hildesheim 1963), p. 491.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="137">137</a></b>) For bibliography, see Leszek MoszyDski&#39;s (unsatisfying) essay, «Czy <i>SBowianie</i> to rzeczywi[cie<i> nomen originis</i>»? <i>Z polskich studiów slawistycz nych.</i> Seria V, Warsaw 1978, 499-507. Tuomo Pekkanen («L&#39;origine degli Slavi e il loro nome nella letteratura greco-latina», <i>Quaderni Urbinati</i>, N. 11, 1971, pp. 51-64) suggests Slavic <i>slab</i>- &#39;weak&#39; (implausible), and Georg Kobth («Zur Etymologie des Wortes &#39;Slavus&#39; (Sklave)», <i>Glotta</i> 48 [Göttingen 1970], 145-153), starting from the meaning «slave», posits a linguistically and sociologically unlikely derivation from Greek </font> </span> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">ú{»¿½ </font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <font size="2">«Kriegsbeute».</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">406</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">word <i>saqla</i>-, &#39;to watch over, guard, protect&#39; <a href="#138">[138]</a>. The noun derived from it by the suffix */GU/ is attested in Kazan-Tatar (Muslim progeny of the Volga Bulgars) and in Karaim (modern Qip aq-Polovcian), where the suffix became /-w/. In these languages the noun <i>saqla-w</i> means &#39;guard, watch; guarding&#39; in the senses of actor, profession, place, or action <a href="#139">[139]</a>. As early as Proto-Bulgarian, the suffix */GU/ had become /w/ : e.g., </font> </span> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">º¿»¿</font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">-</font></span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">²</font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">-</font></span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Á</font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> (&lt; *<i>qola-!u-r</i>) &#39;leader&#39; <a href="#140">[140]</a>. Further, in Proto-Bulgarian stress moved from the root syllable to the suffix, and the root vowel then reduced, e.g., *<i>dawl-an</i> &gt; <i>dwan</i> &#39;hare&#39;, *<i>tovirYm</i> &gt; <i>tvirYm</i> «the ninth» <a href="#141">[141]</a>. Therefore one can assume that in Proto-Bulgarian the old *<i>saqla-!u</i> would develop as *<i>saqla-w</i> and later as <i>sqlaw</i>-. Proto-Bulgarian also had a collective suffix /-in/, used especially to designate peoples: e.g.,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="138">138</a></b>) See the data in Clauson, <i>Etym. dict.</i>, pp. 803, 810, and Martti Räsänen, <i> Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen</i>, Helsinki 1969, pp. 395-396. The verb is of denominal origin (<i>saq</i>). Ka!ar+ (ca. 1070) explains the meaning of the etymon <i>saq</i> as follows: «saq saq» an exclamation (</font><i><font size="2">h</font></i></span><i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">#arf</font></span></i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">) used by a sentry (</font><i><font size="2">al-h</font></i></span><i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">#ris</font></span></i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">) in the army to order alertness (<i>al-tayaqquz</i>#) to protect castles, forts, or horses from the hands of the enemy; one says <i> saqsaq</i> «be alert (</font><i><font size="2">ayqz</font></i></span><i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">#</font></span></i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">)»; hence one calls «an intelligent, (alert) man (</font><i><font size="2">al-fat</font></i></span><i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">#inu&#39;l-mutayyaqiz</font></span></i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">#)» <i>saq är</i> [<i>är</i> «man»], facsimile ed. by Atalay, pp. 167-168.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="139">139</a></b>) Kazan-Tatar<i> saqla-u</i> «Bewahren, Behüten» (Wilhelm Radloff, <i>Versuch eines Wörterbuches der Türk-Dialecte</i>, vol. 4, [repr. Hague 1960], col. 252); Karaim Troki <i>saqla-w</i> «die Wache», ibid. col. 254; Karaim Luc&#39;k <i>saqlaw</i> «die Wache» (Aleksander Mardkowicz, <i>SBownik karaimski</i> [Luc&#39;k 1935], p. 55); cf. <i>Karaimsko-russko-pol&#39;skij slovar&#39;</i>, Nikolaj Aleksandrovi  Baskakov et al., eds., Moscow 1974, p. 461: <i>saqlaw</i> «1. oxrana, straz; 2. xranenie». See also Chaghatai <i>saqlau</i> «die Kriegsgeisel», Radloff, Wb., col. 252.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">Concerning the deverbal nominal sufïix /GU/, which has three meanings, 1) actor; 2) abstracts; 3) instruments: see Annemarie von Gabain, <i>Alttürkische Grammatik</i>, 2nd ed., Leipzig 1950, pp. 71-72; Ananiasz Zajczkowski, <i>Sufiksy imienne i czasownikowe w jzyku zachodniokaraimskim</i>, Cracow 1932, pp. 66-68; Èrvand Vladimirovi  Sevortjan, <i>Affiksy imennogo slovoobrazovanija v azerbajd~anskom jazyke</i>, Moscow 1966, pp. 227-232.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="140">140</a></b>) See also the Volga Bulgarian inscription from 1307: <i>belü</i> «sepulchral monument» &lt; *<i>bälgü</i>; cf. Old Turkic <i>bälgü</i>; see also A. Róna-Tas, <i>Acta Orientalia</i> 30 (1976) 159.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="141">141</a></b>) Pritsak, <i>Bulgarische Fürstenliste</i>, pp. 46, 56-58.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">407</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Volga Bulgarian <i>Bulgar-in</i>, «the Bulgars», <i>Sowar-in</i> «the Sowars» <a href="#142">[142]</a>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Thus our conclusion is that there was a Proto-Bulgarian word <i>saqlaw</i> &gt; <i>sqlaw</i> with the plural form *<i>sqlaw-in</i> and two meanings: 1) «guard, watch, guarding»; 2) «trained slave». The Arabs, who were engaged in the slave trade, (see below), adopted the singular form as </font> <i><font size="3">s</font></i></span><i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">#</font></span></i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">(<i>a</i>)<i>qlab</i>, meaning «trained slave», while the Byzantines, who were interested in contacts with the collective of the <i>sqlawin</i> on their limes, adopted it as <i> sklavin</i>, adding a plural desinence: </font> </span> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <font size="3">£º»±²·½-¿w</font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">. In Slavic, the suffix was modified to the collective plural -<i>n-e</i>, denoting a social group, correlated with the singulative suffix -<i>in</i>-, while the impermissible initial cluster *<i>skl</i> was reduced to <i>sl</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><b> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"><a name="4_5">5</a>.</font></span></b></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The first appearance of the name of the <i>Sklavin</i> is connected with the story about the re-emigration of the Heruli from the Danube region to Scandinavia in 512.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Procopius, recording this event some years later (ca. 546-550; vol. 3, p. 414) says: «These men, <i>led by many of the royal blood</i> (italics mine, OP), traversed through all the bands (ethnos) of the Sklavins consecutively, and after next crossing a large tract of barren country, they came to the Varni, as they are called. After these they passed by the people of the Dani».</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The exact dwelling-place of these Sclavins of Proco-pius&#39;s has continually puzzled scholars. Many locations have been proposed, among them Bohemia, the Moravian Gate, Little Poland, and Silesia <a href="#143">[143]</a>. Yet all these suggest-</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="142">142</a></b>) See Pritsak, «Tschuwaschische Pluralsuffixe», <i>Studia Altaica</i>. <i>Festschrift für Nikolaus Poppe</i>, Wiesbaden 1957, pp. 148-49.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="143">143</a></b>) See AowmiaDski, <i>Pocztki Polski</i>, vol. 2, pp. 303-310.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">408</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">ions rest on two unproven hypotheses: that the temporary habitat of the Heruli was north of the Pannonian part of the Danube; and that the Heruli migrated by land.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">But the Heruli were no strangers in Eastern Europe. Until about 350 they were masters there and were known as the maritime power of the epoch. They had both Azov and the Black Sea under their control <a href="#144">[144]</a>. One may therefore conjecture that they travelled back home to Scandinavia by boat, being under the leadership - as Procopius clearly states - of «many of the royal blood», who surely knew the geography of that part of the world well. Procopius (vol. 3, p. 414) characterizes their temporary Danube settlement (before 512) as «the extremity of the world» (that is, of the Roman Empire), which at that time was the Danube/Ister frontier in Scythia Minor, or Dobrudja. I submit therefore that the Heruli began their voyage by river from the mouth of the Dniester, reaching the Vistula by way of the San, proceded from the Upper Vistula via the Warthe to the Upper Oder, then by the Spree and Havel to the Elbe, thus arriving in the territory of the Varni of Mecklenburg.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">If my hypothesis is correct, then the Heruli met the Sklavins at least during their voyage up the Dniester. We expect Sklavins in this region to account for the periodical raids, chiefly against the nearby provinces of Moesia and Thracia, reported in Byzantine sources for the first half of the sixth century.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><b> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"><a name="4_6">6</a>.</font></span></b></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">This leads to the next question: what was distinctive about the Sklavin troops? The manual of military tactics</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="144">144</a></b>) See V. F. Gajdukevi , <i>Bosporskoe carstvo</i>, Moscow-Leningrad 1949, pp. 448, 462, 469.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">409</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">by Pseudo-Mauricius, «Artis militaris libri duodecim» (ca. 600), devotes its eleventh book to techniques of dealing with foreign troops. Four categories are distinguished <a href="#145">[145]</a>:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">1. Persians;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">2. Scythians: Avars and Turks;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">3. Franks and Lombards;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">4. </font> </span> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <font size="3">£º»q²¿¹</font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> and </font> </span> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> ½Ä±¹</font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The anonymous author has organized his material to deal with two types of warfare, psychological and physical. This accounts for many of the pieces of information about ethnic groups and their «character» that are assembled in this special eleventh book. Since the author was well-read, he makes use of <i>topoi</i>. But he makes distinctions we must pay attention to. Thus he states that, contrary to Persian (and Byzantine) practice, the Scythians do not maintain the fixed battle order (the classical three wings), and that Frankish troops are organized not on the basis of professional military rank, but in terms of tribal retainers with no bonds of discipline. The Sklavs, he tells us, had exceptional skills in swimming and diving. They had hardly any cavalry, but operated in guerilla fashion with surprise attacks, especially in marshy or mountainous regions. Their archers and javelin-throwers, posted in inaccessible positions, could harass the Byzantine army from a distance.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Several sources stress that the Sklavs/Sklavins were specialists in the buiding of boats. Thus Theophylact</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="145">145</a></b>) Ed. H. Mihescu, <i>Mauricius. Arta militra</i>, Bucharest 1970, pp. 262-291. See also the special commentary by Bohumila Zástrová, <i>Les Avares et les Slaves dans la Tactique de Maurice</i>, Prague 1971.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">410</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Simocattes writes that around 595 the kagan of the Avars ordered the Sklavins to build ships to enable his army to cross the Danube <a href="#146">[146]</a>. He also informs us, in a much-discussed passage, that some Sklavini (</font></span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">£º»±Å·½¿w</font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">) lived (which we can surely interpret as «were stationed») «on the extreme shores of the Western Ocean» <a href="#147">[147]</a>, that is, the Baltic Sea.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The anonymously transmitted «Miracles of Saint Demetrius» (<i>Mir II</i>, ca 675-685) we mentioned above credits the Sklavins (</font></span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">£º»±²w½¿¹</font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">) of 614 with three maritime skills: first, they «invented» the techniques for constructing onestrake ships (</font></span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Äx ¼¿½y¾Å»¿½</font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> or «single-straker»); second, they could make ships of this type that could be navigated on the sea; and third, they developed a security system for their ships during battle, using covers made of wooden boards and skins <a href="#148">[148]</a>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">One is reminded of chapter 9 of <i>De administrando imperio</i>, where Constantine Prophyrogenitus states that the Sklavs (</font></span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">£º»q²¿¹</font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">) from different </font> </span> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> <font size="3">£º»±²·½w±¹</font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> («Slavic regions») «cut the single-strakers on their mountains in time of winter» and in spring they come down to Kiev to «sell them to the Rus&#39; (Rhos)» <a href="#149">[149]</a>. In a different region, Paul the Deacon (d. ca. 799) writes in his «History of the Lombards» that in about 641 «the <i>Sclavi</i> came with a great number of ships and set up their camp not far from the city of Siponto» on the Gulf of Manfredonia, Italy <a href="#150">[150]</a>. It is apparently because of the river skills of the Sklavins</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="146">146</a></b>) Theophylact, <i>Historiae</i>, ed. de Boor/Wirth, pp. 225-226.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="147">147</a></b>) Historiae, p. 223. See the analysis by Gerard Labuda, <i>Fragmenty dziejów SBowiaDszczyzny zachodniej</i>, vol. 1, Poznan 1960, pp. 109-122.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="148">148</a></b>) Ed. Lemerle, vol. 1, pp. 175-176.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="149">149</a></b>) Ed. Moravcsik (Eng. trans. R. J. H. Jenkins), pp. 56, 58.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="150">150</a></b>) <i>Pauli Historia Langobardorum</i>, ed. Georg Heinrich Pertz, Hannover 1878, p. 170.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">411</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">that they are associated with other river-dwellers in a very strange passage of Pseudo-Caesarius (ca. 530-558), </font> </span> <span lang="EL" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">¿1 £º»±²·½¿v º±v ¦ÅÃɽÖı¹, ¿1 º±v ”±½¿{²¹¿¹ ÀÁ¿Ã±³¿ÁµÅy¼µ½¿¹</font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">, in Slavonic: <i>Slovne i Thisonitn&#39; e~e i Dunavene nari jut&#39; se</i> <a href="#151">[151]</a>. Since Theophylactus Simocattes (p. 247) also stresses their skill in fighting from fortifications made from wagons (compare the <i>Wagenburg</i> defense used by }i~ka in the Hussite wars), the answer to the question we asked above is now obvious: the unique characteristic of the Sklavin troops is that they were amphibious units, trained for guerilla warfare both on water - especially rivers - and on land. To put it in American terminology, they were the marines of the epoch.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><b> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"><a name="4_7">7</a>.</font></span></b></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">But why did the Bulgars, nomads of the steppe, need amphibious troops? The answer lies in the whole strategic system of the time. It was Archibald R. Lewis, in dicussing a number of basic changes which had occurred during the fourth and fifth centuries, who stressed that the most important change, curiously overlooked by maritime historians, was «the sudden rise of a minor Greek city, Byzantium, to the status of a great metropolis following its choice as capital by the Emperor Constantine» (330-351) <a href="#152">[152]</a>. Whereas Rome was essentially land-oriented, the unique location of Constantinople, as Byzantium was now</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b><a name="151">151</a></b>) Ivan Duj ev, «Le témoignage du Pseudo-Césaire sur les Slaves», <i>Slavia Antiqua</i> 4, Poznan-Wroclaw 1954, 193-209. See also his edition of the Slavonic translation, «Iz dialozite na Psevdo-Kesarij» in <i>Estestvoznanieto v srednovekovna Balgarija</i>, Sofia 1954, p. 322.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">(<b