A history of the First Bulgarian Empire

Steven Runciman

 

Index

 

__A_  —  __B_  —  __C_  —  __D_  —  __E_  —  __F_  —  __G_  —  __H_  —  __I_  —  __J_  —  __K_  —  __L_  —  __M_  —  __N_  —  __O_  —  __P_  —  __Q_  —  __R_  —  __S_  —  __T_  —  __U_  —  __V_  —  __W_  —  __X_  —  __Y_  —  __Z_

 

Note : Except in the case of princes and prelates, where a definite surname, not merely a title, is known, the person is given under the surname.

 

A.

Aachen, 82, 151

Aaron, Comitopulus, rise to power, 217-9; death, 230—1; 224, 244

Aaron, Prince, son of John Vladislav, 257

Abasgians, 124

Abodriti, 81—2

Abroleba, 49

Abydos, 238

Achelous, battle, 161, 162

Achilleus, Saint, 222, 231

Acum, a Hun, 6

Adam, 193

Adrian, Saint, 86

Adrianople, captured by Krum, 63-5, 68, by Symeon, 158-9, 166—7; raided by Samuel, 237—8; prisoners from, 65, 71, 79, 85-6; 22, 24, 49, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 73, 74, 75, 89, 95, 144, 208, 234, 282, 291, 292, 293

Adriatic Sea, 99, 174, 221, 226, 233, 240

Ægean Sea, 151, 227, 336

African califate, negotiations with Symeon, 168-9

Africanus, chronological system of, 278

Agatha Chryselia, Tsaritsa, 232

Agathias, historian, 7, 265

Agathonice, 72-3

Agathopolis, 172, 179

Albanian Mountains, 23, 92, 122, 216, 240, 245

Albigeois, heretics, 196, 270

Alciocus, Bulgar chieftain, 19, 20, 21

Alexander, Emperor, reign, 155; 148, 153, 154, 199

Alexandria, 99, 269

Alexius I, Commenus, Emperor, 258

Alogobatur, Bulgar general, 176, 285

Alps, mountains, 82

Alusian, Bulgar prince, 257

Alzeco, Bulgar chieftain, 21

Amasea, 288

Anastasius, Emperor, 6

—, Bibliothecarius, Roman writer, 288

Anatolia, Anatolics, 55, 62

Anchialus, deserted, 59; ceded to Bulgaria, 90-1, 95; 31, 32, 38, 42, 47, 53, 68, 74, 142, 151, 172

Angelarius, disciple of Methodius, 125, 126

Angeli family, 258

Anna, Saint, 192

— , Empress, daughter of Leo VI, 300

— , Porphyrogenneta, Grand Princess of Russia, 180, 226

— , Bulgar princess, 133

Antae, Slav tribe, 10, 22, 25

Antioch, 99, 230, 269-70

Aplaces, John, Imperial general, 61-2

Apocaucus, Imperial stratege, 229

Aprus, fort, 65

Arabs, 26, 33, 41, 92 (see also Saracens); Arabic writers, 269

Arcadiopolis (Lule Burgas), battle, 207; 67, 75, 291

Arianism, 118

Arianites, David, Imperial general, 246, 249

Aristotle, 137

Armenia, Armenians: writers, 269; colonies in Thrace, 35, 47, 217, 227; influence of in Bulgaria, 95, 107, 191-2, 232; 79, 99, 159, 228, 244, 257

Arnulf, King of Germany, 133, 145

Arpad, Magyar chieftain, 145

Arsenius, Higumene, 123

Artana, River, 38

Asen, family of, 260

 

325

 

 

326

 

Ashot, Prince of Taron, 228-9, 232, 239-40

Asperuch (Isperikh), Khan, reign, 25-30; dates, 273-8; 3, 4, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 24, 43, 51, 58, 202, 261

Atelkuz, 249

Athanasius, Saint, 139

Athens, 251-2

Attica, 229

Attila, is Avitokhol? 279-81; 4, 5, 12, 35, 51

Austria, 149

Avars, conquer Bulgars, 10; Bulgars revolt from, 14-15; in Pannonia, 19, 50-2; 3, 23, 24, 27, 28, 67, 68, 80, 97, 280, 281

Avitokhol, Khan, is Attila ? 279-81; dates, 273-8; 11

Azmak, River, 73

Azov, Sea of, 3, 6, 7, 12, 20

 

B.

Bagdad, 169

Baian (Batbaian), Khan, 3,16,17, 276

— , boyar, 39, 40

Bakadzhik, 32, 33, 36, 74

Balathistes, forest, 241

Balaton, Lake, 97, 115

Baldric, Marquis of Friuli, 83

Baltic Sea, 22, 99, 150, 186

Baltzene, 72—3

Bardas, Caesar, 99, 101

Bari, 270

Basil I, the Macedonian, Emperor, relations with Rome, 112-14, 117, 119-20; and Slavonic Liturgy, 124-6; 118, 123, 135,261

— II, Bulgaroctonus, Emperor, character, 223; First Bulgar campaign, 224-5; campaign in Macedonia, 227-8; yearly campaigns in Bulgaria, 234-8, 240-4; final campaigns, 245-9; Bulgaria submits to, 249—52; his settlement of Bulgaria, 255-6; 198, 219, 222, 226, 257, 267, 268, 269

— , writer, List of, 282

— the Bogomil, 194

— the Paracoemomenus, 212, 223

Bavaria, 19

Belgrade, 81, 95, 118, 126, 144

Belisarius, Imperial general, 9

Belitsa, 136

Benedict VII, Pope, 226

Benevento, 21

Benjamin, Bulgar prince, 177, 189

Berat, 252

Berrhoea in Thrace (Beroe) 47, 59

— in Macedonia, 226—7, 228, 229, 235, 247

Berzetians, Slav tribe, 41

Bessarabia, 12, 26, 27, 80, 81, 279

Bezmer, Khan, dates, 273-8; 16, 27

Bithynia, 32, 38, 128

Bitolia (Monastir), 243, 249

Bizya, 166

Blachernae, quarter of Constantinople, 67, 156, 179

Black Sea, 7, 21, 27, 38, 40, 52, 60, 66, 143, 171, 186, 202, 225, 235

Boa, Queen of the Sabirs, 7

Bobus, Paul, Magister, 234

Boeotia, 229

Bogas, John, Patrician, 159-60

Bogdan, Bulgar official, 249

Bogomil, Pope, heresiarch, 190-6, 259, 260

Bogomils, heretics, tenets, 190-6; writings, 271-2; 220, 231, 239, 256, 260

Bohemia, 97, 149

Boris I (Michael), Khan or Prince, reign, 90-130; conversion, 102-6; joins Roman Church, 108-13; deserts Rome, 113-14; abdicates, 130; returns, 134-6; second retirement, 136; during Magyar invasion, 146; death, 152; 143, 144, 150, 157-8, 258-9, 261, 266, 270, 286, 293-4, 302

— II, Tsar, reign, 205; captured in Preslav, 209-10; abdication, 215; death, 220-1; 200, 204, 217, 219

— , Tarkan, 126, 286

Bosnia, 196

Bosograd, 247

Bosphorus, 64, 161, 166

Boteniates, Theophylact, Imperial general, 241, 242

Bourbon family, 258

Bovianum, 21

Boyana, 246

Branichevtsi, Slav tribe, 82

Branimir, Prince of Croatia, 119

Bregalnitsa, 129, 135-6

 

 

327

 

Brod, River, 247

Bucellarian theme, 257

Bulgar, town, 18, 168

Bulgarophygon, battle, 147

Burdizus, 89, 291

Burgas, Gulf of, 31, 33, 38, 40, 58, 60, 160, 180, 292

Burugundi, Hunnic tribe, 7, 16

 

C.

Cain, 193

Calabria, 99, 101

Calocyras, Patrician, 200-3, 208-9, 304-5

Calomela, daughter of Eve, 193

Cameniates, John, historian, 269

Candich, Khagan of the Avars, 10

Cardia, castle, 243

Carloman, King of Germany, 97, 102

Carolingian family, 100, 103, 107, 270

Carpathian Mountains, 19, 51, 93, 96, 149

Carus, Papal legate, 168, 173

Castile, royal house of, 258

Castoria, 218, 247, 251

Catacalon, Imperial general, 147

Catasyrtae, first battle, 161; second battle, 165

Cathari, heretics, 193, 196

Catherine, Bulgar princess, Empress, 257

Caucasus Mountains, 6, 15

Cecaumenus, Imperial general, 221-2, 269

Cedrenus, George, historian, 267

Ceductus, 61, 75

Cevennes Mountains, 196

Chaerosphactus, Leo, Magister, ambassador and letter-writer, 146-8, 152, 268

Charles the Great (Charlemagne), Western Emperor, 50, 51, 52

Charles the Bald, King of Western Franks, 91

Chatalar inscription, 77, 274

Cherna, River, 243, 247

Cherson, 30, 200, 203, 213, 226

China, 4

Chinialus, Cotrigur chieftain, 8

Chirotmetus, 243-4

Christopher, Lecapenus, Emperor, 179, 187

Chryselius, John, father-in-law of Samuel, 226, 239-40

Chryselius, Theodore, 240

Cimbalongus, defile, 240-2

Cimmerians, 5, 6

Cinamon, Greek slave, 80, 89, 283

Clement, Saint and martyr, 116

— , Saint, disciple of Methodius, leaves Moravia, 125-6; in Macedonia, 135-6, 138; death, 152-3; and Slavonic alphabets, 140, 298-9; 127, 220, 254, 268

Clidion. See Cimbalongus

Cnenus, Bulgar official, 175, 287

Colonea in Epirus, 251

Comasius, Saint, 129

Constans II, Emperor, 3, 26

Constantia, 72-3 (Costanza), 180, 212

Constantinacius, Quaestor, 146 Constantine III, Emperor, 13

— IV, Pogonatus, Emperor, 3, 26

— V, Copronymus, Emperor, campaigns in Bulgaria, 35—43, 24, 49, 53, 58, 66, 68, 289, 290

— VI, Emperor, 47-9, 61

— VII, Porphyrogennetus, Emperor, birth, 153; marriage negotiations, 156-7, 163, 299- 301; death, 198; writings, 176, 180, 181, 268-9, 283, 287, 293-4, 296-7; 266, 302

— VIII, Emperor, 198

— Saint. See Cyril

— Bishop, Bulgar author, 139

Constantinople, sieges: by Avars, 19, 23-4, by Justinian II, 30-1, by Arabs, 33, by Krum, 63-5, by Thomas, 75, by Symeon, 156-7; Bulgar embassies at, 39, 59, 71-4, 92, 155, 178-83, 199, 202-3, 303-5; councils at, 113-4, 119-20; and Rome, 99-100, 122; Moravian embassy to, 98, 101-2; Methodius at, 123-4; Symeon’s interview at, 169-72; Great Palace at, 79; influence on Bulgaria, 259-61; and passim throughout.

Contostephanus, Imperial general, 224-5

Copts, 99

Cordyles, Governor of exiled Macedonians, 85, 87, 294

Corinth, city, 170; gulf of, 159; Isthmus of, 229

Cormesian plain, 20

 

 

328

 

Cosmidium, 169

Cosmos, Greek merchant, 144

Cotrag, son of Kubrat, 3, 16

Cotragi. See Cotrigurs

Cotrigurs, Bulgar tribe, 7-10, 15, 18, 23

Crenites, Procopius, 145

Creta, village, 240

Crete, 198

Crimea, 6, 7, 200, 203

Croatia, Croats: missions to, 283; invaded by Omortag, 83; war with Symeon, 175-6; Pannonian Croatia, 82, 87, 91, 118; 24, 25, 51, 81, 117, 119, 149, 151, 178, 196, 252, 285, 297

Crobatus. See Kubrat

Cronus, Bulgar ambassador, 287

Cupharas, Theodore, Greek slave, 102-3

Curcuas, John, Imperial general, 208

— , Romanus, 257

Curticius, Imperial general, 145

Cuturgur, 6

Cyril, Saint, sets out for Moravia, 101; dies at Rome, 115-16; 138, 140, 261, 268, 271, 283, 297-9

Cyrillic alphabet, 161; 140-1, 297-9

Czechs, Slav tribe, 24, 97

 

D.

Dacians, 80

Dagobert, King of the Franks, 29

Dalmatia, 23, 24, 114, 117, 119, 270, 283

Damascene, St. John, 139

Damian, Patriarch of Bulgaria, 174,182, 216

Danube, River, crossed by Bulgars, 3-4, 20, 25-7, 273-8; by Slavs, 22-4; by Magyars, 145-6; Petchenegs at, 159-60; crossed by Russians, 201-2, 205; Bulgar possessions beyond, 65, 80, 93, 150; see also Bessarabia, Transylvania, Wallachia, and passim throughout.

Daonin, port, 65

Daphnomelas, Eustathius, Patrician, 240, 250-1

Dargomer, Bulgar ambassador, 59, 70

David, Comitopulus, 217, 218-19 (or John), Patriarch of Bulgaria, 245, 249, 256

Debritsa (Drembitsa), 136

Demetrius, Saint, 20, 23, 227, 236

— , Patriarch of Bulgaria, 182

Demosthenes, 137

Dengisich, Prince of the Huns, 279

Develtus, captured by Krum, 58, 68; ceded by Bulgaria, 90. 95; and peace of, 927, 172, 180; 31, 53, 73, 74, 142, 152, 155, 288

Devol, River, 104, 128, 250

Diampolis, 37

Didymotichum, 227

Dinea, 211

Dioclea (Montenegro), 232, 240, 245

Diogenes, Constantine, Imperial general, 243, 246, 247-8, 252

Ditzeng, boyar, 71, 79

Ditzina, River, 180

Dnieper, River, 3, 69, 81, 167; cataracts, 214

Dniester, River, 3, 27, 145, 149

Dobr the Bogomil, 194

Dobromir, Bulgar general, 235

— the younger, 250

Dobrudja, 26, 28, 38

Dometa, Bulgar official, 128

Dometian, Karkan, 243, 244, 287

Dominic, Saint, 196

Dominic, Bishop of Treviso, 112

Don, River, 3, 10, 15, 16, 18, 81, 279

Donatus, Bishop of Ostia, 113

Dragomir, Prince of Terbunia, 233

Dragomuzh, Bulgar general, 249

Dragovitsa, 193

Drave, River, 83, 97

Draxan, Bulgar general, 236

Drina, Black, River, 104

Dristra, Patriarchal, 322, 174, 181, 215-16, 219; held by Russians, 209-14; 135, 144, 146, 201, 217, 247

Dryinopolis, 251

Dual Procession. See Filioque

Ducas, Andronicus, 258

Duks, Bulgar prince, 118, 139

Dukum, boyar, 71

Dulcigno, 232

Dulo, family of, 11, 12, 13, 14, 29, 30, 35, 258, 273, 280

Dyrrhachium, captured by Samuel, 225-6; betrayed, 239-40; attacked by John Vladislav, 246, 248; 22, 148, 153, 159, 170, 232, 251

 

 

329

 

E.

Ekhatch, Eschatzes, The Sampses, 126, 286

Ekusous, Ecosus, a Bulgar, 58

Elbe, River, 22

Elemagus, Bulgar general, 252

Elitzes, Bulgar general, 243

Ennodius, historian, 270

Enotia, castle, 244

Enravotas, Bulgar prince, martyred, 89-90; 84,103, 285,293

Epiphanius, writer, 282

Epirus, 251

Ergenz, River, 67

Erkesiya. See Fence, Great

Ermi, family of, 11, 13, 273

Ernach, Ernak, Prince of the Huns, is Irnik, 279-81; 12, 16

Eroticus, Nicephorus, Patrician, 203

Esztergom, 77

Etzboclia, Bulgar general, 175, 287

Eumathius, engineer, 54-5

Eupraxia, Bulgar princess, 133

Eusebius, Saint, 129

Eustathius, Imperial admiral, 145, 146

Euthymius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 154

Eutychius, Patriarch of Alexandria, 269, 300

Eve, 193

 

F.

Fence, the Great, of Thrace, construction, 73, 288-90; 33, 74, 75, 76, 77, 90, 199, 215, 304

Filimer, King of the Goths, 4

Filioque Clause, 108, 112, 119

Formosus, Pope, Legate in Bulgaria, 109, 111-13; 115, 122-3

France, 50

Franks, 50, 81-3, 85, 87, 91, 97, 129, 153. See Carolingian family

Friuli, 83

Frunticus, Bulgar ambassador, 120

 

G.

Gabriel, Bulgar prince, 133

— , or Germanus, Patriarch of Bulgaria, 219

— -Radomir (or Romanus), Tsar, accession, 242-3; murder of, 244-5; 230, 231, 233-4, 250, 257, 287

— Galaxidi, 174, 230

Ganus, hill, 65

Genesius, chronicler, 266, 291

George, Saint, Miracles of, 271

— (Hamartolus) the Monk,

— chronicle of, 266, 291; Slavonic translation, 271; Continuation, 267

— , Bishop of Belgrade, 118

— , Regent. See Sursubul

Georgia, Georgians, 124

Gepids, 5, 8, 22

Germanus, Saint, 129

— , Caesar, 9

— , Patriarch of Constantinople, 33

— , Patriarch of Bulgaria. See Gabriel

Germany, 10, 50, 67, 82, 100, 101, 108, 116, 130. See Arnulf, Charles, Louis, Kings of Germany.

Getae, 5

Glabas, Basil, 234

Glagolitic alphabet, 101, 140-1, 297-9

Glavenitza, 128

Glycas, historian, 267

Goinic, Serbian prince, 92

Golden Gate of Constantinople, 32, 48, 215

— Horn, 64, 156, 169

Gonitziates, George, Imperial general, 246

Gorazd, disciple of Methodius, 125

Gostun, Khan, 11, 13, 14, 273, 277

Goths, 4, 22, 117

Grammus, Mount, 104

Greece, Greek peninsula, 9, 47, 150, 174

Gregory, Patriarch of Bulgaria, 182

— , Prince of Taron, 228-9

— , Presbyter, writer, 139

Grimoald, Lombard King, 21

— , Bishop of Polimarti, 112

Grod (Gordas or Gordian), King of Crimean Huns, 7-8

 

H.

Hadrian II, Pope, 112-16

— III, Pope, 125

Haemus Mountains, 24, 27, 34, 73

Hebdomum, 179

Helena, Lecapena, Empress, 163, 301

Hellas, theme, 251

Hellespont, 65, 164

 

 

330

 

Hemnecus, 175, 287

Heraclea, 61, 65, 165

Heraclius, Emperor, 13, 14

Heristal, 81, 82

Herod, King, 193

Hexabulius, Imperial official, 64

Hiung-nu, 4

Hohenstaufen, family of, 258

Hungary, Hungarians, 50, 233, 270, 281. See Magyars

— , Princess of, wife of Gabriel-Radomir, 233-4, 257

Hunno, Alexius, the sampses, 288

Huns, 4-16, 22, 135, 261, 281

 

I.

Iberians, 8

Ibn-Foszlan, writer, 18

Ibrahim-ibn-Yakub, writer, 186, 198

Ignatius, Patriarch of Constantinople, deposed, 99; reinstated, 112-14; biography, 268, 291; 117, 118

— , biographer, 268

Igor, Grand Prince of Russia, 186, 209

Illyricum, 101, 112, 117, 173, 283

India, 197

Ioannupolis, name for Preslav, 210

Irene, Saint, Empress, peaceful policy, 47-50; 43, 52, 59

— , Ducaena, Empress, 258

— of Larissa, Tsaritsa, 222, 233-4, 244

— , Lecapena, Tsaritsa. See Maria.

Irenupolis, name for Berrhoea, 47

Irnik, Khan, is Ernach, 279-81; dates, 273-7; II

Iron Gate, pass in Stranya Planina, 90

— of the Danube, 238

Isaac I, Comnenus, Emperor, 257

Isbules, Kavkan, 84-5, 88, 94, 284, 287, 293, 295-7

Isernia, 21

Isker, River, 27

Isperikh. See Asperuch.

Italy, 112, 130, 150, 159, 198

Ivatza, Bulgar general, 246, 250-1

 

J.

Jacob, Bulgar prince, 133

Japheth, 11, 281

Jeremiah. See Bogomil Jerusalem, 99

Joachim, Saint, 192

John the Evangelist, Saint, 192

— of Rila, Saint, 189, 204

— I, Tzimisces, Emperor, Bulgar wars, 206-16; death, 218- 19; 221, 267

— VIII, Pope, 116-21, 125

— X, Pope, 174, 288

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