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<font face="Palatino Linotype">
<b><font size="4">Studies
in the History and Language of the Sarmatians</font></b><font size="4">
<br></font><b>J. Harmatta</b> </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">III. THE LANGUAGE OF THE SARMATIANS
<br>&nbsp; </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>3. The Sarmatian Dialects of the North Pontic Region</b>
</font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>11.</b> </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">The Old Iranian group of phonemes *χ<i>š</i>-,
too, has two different developments: 1. χ<i>š</i>-
or χ<i>s</i>, 2. <i>š</i>- or <i>s</i>-.
<br>&nbsp; </font>
<blockquote><font face="Palatino Linotype">Old Iranian *χ<i>š</i>- > χ<i>š</i>.</font></blockquote>

<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><br><img SRC="jh_094e.jpg" height=21 width=105 align=ABSBOTTOM> see
above:&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_094f.jpg" height=20 width=73 align=ABSBOTTOM>
~ Avestan χ<i>ša</i>ϑ<i>ra</i>-
'Herrschaft, Reich'. </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="jh_094g.jpg" height=21 width=128 align=ABSBOTTOM> Tanais,&nbsp;<img SRC="knipovich.jpg" height=15 width=88>,&nbsp;<img SRC="tanais.jpg" height=15 width=64>
No. 106 (189 A. D.):&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_094f.jpg" height=20 width=73 align=ABSBOTTOM>
see above. </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="jh_094h.jpg" height=21 width=133 align=ABSBOTTOM> Tanais,&nbsp;<img SRC="knipovich.jpg" height=15 width=88>,&nbsp;<img SRC="tanais.jpg" height=15 width=64>
No. 261 (220 and 228 A. D.):&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_094f.jpg" height=20 width=73 align=ABSBOTTOM>
see above. </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="jh_094i.jpg" height=20 width=117 align=ABSBOTTOM> Olbia. Latyshev,
<i>IOSPE</i>
I; 54:&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_094f.jpg" height=20 width=73 align=ABSBOTTOM>
see above. </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="jh_094j.jpg" height=20 width=109 align=ABSBOTTOM> Olbia. Latyshev,
<i>IOSPE</i>
IV, 17: see the preceding. </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="jh_094k.jpg" height=20 width=89 align=ABSBOTTOM> Tanais, Latyshev,&nbsp;<img SRC="knipovich.jpg" height=15 width=88>,&nbsp;<img SRC="tanais.jpg" height=15 width=64>
No. 264 (beginning of 3rd cent. A. D.): ~ Old Iranian *</font><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">χša</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">ϑ<i>ra</i>-<i>na</i>-
(Vasmer, <i>op. cit</i>., 45). </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="jh_094l.jpg" height=20 width=88 align=ABSBOTTOM> Olbia, <i>IAK</i>
18, 103 No. 4: ~ Old Iranian *</font><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">χša</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">ϑ<i>ra</i>-
'Herrschaft' + -<i>ama</i>- &#39;stark, kräftig&#39; combine to form a compound the 
meaning of which is &#39;durch seine Herrschaft kräftig&#39;. </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="jh_094m.jpg" height=21 width=58 align=ABSBOTTOM> Panticapaeum,
<i>IAK</i>
10, 41 No. 35. This name, hitherto unexplained, may be regarded as the
equivalent of an Old Iranian word *χ<i>šauba</i>-
'excitable', a present participle formed with the suffix -a- from the verb χ<i>šaub</i>-
( ~ Avestan χ<i>šaob</i>- 'in Aufregung geraten',
Bartholomae, <i>AirWb</i>. 542).
<br>&nbsp; </font>
<blockquote><font face="Palatino Linotype">Old Iranian χ<i>š</i>- > <i>š</i>-.</font></blockquote>

<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><br><img SRC="jh_094n.jpg" height=20 width=116 align=ABSBOTTOM> 'King
of the Saii' Olbia, Dittenberger, Syll. No. 495. This name was interpreted
by Tomaschek (see Justi, <i>op. cit.</i>, 279) as a compound consisting
of equivalents of the Avestan words <i>šaēta</i>- 
&#39;Geld, Vermögen&#39; and χ<i><sup>v</sup>arənah</i>- 
(Old Persian farnah-) &#39;Ruhm, Ruhmesglanz, Herrlichkeit, Hoheit, Majestät&#39; (see 
Bartholomae, <i>AirWb</i>. 1704, 1870). This explanation is unimpeachable
both from the semantic and the phonetic points of view. Hence the name&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_094n.jpg" height=20 width=116 align=ABSBOTTOM>
must be read as <i>šaita-farn</i> and its meaning is &#39;der durch Vermögen 
Herrlichkeit besitzt&#39;. The initial phoneme <i>š</i>- in the Avestan word
<i>šaēta</i>-
goes back to the group of phonemes χ<i>š</i>-
( &lt; *χ<i>šaita</i>-) ; see Bartholomae, <i>AirWb</i>.
1704; Kuiper, <i>ZII</i> VIII, 245. </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="saioi.jpg" height=17 width=50> 'Sarmatian tribe in the district
of Olbia', Olbia, Dittenberger, loc. cit. This people's name was compared
by Tomaschek, <i>Thraker</i> I, 99 with the Avestan word </font><i>
<font face="Palatino Linotype">χšaya</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">- 
&#39;Herrscher, Fürst, König&#39; (Bartholomae, <i>AirWb</i>., 550).
This interpretation was, however, called in question by Vasmer (<i>op.
cit.</i>, 50), on the ground that we find the phoneme <i>š</i>- instead
of χ<i>š</i>- in initial position. Under the
influence of Vasmer's arguments I myself rejected Tomaschek's explanation
and connected the name&nbsp;<img SRC="saioi.jpg" height=17 width=50> with
the Avestan word <i>sāy</i>- 
&#39;ungleichmäßig gefärbt, scheckig&#39; (<i>e. g.</i> in the
proper name <i>sāyuždrī</i>-,
the real meaning of which is 'des weibliche Zugtiere scheckig sind'; see
Bartholomae, <i>AirWb</i>. 1569, 1572). In this case this people's name
would belong to the same type of names as Turkish <i>bulaq</i>, <i>ala
yontlu</i>, etc. meaning 'piebald, hav-
<br>&nbsp; </font>
<center><table BORDER CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=3 COLS=1 WIDTH="80%" >
<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>Additional Notes</i> </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>To p. 94</i> foll. Now I regard the following interpretations as
correct:&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_107a.jpg" height=20 width=113 align=ABSBOTTOM>
&lt; *χ<i>šaita-farnah</i>- and&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_107b.jpg" height=19 width=48 align=ABSBOTTOM>
&lt; *χ<i>šaya</i>-.</font></td>
</tr>
</table></center>

<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">94
<br><img SRC="line_up.gif" height=18 width=596> </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">ing pied horses' (see <i>Folia Ethnographica</i> I, 130). Although this
interpretation cannot be objected to either on phonetic or on semantic
grounds, and is still a possible alternative, we have to point out that
Tomaschek's explanation is by no means improbable — in fact, in some respects
it seems more likely. Vasmer's objection with regard to the initial phonemes
falls to the ground, since in the name of Saitapharnes, King of the Saii,
we find precisely the same correspondence of <i>š</i>- to the Old Iranian
initial group of phonemes </font><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">χš</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">- (the correctness
of the interpretation of the king's name can hardly be doubted). Thus we
are justified in comparing the people's name&nbsp;<img SRC="saioi.jpg" height=17 width=50>
with the Avestan word χ<i>šaya</i>- 'Herrscher'
as well as its Modern Iranian equivalents, <i>viz.</i> Wakhi <i>šai</i>
'fat, rich' and Šhughni <i>š</i></font><i><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">ayēn</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">
'khans' (see Morgenstierne, <i>Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages</i>, II,
541), the phonemic forms of which show a perfect correspondence. Compared
with the former explanation, this interpretation of the people's name&nbsp;<img SRC="saioi.jpg" height=17 width=50>
is rendered more likely by the circumstance that the Saii —judging from
the data in the Protogenes-inscription — were probably the leading tribe
or ruling class in a tribal federation. In this respect they may be compared
with the leading or ruling tribes of other nomadic Iranian tribal federations
or nomadic empires,<i> e. g.</i> with the 'Royal' Scythians or the 'Royal'
Sarmatians, etc. whose names expressed precisely their outstanding social
position. Among the names of such 'royal' tribes we find <i>e. g. </i>the
people's names&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_095a.jpg" height=17 width=69> = χ<i>šayant</i>-
'herrschend' and&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_095b.jpg" height=20 width=63 align=ABSBOTTOM>
= <i>parvya</i>- 'erster' (on these various points see Harmatta. <i>ESlR</i>
II, 29); the name&nbsp;<img SRC="saioi.jpg" height=17 width=50> = χ<i>šaya</i>-
'Herrscher' fits well into this series. Thus, from the sociological angle,
this latter interpretation of the name of the Saii seems preferable to
the former.
<br>&nbsp; </font>
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