ÿþ<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en"> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=unicode"> <meta name="Author" content="Vassil Karloukovski"> <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 5.0"> <meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document"> <title>J. Harmatta - 3.3</title> </head> <body> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <b><font size="4">Studies in the History and Language of the Sarmatians</font></b><font size="4"> <br></font><b>J. Harmatta</b> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">III. THE LANGUAGE OF THE SARMATIANS <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>3. The Sarmatian Dialects of the North Pontic Region</b> <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Thus, in examining the Iranian names preserved in the Greek inscriptions of South Russia, we have to clear up the question as to whether these names really reflect a homogeneous language, and whether this language may really be regarded as the predecessor of Ossetian. The question is, what criteria have we to employ in attempting to solve this problem. Miller's proofs, as we have seen above, are partly of phonemic, partly of morphological character. As to the two morphological proofs, <i>i. e.</i> the presence of the suffix -<i>äg</i> and -<i>gin</i> in the names of the inscriptions, undue importance need not be attached to them. Miller himself has pointed out that the suffix -<i>äg</i> is found also in Persian, in Baluchi, and in Afghan. <a href="#72.">[72]</a> One may <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><a NAME="72."></a><b>72.</b> <i>Die Sprache der Osseten</i>, 89. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">76 <br><img SRC="line_up.gif" height=18 width=596> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">add that it has since been discovered in Sogdian, too; cp. <i>e. g.am r k</i> &#39;qui a des scrupules, qui hésite&#39;, from the verb <i>am r</i>-; <i>np ya k</i> 'qui ecrit' from the verb <i>np ya</i>-, etc. <a href="#73.">[73]</a> The same applies also to the suffix -<i>gin</i>, equivalents of which have been found by Benveniste in Persian and Sogdian. <a href="#74.">[74]</a> Thus these morphological elements cannot be utilized to prove the existence of nearer genealogical connections between the language of the Iranian tribes in South Russia and Ossetian. In order to clarify the relation between the Iranian names in the Pontic Greek inscriptions and Ossetian, we shall have to rely on phonemic criteria. This implies, no doubt, a certain degree of one-sidedness; but this one-sidedness is the direct consequence of the linguistic material at our disposal. Moreover, if we have to count with the existence of several dialects among the Iranian tribes of South Russia, these differences may be best determined on the basis of phonemic criteria. The differences might become even sharper if we were able to define the phonemic system of the languages or dialects used by the various Iranian tribes of South Russia; but the one-sided linguistic material, preserved only in Greek transcription, does not make this feasible. Hence in the rest of this essay we shall have to limit ourselves to the demonstration and systematization of phonemic differences. <a href="#75.">[75]</a> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">If we examine the Iranian names preserved in Greek inscriptions as well as the Sarmatian names figuring in the works of classical antiquity, we shall find that names dating from roughly the same period show different developments for certain Old Iranian phonemes or groups of phonemes. This fact is of outstanding importance since the most obvious explanation of the phenomenon is that names, showing different lines of phonemic development but dating from the same period, derive from different dialects. This, in turn, leads us to the conclusion that the Iranian (Sarmatian) tribes in South Russia spoke dialects or languages more or less different from one another. These languages and dialects were, of course, possibly more closely connected among themselves than with any other Iranian language. The most characteristic cases of this type are the following: </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>1.</b> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">The Old Iranian initial group of phonemes *<i>ar-y</i>- has four different developments: 1. <i>ar-(y)</i>-, 2. <i>al</i>-, 3. <i>ir</i>-, 4. <i>il</i>-. <br>&nbsp; </font> <blockquote><font face="Palatino Linotype">Old Iranian *<i>ar-y</i>-&nbsp; > <i>ar-(y)</i>-.</font></blockquote> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><br><i>Arii</i> 'name of a tribe in South Russia' in Epiphanius (4th cent. A. D.), De lapide ligyrio V. IV. p. 190 Dind. (<img SRC="latyshev.jpg" height=17 width=77 align=ABSBOTTOM>,&nbsp;<img SRC="izvestija_dervnikh_pisatelej.jpg" height=17 width=244 align=ABSBOTTOM>, I. 712): &lt; Old Iranian *<i>arya</i>- ~ Avestan <i>airya</i>- (Vasmer, <i>Die Iranier in Südrußland</i>. 33). </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>Arraei</i> Sarmatae, quos <i>Areatas</i> voncant: Pliny, Nat. Hist. IV 41 (1st c. A. D.). Thus Pliny gives two names for this Sarmatian tribe living south of the Danube. In the ending of the second name we recognize the plural suffix -<i>t,</i> -<i>tä</i>, found also in Ossetian, Sogdian, and Yagnobi. The remaining first part of the name (<i>Area</i>-) may be compared again with the Old Iranian name *<i>arya</i>-. The difference that appears in the second syllable of the two forms (-<i>ea</i>- ~ -<i>ya</i>-) may be explained in two different ways. First, taking into consideration the fact that in the transmission of Pliny's text the names of peoples are to a varying degree, and sometimes hopelessly, corrupt, <br>&nbsp; </font> <center><table BORDER CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=3 COLS=1 WIDTH="80%" > <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>Additional Notes</i> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>To p. 77.</i> L. Zgusta, <i>Die Personennamen griechischer Städte der nördlichen Schwarzmeerküste</i>. 263 made the surprising statement that we do not know anything about the ethnical qualification of the <i>Arraei Sarmatae</i>. Does the qualification Sarmatae not say him really anything?</font></td> </tr> </table></center> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><a NAME="73."></a><b>73.</b> See Benveniste, <i>Essai de grammaire sogdienne</i>, II, 55. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><a NAME="74."></a><b>74.</b> <i>Essai de grammaire sogdienne</i>, II. 97. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><a NAME="75."></a><b>75.</b> On the classification of dialects sec Gy. Laziczius, <i>A magyar nyelvjárások</i>, Budapest 1936, 44 foll. For the criticism of earlier methods see&nbsp;<img SRC="shor_chemodanov.jpg" height=14 width=120 align=ABSBOTTOM>,&nbsp;<img SRC="vvedenie_jaz.jpg" height=14 width=185 align=ABSBOTTOM>, 228 foll. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">77 <br><img SRC="line_up.gif" height=18 width=596> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">we may easily suppose that <i>Area-tas</i> is a corruption of an earlier form *<i>Aria-tas</i>. This form would correspond precisely to a possible Sarmatian form *<i>arya-ta</i>. The second, more likely possibility is that the spelling <i>Area</i>- reflects a form <i>ar<img SRC="e_gdro.jpg" height=20 width=12 align=ABSBOTTOM>a</i>- which is simply a variation of the word <i>arya</i>-. There is a parallel among the names preserved in the inscriptions: the name&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_078a.jpg" height=19 width=80 align=ABSBOTTOM> known from two inscriptions of Tanais, the nearest possible transcription, in Greek letters, of an Iranian form <i>syvak</i> ( ~ Avestan <i>syva</i>- 'schwarz') appears in the variation&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_078b.jpg" height=20 width=79 align=ABSBOTTOM> in an inscription of Panticapaeum (see Vasmer, <i>op. cit.</i>, 51 foll., Schaeder, <i>Iranica</i>, 51). This latter datum makes it clear that the spelling <i>Area</i>- may be also a transcription of the word <i>arya</i>- or one of its variations (? <i>arYya</i>- or <i>ar<img SRC="e_gdro.jpg" height=20 width=12 align=ABSBOTTOM>a</i>-). If we take into consideration that the form <i>Areatas</i> contains an Iranian morphological element (the plural suffix -<i>t</i>) , it seems very likely that this name was used by the Sarmatian tribe in question, to denote itself. It is possible that this name is somehow connected with the one discussed above. The most natural assumption would be that this, in its turn, is a Latinized (or, if Pliny took his datum from a Greek source, Grecized) form of the word <i>arya</i>-. In this case, however, we must regard it as a corruption of the form *<i>Arii</i> or *<i>Arei</i>. To show that such a distortion might easily occur in the transmission of Pliny's text, it is enough to quote the manuscript variants of the name <i>Pangaei</i>: <i>pangaei</i>, <i>pangei</i>, <i>paegiae</i>, <i>pegei</i>, <i>peie</i>. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="jh_078c.jpg" height=22 width=335 align=ABSBOTTOM> Diod. Sic. XX. 22, 4 &lt; *<i>arya-farnah</i>- (Vasmer, loc. cit.). <br>&nbsp; </font> <blockquote><font face="Palatino Linotype">Old Iranian *<i>ar-y</i>- > <i>al</i>-.</font></blockquote> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><br><img SRC="alanoi.jpg" height=19 width=67 align=ABSBOTTOM> 'Iranian tribe of Southern Russia' Flav. Joseph. VII 7, 4. The name of the Alans is known from other sources, too: <i>e. g.</i> Chinese sources: A-lan (Hou-Han-snu, 118, Wei-lüe, fragm. 22. see Junge, <i>Saka-Studien</i>, 77); Latin authors: <i>Alani</i> and <i>Halani</i>; Arabic and Persian sources: <i>al-Lan</i>; recently the name has been discovered also in Mingrel, one of the Caucasian languages: <i>alani</i>-<i>ko<img SRC="th_t.jpg" height=21 width=11 align=ABSBOTTOM>i</i> '<img SRC="chelovek_alan.jpg" ALT="Alanian man" height=17 width=110 align=ABSBOTTOM>,&nbsp;<img SRC="silnyj.jpg" ALT="i.e. strong" height=16 width=127 align=ABSBOTTOM><img SRC="khrabryj.jpg" ALT="brave" height=18 width=79 align=ABSBOTTOM><img SRC="molodec.jpg" ALT="hero, champion" height=16 width=75 align=ABSBOTTOM>' (see&nbsp;<img SRC="abaev.jpg" height=15 width=51 align=ABSBOTTOM>,&nbsp;<img SRC="ian_sssr.jpg" height=15 width=99 align=ABSBOTTOM> OOH 1935, 883). All data in the sources point to the form <i>alan</i>. The name <i>alan</i> admits of two acceptable interpretations. According to Andreas (cf. H. Jacobsohn, <i>Arier und Ugrofinnen</i>. 234) and Sköld (<i>Die ossetischen Lehnwörter im Ungarischen</i>, 68) it goes back to the plural genitive form <i>arynm</i> of the Old Iranian word <i>arya</i>-; hence, morphologically, it is ultimately identical with the Persian name&nbsp;<i>rn</i>, <i>*rn</i>. According to the other interpretation, also the name <i>alan</i> goes back to the Old Iranian word <i>arya</i>- 'Arier' (more correctly, perhaps, to&nbsp;<i>rya</i>-, see Tedesco, <i>ZII</i> II (1923) 46); not, however, to the genitive plural but to the form&nbsp;<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>ry<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM>na</i>- formed with the suffix -<i>na</i>-. From the angle of phonetics, assuming the development -<i>ry</i>- > -<i>l</i>-, <a href="#76.">[76]</a> both interpretations are irreproachable; yet, owing to semantic considerations, the second explanation must be preferred. The name&nbsp;<i>rn</i>,&nbsp;<i>*rn</i> is the name of a country and probably developed from the construction&nbsp;<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>ry<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM>nm </i>Ç</font><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">aaÑram</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype"> >&nbsp;<i>rn aahr</i> 'das Reich der Arier'. All our data, however, which refer to the name <i>alan</i> (with the exception of the Chinese sources, the testimony of which, in this respect, is by no means decisive) agree in indicating that this name was the <i>name of a people</i>. The word&nbsp;<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>rya</i>- and its derivation&nbsp;<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>ry<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM>na</i>- were used to denote a tribe or a tribal federation. An enlightening parallel to this use may be found in the tribal names discussed above (<i>Arii</i> and <i>Arraei</i> ~ <i>Areatae</i>) as well as in the name the Eastern Ossetes use about themselves, <i>viz.</i> the name <i>ir</i> 'Ironer (Ostosseten)' which may also be traced back to the Old Iranian form <br>&nbsp; </font> <center><table BORDER CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=3 COLS=1 WIDTH="80%" > <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>Additional Notes</i> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>To p. 78.</i> The problem of the name <i>Alani</i> was often discussed in the meantime. At first I would add A. Freiman: RO 3 (1925) 158 foll, (<i>aln &lt; aryaanm</i>  <i> ir &lt;&nbsp;r &lt; err &lt; arya</i>-) to my references. Cf. further V. 1. Abaev:&nbsp;<img SRC="oset_jaz.jpg" height=16 width=155 align=ABSBOTTOM><img SRC="folklor.jpg" height=17 width=78 align=ABSBOTTOM>. I. 156, 245 foll., F. Altheim: <i>Aus Spätantike und Christentum</i>. 63, 168 und <i>Geschichte der Hunnen</i>. I. 58 foll., L. Zgusta:<i> Die Personennamen griechischer Städte der nördlichen Schwarzmeerküste</i>. 264, I. Gershevitch: BSOAS 17 (1955) 486, V. I. Abaev:&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_105a.jpg" height=18 width=238 align=ABSBOTTOM><img SRC="jh_105b.jpg" height=17 width=70 align=ABSBOTTOM><img SRC="jh_105c.jpg" height=14 width=172 align=ABSBOTTOM>. I. 47 foll., 545 foll., H. W. Bailey: TrPhS 1959. 98 foll., G. Akhvlediani:&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_104a.jpg" height=19 width=231 align=ABSBOTTOM><img SRC="jh_104b.jpg" height=18 width=192 align=ABSBOTTOM>. 211 foll. As to the recent attempts to elucidate the origin of the name <i>Alani</i>, I restrict myself to a few short remarks here. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">1. A form *<i>rya</i>- cannot be evidenced in Iranian languages, accordingly we can only suppose an Old Iranian form *<i>arya</i>- as starting point. Thus the form allon cannot be a genuine development from *<i>aryna</i>- in Ossetian. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">2. <i>Alan</i> is a name which is never applied by the Ossetes to themselves. This fact speaks against the Ossetian origin of this term. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">3. The development -<i>ry</i>- > -<i>l-</i>cannot be proved in Ossetian reassuringly, because all reliable instances quoted by Abaev and others only show -<i>ri</i>- > -<i>l</i>-. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">4. The Eastern Ossetes use the name <i>ir</i>, <i>iron</i> to denote themselves, consequently this name must be genuine and cannot be regarded as of Caucasian origin. Because the Western Ossetes do not denote themselves with the term <i>irä</i>, this form may be borrowed by them from the Eastern Ossetes. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">5. The name <i>asi</i> is used by the Ossetes as the denomination of Balkaria where the place-names prove the former existence of a population speaking an Ossetian dialect. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">From all these facts it follows that the problem of the historical relations between <i>Alani</i>, <i>s</i> and <i>Ossetes</i> is a very complicated one. I hope to come back to this question.</font></td> </tr> </table></center> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><a NAME="76."></a><b>76.</b> Andreas, quoted by Gauthiot, <i>Essai de grammaire sogdienne</i>, I, III,; Jacobsohn, <i>Arier und Ugrufinnen</i>, 234. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">78 <br><img SRC="line_up.gif" height=18 width=596> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>rya</i>-. The form&nbsp;<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>ry<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM>na</i>- itself is found in the Avesta: <i>airyana</i>- 'arisch', </font> <i> <font face="Palatino Linotype">airyanYmÇ</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">v<i>arYnM</i>, <i>airyanYmva<img SRC="j_cv.jpg" height=22 width=14 align=ABSBOTTOM>M</i> (Bartholomae, <i>AirWb</i>. 198). Recently, the from&nbsp;<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>ry<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM>na</i>- has also been traced in Sogdian in the construction&nbsp;<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>ry<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM>nmvai<img SRC="j_cv.jpg" height=22 width=14 align=ABSBOTTOM>ah</i>:  <i>ry</i> <i>nwyjn<img SRC="o_ot.jpg" height=12 width=8 align=ABSBOTTOM></i>: <i>aryn v~an</i> (see Henning, <i>ZDMG</i> XC [1936], 5). Since, however, the above word does not occur otherwise in Sogdian, we may possibly have to do with a borrowing from Persian in this case. We have to point out. however, that none of these data testifying to the existence of the word&nbsp;<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>ry<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM>na</i>- are used to denote the name of a people, or the name of a definite tribe. For this reason, from the angle of deriving the word <i>alan</i> as the name of a people from the form *<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>ry<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM>na</i>-, decisive importance attaches to the fact that in Ossetian we actually find the word&nbsp;<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>rya</i>-, with the suffix -<i>na</i>- appended, used to denote an ethnical unit: <i>iron</i> 'Ironer (Ost-Ossete), ost-ossetisch' &lt; Old Iranian *<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>ry<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM>na</i>-. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">The derivation of the name <i>alan</i> from the form *<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>ry<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM>na</i>- was earlier regarded with some scepticism by Vasmer; <a href="#77.">[77]</a> later, however, he came to accept this interpretation <a href="#78.">[78]</a>. In the eyes of those advocating the identity of Alans and Ossetes, the most surprising feature in this derivation of the name <i>alan</i> from the form&nbsp;<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>ry<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM>na</i>-, was the need to suppose the presence of the phonetic change -<i>ry</i>- > -<i>l</i>-, a change that cannot be shown to have taken place in Ossetian. In Ossetian the Old Iranian initial group of phonemes *<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>ry</i>- does not develop into <i>al</i>-, as one would expect on the basis of the name <i>alan</i> and the supposed identity of Alans and Ossetes: it develops into&nbsp;<i>+r</i>- or&nbsp;<img SRC="i_gdro.jpg" height=19 width=9 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>+r</i>- (cf. Eastern Ossetian&nbsp;<i>+r</i> 'Ironer (Ostosseten)' Western Ossetian&nbsp;<img SRC="i_gdro.jpg" height=19 width=9 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>+rä</i> '<img SRC="osetinskaja.jpg" ALT="Ossetian" height=14 width=91 align=ABSBOTTOM><img SRC="poroda.jpg" ALT="race, breed" height=15 width=62 align=ABSBOTTOM>,&nbsp;<img SRC="oset_narod.jpg" ALT="Ossetian people" height=15 width=100 align=ABSBOTTOM>&#39; see Munkácsi, <i>KSz</i> XXI (1932), 86, &lt; Old Iranian *<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>rya</i>-; Eastern Ossetian <i>iron</i> 'Ironer (Ost-Ossete), ost-ossetisch' &lt; Old Iranian *<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>ry<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM>na</i>- <a href="#79.">[79]</a>). Hence the name&nbsp;<img SRC="alanoi.jpg" height=19 width=67 align=ABSBOTTOM> can in no wise be regarded as Ossetian because its phonemic form cannot be brought into line with the phonemic correspondences between Old Iranian and Ossetian. Nor does the situation change if we reject the view discussed above, and suppose that the name&nbsp;<img SRC="alanoi.jpg" height=19 width=67 align=ABSBOTTOM> goes back only indirectly to *<i>arya-na</i>- <a href="#80.">[80]</a>, because, even assuming this, we cannot explain the presence of the initial <i>a</i>- from Ossetian. The fact that the name <i>Alan</i> cannot be interpreted from Ossetian has a decisive importance on our judgment about the relations of Alans and Ossetes. It would be an obvious assumption, of course, that the name <i>Alan</i> was not applied by the Alans to themselves. This possibility, to which there can be no objection in principle, is, however, excluded by the fact that the change -<i>ry</i>- > -<i>l</i>- may be demonstrated also in the case of another name, precisely on the linguistic territory of the Alans (see the following item). </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="jh_079a.jpg" height=20 width=101 align=ABSBOTTOM> Phanagoria, Latyshev, <i>IOSPE</i> II, 363 (307 A. D.): Vasmer, in <i>Die Iranier in Südrußland</i>, 31 explains this form as deriving from Old Iranian *<i>arya</i>-Ç</font><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">aaÑra</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">- through dissimilation, in <i>RLV</i> XII 224 as deriving from the same form, through popular etymology, under the influence of&nbsp;<img SRC="alexandros.jpg" height=20 width=107 align=ABSBOTTOM>. But the names of the inscriptions do not furnish any examples for such dissimilation (cp.&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_079b.jpg" height=20 width=100 align=ABSBOTTOM>,&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_079c.jpg" height=19 width=107 align=ABSBOTTOM> Vasmer, <i>Die Iranier in Südrußland</i>, 33): as to connecting this word with the Greek name&nbsp;<img SRC="alexandros.jpg" height=20 width=107 align=ABSBOTTOM>, by way of popular etymology, this could have occurred only after the change <i>ary</i>- > <i>al</i>- had taken place: hence it seems certain that, as in the case of the people's name&nbsp;<img SRC="alanoi.jpg" height=19 width=67 align=ABSBOTTOM>, here, too, we have to do with the change <i>ary</i>- > <i>al</i>-, having the force of a phonetic law. Old Iranian *<i>arya</i>-Ç</font><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">aaÑra</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">- developed into *<i>ala</i>-Ç</font><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">aarÑ</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype"> and this form may have turned, being connected in popular etymology <br>&nbsp; </font> <center><table BORDER CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=3 COLS=1 WIDTH="80%" > <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>Additional Notes</i> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>To p. 79.</i> As a parallel to&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_105e.jpg" height=20 width=103 align=ABSBOTTOM> reflecting the earlier stage of phonemic development, the name&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_105f.jpg" height=26 width=115 align=ABSBOTTOM> (Eltegen, 2nd half of the 1st  1st half of the 2nd centuries A. D., CIRB No. 931) can be quoted. The assumption of Zgusta (<i>Die Personennamen griechischer Städte der nördlichen Schwarzmeerküste</i>. 64) that&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_105e.jpg" height=20 width=103 align=ABSBOTTOM> might be a clerical error for&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_105g.jpg" height=21 width=101 align=ABSBOTTOM> is a mere invention.</font></td> </tr> </table></center> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><a NAME="77."></a><b>77.</b> <i>Die Iranier in Südrußland</i>, 31. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><a NAME="78."></a><b>78.</b> <i>RLV</i> XII, 242. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><a NAME="79."></a><b>79.</b> Hübschmann, <i>Etymologie und Lautlehre der ossetischen Sprache</i>, 41. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><a NAME="80."></a><b>80.</b> Vasmer, <i>loc. cit.</i> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">79 <br><img SRC="line_up.gif" height=18 width=596> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">with the Greek word&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_080a.jpg" height=20 width=54 align=ABSBOTTOM> or&nbsp;<img SRC="alexandros.jpg" height=20 width=107 align=ABSBOTTOM> into&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_079a.jpg" height=20 width=101 align=ABSBOTTOM>. Another possibility is that the form&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_079a.jpg" height=20 width=101 align=ABSBOTTOM> does not owe anything to Greek popular etymology but simply reflects a form *<i>alä</i>Ç</font><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">sarÑ</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">. One is justified in supposing the existence of such a form, on the analogy of parallel forms like&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_080b.jpg" height=20 width=113 align=ABSBOTTOM> &lt; Old Iranian *<i>kaina</i>Ç</font><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">aaÑra</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">- and&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_080c.jpg" height=20 width=107 align=ABSBOTTOM><img SRC="o_ot.jpg" height=12 width=8 align=ABSBOTTOM>: <i>knä</i>Ç</font><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">sarÑ</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="jh_080d.jpg" height=21 width=92 align=ABSBOTTOM> Phanagoria, Latyshev, <i>IOSPE</i> II, 389. If this, in fact, is the correct form of the name (it does not seem quite certain), then the word reflects an Iranian form <i>malda</i>³ which, in turn, may have developed from an Old Iranian form *<i>marya</i>-<i>taka</i>-, under the operation of the change -<i>ry</i>- > -<i>l</i>-. The element <i>marya</i>- in this word may be regarded as the exact equivalent of the Old Indian word <i>marya</i>- &#39;Jüngling, flotter junger Mann&#39;, while the second part -<i>taka</i>- may stand for a group of suffixes. This latter can probably be divided into the elements -<i>(a)t-a-ka</i>-. With regard to the suffix -<i>at</i>-, -<i>t</i>-, cp. Avestan <i>brvat</i>- 'Augenbraue' ~ Old Indian <i>bhrk</i>- 'Augenbraue' and Avestan <i>hu-zmit</i>- &#39;leicht gebärend&#39; ~ Avestan <i>hu-zmay</i>- 'leichte Gehurt' (H. Reichelt, <i>Awestisches Elementarbuch</i>, 152); as to the juxtaposition of the suffixes -<i>t</i>-and -<i>t-a</i>-, cp. Old. Indian <i>harit</i>- 'falb' ~ <i>harita</i>- &#39;gelb, grün&#39;, from the word <i>haray</i>- 'gelb, falb', and the corresponding juxtaposition of the suffixes -<i>it</i>- and -<i>ita</i>- in Old Iranian, <i>e. g.</i> Avestan <i>masit</i>- &#39;ausgedehnt, groß&#39; ~ <i>masita</i>- &#39;groß, umfangreich&#39;, from the word <i>mas</i>- &#39;lang, ausgedehnt, groß&#39;. As to the suffix -<i>ka</i>-, this is one of the most frequent elements of word-formation in the Iranian languages, occurring very often also in combination with numerous other suffixes. It appears <i>e. g.</i> in Sogdian in the following groups of suffixes: -<i>( )n k</i> &lt; *-<i>(a)-na-ka</i>-, -<i> nyk</i> &lt; *-<i>anayaka</i>-, - <i>y</i>Ç<i>k</i> &lt; *-<i>ai</i>Ç<i>aka</i>-, -<i> yk</i> &lt; *-<i>ayaka</i>-, -<i> yn k</i> &lt; *<i>ainaka</i>-, etc. (see Benveniste, <i>Essai de grammaire sogdienne</i>, II, 95 foll.). The situation is precisely the same in the Saka language. Here, too, the suffix -<i>ka</i>- is very frequent (&quot;sehr verbreitet und bis in die Spätzeit lebendig&quot;  says Konow in his <i>Khotansakische Grammatik</i>, 67), and is used also in combination with several other suffixes; see <i>e. g. -naa</i>- &lt; *-<i>naka</i>-, -<i>laka</i>-, -<i>l+ka</i>-, etc. (Konow, <i>op. cit.</i>, 68, 70). Traces of the group of suffixes -<i>taka</i>-are found, too, in one or two Ossetian words. Thus, the word <i>säftäg</i> 'Klaue, Huf' which is connected with the Avestan word <i>safa</i>- 'Huf' (see Miller, <i>Die Sprache der Osseten</i>, 94), goes back undoubtedly to an Old Iranian form *<i>safa-taka</i>- and contains the compound suffix -<i>taka</i>- supposed to be present in the name <i>Malda</i>³ &lt; *<i>Marya</i>-<i>taka</i>-. Thus the derivation of the name&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_080d.jpg" height=21 width=92 align=ABSBOTTOM> from the Old Iranian form *<i>marya-taka</i>- becomes very probable, and if the restoration of the name proves to be correct, it supplies another example of the phonetic change -<i>ry</i>- > -<i>l</i>-. <br>&nbsp; </font> <blockquote><font face="Palatino Linotype">Old Iranian *<i>ar-y</i>- > <i>ir</i>-.</font></blockquote> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><br><img SRC="jh_080e.jpg" height=22 width=290 align=ABSBOTTOM>, Panticapaeum (193 208 A. D.). The name, certainly has to be read as <i>irak</i>- because, on inscriptions dating from the same period we often find&nbsp;<i><b>·</b></i> instead of&nbsp;<i><b>¹</b></i>: &lt; Old Iranian *<i>arya-ka</i>- (Vasmer, <i>Die Iranier in Südrußland</i>, 39 foll., <i>Iranisches aus Südrußland</i>, 368). </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="jh_080f.jpg" height=20 width=58 align=ABSBOTTOM> Tanais,&nbsp;<img SRC="knipovich.jpg" height=15 width=88>,&nbsp;<img SRC="tanais.jpg" height=15 width=64> No. 195 (188 A. D.). This name was regarded by Miller as a compound of the Ossetian words <i>ir</i> and <i>vidag</i> (<i>ir</i> 'Ironer (Ostosseten)' > *<img SRC="a_gd.jpg" height=16 width=12 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>rya</i>-; <i>vidag</i>, Munkácsi: <i>KSz</i> XXI (1932), 83:&nbsp;<img SRC="u_gdro.jpg" height=17 width=13 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>idag</i>,&nbsp;<img SRC="u_gdro.jpg" height=17 width=13 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>i<sup>e</sup>dagä</i> 'Wurzel', the approximate sense of the whole name being 'von arischer Wurzel'); Vasmer was right, however, in pointing out that the earlier meaning of the word <i>vidag</i> was probably 'Weide' (cp. <i>e. g</i>. Avestan <i>vatay</i>- 'Weide, Weidengerte', and that with this meaning the name does not give any acceptable sense (Vasmer, <i>Die Iranier in Südrußland</i>, 41). With regard to&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_080g.jpg" height=20 width=31 align=ABSBOTTOM>, the first element in the name, Miller's interpretation may be accepted in any case. As to the second element&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_080h.jpg" height=20 width=36 align=ABSBOTTOM> (stem:&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_080i.jpg" height=20 width=37 align=ABSBOTTOM>), there are two <br>&nbsp; </font> <center><table BORDER CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=3 COLS=1 WIDTH="80%" > <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>Additional Notes</i> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>To p. 80. </i>The name&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_105h.jpg" height=21 width=91 align=ABSBOTTOM> is uncertain because it is only restored as&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_105i.jpg" height=21 width=123 align=ABSBOTTOM> by Latyschew (cf. CIRB No. 199).</font></td> </tr> </table></center> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">80 <br><img SRC="line_up.gif" height=18 width=596> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">possible explanations: 1. ~ Avestan </font> <i> <font face="Palatino Linotype">va´ah</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">- 'Besitz'. 2. ~ Avestan </font> <i><font face="Palatino Linotype">va´ay</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">- 'Gestalt, Form'. In the first case the Old Iranian form of the name would be *<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM></font><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">rya-vai´ah</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">-, meaning &#39;der den Besitz der Arier ergriffen hat&#39;, or &#39;der einem Arier gebührenden Besitz hat&#39;; in the second case, we may assume the existence of an Old Iranian form *<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM></font><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">rya-vai´ay</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">-, meaning 'of Aryan form'. Whichever interpretation we accept, the name&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_080f.jpg" height=20 width=58 align=ABSBOTTOM> shows the development of the initial group of phonemes <i>ary</i>- into <i>ir</i>-. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="jh_081a.jpg" height=21 width=78 align=ABSBOTTOM> Tanais,&nbsp;<img SRC="knipovich.jpg" height=15 width=88>,&nbsp;<img SRC="tanais.jpg" height=15 width=64> No. 196 (beginning of third c. A. D.). This name, hitherto unexplained, may be traced back to an Old Iranian form *<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>ryakna-</i>, <i>i. e.</i> the word&nbsp;<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>rya</i>- supplied with the well-known patronymic suffix -<i>(a)kna</i>- > -<i>(a)</i>³<i>n</i> (see <i>e. g.</i> Armenian <i>Boyekan</i> &lt; Middle Persian <i>BMi</i> + <i>akn</i> Hübschmann, <i>Armenische Grammatik</i>. I, Leipzig 1895, 33, Middle Persian <i> rdw ng n<img SRC="o_ot.jpg" height=12 width=8 align=ABSBOTTOM></i>: <i>ardavna</i>³<i>n</i> 'Ardawnian, deriving from Ardawn, etc.). Thus the meaning of the name <i>ir</i>³<i>n</i> may have been 'deriving from Aryan' or 'deriving from <i>Ir</i>' ( = an ancestor bearing the name of&nbsp;+<i>r</i> &lt;&nbsp;<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>rya</i>-). The assumption of the latter meaning is obvious, on the basis of names like&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_081b.jpg" height=21 width=75 align=ABSBOTTOM> &lt;&nbsp;+<i>rak</i>,&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_081c.jpg" height=20 width=96 align=ABSBOTTOM> &lt; <i>fur+ran</i>, etc. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="jh_081d.jpg" height=20 width=116 align=ABSBOTTOM> Tanais,&nbsp;<img SRC="knipovich.jpg" height=15 width=88>,&nbsp;<img SRC="tanais.jpg" height=15 width=64> No. 195 (188 A. D.): the first element in the name goes back to Old Iranian *<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>ryana-</i> or *<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>rya</i>- (cp.&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_081e.jpg" height=20 width=106 align=ABSBOTTOM> Vasmer, <i>op. cit.</i>, 31). </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="jh_081f.jpg" height=21 width=80 align=ABSBOTTOM> Tanais,&nbsp;<img SRC="knipovich.jpg" height=15 width=88>,&nbsp;<img SRC="tanais.jpg" height=15 width=64> No. 194 (225 A. D.):&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_080g.jpg" height=20 width=31 align=ABSBOTTOM> &lt;&nbsp;<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>rya</i>- (Vasmer, <i>op. cit.</i>, 41, <i>Iranisches aus Südrußland</i>, 368). </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="jh_081g.jpg" height=20 width=96 align=ABSBOTTOM> Tanais,&nbsp;<img SRC="knipovich.jpg" height=15 width=88>,&nbsp;<img SRC="tanais.jpg" height=15 width=64> No. 386 (225 and 212 229 A. D.) &lt; Old Iranian *<i>paru-<img SRC="a_chgd.jpg" height=20 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM>ryana</i>- 'viele Arier beherrschend' (Vasmer, <i>Die Iranier in Südrußland</i>, 55, <i>RLV</i> XII, 245). <br>&nbsp; </font> <blockquote><font face="Palatino Linotype">Old Iranian *<i>ar-y</i>- > <i>il</i>-.</font></blockquote> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><br><img SRC="jh_081i.jpg" height=20 width=90 align=ABSBOTTOM> Olbia, Vasmer, <i>Die Iranier in Süddrußland</i>, 39. This name, hitherto unexplained, probably goes back, assuming the development *<i>ar-y</i>- > <i>il</i>-, to an Old Iranian form *<i>aryaman</i>- which may be compared with Avestan <i>airyaman</i>- &#39;Genösse&#39; ~ Old Indian <i>aryaman</i>- 1. &#39;Genösse&#39;, 2. &#39;Name eines&nbsp;<i>ditya</i>' (see on this point Bartholomae, <i>AirWb</i>. 198 foll., Benveniste: <i>JA</i> CCXXI (1932), 124 foll.) as well as with Middle Persian&nbsp;<i>rmn</i> and Modern Persian&nbsp;+<i>rmn</i> 'Gast' (with regard to the latter see Horn, <i>Grundriß der neupersischen Etymologie</i>, Strassburg 1893, 32 foll. and Hübschmann, <i>Persische Studien</i>. Straßburg 1895, 20 foll.). </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Names like&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_081d.jpg" height=20 width=116 align=ABSBOTTOM>,&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_081b.jpg" height=21 width=75 align=ABSBOTTOM>, etc. indicate that we have to do here with an <i>i</i>-epenthesis; so the line of development is <i>ir</i>- &lt; *<i>air</i>- &lt; *<i>ary</i>-. The other two groups of names show, however, that this development was not general, but was restricted to a definite dialect or group of dialects. Thus one cannot derive, for instance, the element&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_081h.jpg" height=17 width=46> in the name&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_079a.jpg" height=20 width=101 align=ABSBOTTOM> from the Iranian form *<i>airya</i>-, as Vasmer did, (<i>RLV</i> XII, 244), because the regular development of this form is <i>ir</i>- or <i>il</i>-. This would be all the less justified as the<i> i</i>- and <i>u</i>-epenthesis can be shown to have existed, among the Old Iranian languages, only in the Avesta <a href="#81.">[81]</a>, and even here it is probably due only to the carelessness of Persian and Parthian scribes <a href="#82.">[82]</a>. There can be no question of an <i>i</i>- or <i>u</i>- epenthesis common to all Iranian languages or going back to Proto-lranian. On the other hand, the testimony of these names indicates that <br>&nbsp; </font> <center><table BORDER CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=3 COLS=1 WIDTH="80%" > <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>Additional Notes</i> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>To p. 81.</i> Zgusta (<i>Die Personennamen griechischer Städte der nördlichen Schwarzmeerküste</i>. 232 foll.) would like to eliminate all instances of the phonemic change -<i>ry</i>- > -<i>l</i>- in Sarmatian. He says: "Es kann sich auch um verschiedene Aussprachen handeln, die in der Schrift den Ausdruck fanden." This is hardly possible. We can reckon with two possibilities: 1. The Sarmatian dialects had only the phoneme /r/. In this case no alternation between <i>r</i> and <i>l</i> was possible. 2. The phoneme /l/ arose as a result of the phonemic change -<i>ry</i>/<i>ri</i>- > -<i>l</i>-. In this case an alternation between <i>r</i> and <i>l </i>can perhaps be assumed, but it proves already the phonemic change -<i>ry</i>/<i>ri</i>-> -<i>l</i>-. Another instance for -<i>ry</i>- > -<i>l</i>- can be recognized in the name&nbsp;<img SRC="jh_106a.jpg" height=20 width=94 align=ABSBOTTOM>, which can be traced back to an Old Iranian form *<i> iryakna</i>-.</font></td> </tr> </table></center> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><a NAME="81."></a><b>81.</b> Bartolomae, <i>Grd. d. i. Ph.</i> I, 1 76. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype" size="2"><a NAME="82."></a><b>82.</b> Reichelt, <i>Stand and Aufgaben der Sprachwissenschaft</i>, 278. This view is represented by Bartholomae and his followers. A fundamentally different approach is seen in Andreas and his school, recently also in Bailey's theory (<i>Zoroastrian Problems in the Ninth-Century Books</i>, Oxford 1943. I 7 foll.). Neither theory does however, envisage epenthesis in Common or Prolo-Iranian. For a recent view on the whole subject sec Altheim, <i>Literatur und Gesellschaft im ausgehenden Altertum</i>, II, 189 foll. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">81 <br><img SRC="line_up.gif" height=18 width=596> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">epcnthesis must have been a fairly early phenomenon in some of the dialects and the existence of such dialects must, in fact, be assumed. Accordingly, one may actually suppose that the phenomenon did, in fact, exist in the language of the Avesta, in the first centuries A. D., as Reichelt (<i>loc. cit.</i>) assumes on other grounds. In any case, the dialect which supplies us with these names is connected, by means of this phenomenon, with those Northern and Eastern Iranian dialects in which the <i>i</i>-epenthesis can be shown to have existed: Saka <i>ys+d</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">aa</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">- &lt; *<i>zaritaka</i>-, Afghan <i>ail</i> ~ Avestan <i>v+saiti</i>, Ossetian <i>innä</i> &lt; *<i>anya</i>-, Shughni. <i>nir</i> &lt; *<i>narya</i>- <a href="#83.">[83]</a>. </font> <p>&nbsp;<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="83."><font size="2"></font></a> <font size="2"><b>83.</b> With regard to these dialects see Reichelt, <i>loc. cit.</i> and <i>Grdr. d. idg. Sprach- und Altertumskunde</i>, II, 4<sup>2</sup>, 33. <br></font>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">[<a href="jh3_2.html">Previous</a>] [<a href="jh3_3_2.html">Next</a>] <br>[<a href="index.html">Back to Index</a>] </font> </body> </html>