ÿþ<html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-gb"> <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 5.0"> <meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=unicode"> <title>H. Birnbaum &amp; S. Vryonis. Aspects of the Balkans. Continuity and change (1969)  PAVLE IVI</title> <style> <!-- p.MsoPlainText {margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"; margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-top:0cm} --> </style> </head> <body> <p class="MsoPlainText"><b> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="4">A</font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="4">spects of the Balkans. </font></span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="4">C</font></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="4">ontinuity and change</font></span></b></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><b><font size="3"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">H. B</span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">irnbaum</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> and S</span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> V</span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">ryonis (eds.)</span></font></b></p> <p class="MsoPlainText">&nbsp;</p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; font-weight: 700"> <font size="3">PAVLE IVI</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> BALKAN SLAVIC MIGRATIONS IN THE LIGHT OF SOUTH SLAVIC DIALECTOLOGY</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText">&nbsp;</p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"><a href="#biblio" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">S</span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">elective bibiliography&nbsp; </span><i><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> General Works</span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">, </span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;Works on Dialects Transplanted by Migrations</span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"> )</span></i></font></a></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The topic of this brief report embraces two vast complexes of events : the Slavic migrations to the Balkan Peninsula, and the later migrations within the Peninsula (or away from it). Our objective, too, will be twofold: we shall use, whenever possible, dialectal data in order to determine the directions of migratory movements and the degree of ethnic coherence of the migrating population, and we shall try to establish the consequences of the migrations for the linguistic picture of the South Slavic area.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">As to the first period (migrations TO the Peninsula, 6th-7th c. A.D.), the central question is: what phenomena, among those now differentiating South Slavic dialects, were developed before the migrations of Slavs to the Balkans? Only the isoglosses of such phenomena can indicate the directions of the movement to the Balkans. In this domain, South Slavic dialectology gives us a number of valuable clues, but no clear-cut answers. In trying to establish whether a dialectal difference is older than the settlement in the Balkans, we can use several criteria, such as:</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">(1) Is the given isogloss continued in the North Slavic area?</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">(2) Is the phenomenon attested in the oldest texts?</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">(3) Are there relics in the regions between present-day South and North Slavic areas (e.g., in toponymy or in oldest Slavic loanwords in Hungarian or Rumanian)?</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">(4) Does the isogloss belong to a bundle whose position cannot be explained by geographic or historical factors? If it does, this fact would increase the probability that the bundle reflects the boundary between two ancient migratory currents (i.e., between two already differentiated groups of Slavic population moving to their new habitat).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">67</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">(5) Internal factors concerning the very nature of the given phe-</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">None of these criteria is fully reliable. In most instances, facts are ambiguous, and our arguments must be indirect, due to the lack of firsthand evidence. (We do not possess Slavic texts written before the migrations.)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The largest bundle of ancient isoglosses in the Slavic South is found along a line extending from the mouth of the Timok river-Berkovica-Breznik-Radomir-Osogov-northern Ov e Polje-Skopje-Tetovo-`ar Planina (with fairly insignificant deviations of particular isoglosses in the northern half of the bundle, and a considerable number of deviations in the south). Isoglosses in that bundle separate the two major groups of South Slavic dialects, western and eastern, and include features such as the merger of the two jers (West) versus the preservation of the distinction between them (East) <a href="#1">[1]</a>; rounded (W) versus unrounded (E) vowel as a reflex of </font><i><font size="3">o</font></i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS"><font size="3">(</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">; preservation (W) or loss (E) of epenthetic <i>l</i>;  and  or similar consonants (W) versus at, ~d (E) as reflexes of *t , *d ; -<i>ga</i> (W) versus -<i>go</i> (E) in the Gsg masculine and neuter of the pronominal declension; -<i>mo</i> (W) versus -<i>m</i>, -<i>me</i> (E) in the 1st person plural of verbal forms; loss (W) or preservation (E) of -<i>t</i> in the 3rd person plural of the present tense, etc. This is the most important bundle of ancient isoglosses in the Slavic linguistic world, except for those separating West and East Slavic. It is probable that some of the differences enumerated arose prior to the Slavic migration to the Peninsula. Before that migration, the Western South Slavic situation was characteristic of the dialects spoken in the Pannonian plain, and the Eastern situation characteristic of those in the Dacian plains, which were separated from the former by the Carpathian mountains north of the Iron Gate (erdap) and, probably, by the mountain range of the Munci Apuseni, so that Slavic dialects in most of Transylvania belonged to the Eastern group. It is well-known that Slavs, originally farmers and inhabitants of plains, had no experience with the mountain type of pasturage normal in the Carpathian and Balkan mountains. Therefore we have no reason to suppose a lively communication between the two groups of South Slavs. The general direction of their movement was south or southwestwards, to the regions that belonged to the Byzantine empire, and it is probable that they followed the shortest paths to their new habitat, i.e. that their movement was</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2"><b> <a name="1">1</a></b>. In the East the back jer merged as a rule with the reflex of the back nasal vowel (in Bulgarian dialects) or with <i>o</i> (in most of the Macedonian dialects).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" dir="ltr"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><font size="3"><img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">68</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> basically perpendicular to the Danube-Sava line, so that the earliest isoglosses south of the Iron Gate simply reflected that movement.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> However, in addition to the isoglosses already enumerated, the Timok Osogov `ar bundle comprises isoglosses of some evidently later innovations, such as </font><i><font size="3">vJ</font></i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS"><font size="3">/</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">- &gt; <i>u</i>- (W), <i> r</i>- &gt; <i>cr</i>- (W), devoicing of final voiced obstruents (E), metathesis <i>vs</i>- &gt; <i>sv</i>- (W), -<i>e</i> (W) versus -<i>i</i> (E) in Npl of the <i>a</i>-declension, neutralization of gender distinction in adjectival plural (E), -<i>ste</i> (W) versus -<i>hte</i> (E) in 2nd person plural of the aorist and imperfect tenses, and -</font><i><font size="3">ho</font></i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS"><font size="3">(</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> (E) in 3rd person plural of the aorist. The presence of such isoglosses can be explained by van Wijk&#39;s well-known hypothesis, according to which a close contact between the two major groups of South Slavs was established only several centuries after their settlement in the Balkans, due to the fact that they did not immediately penetrate into the mountainous area along the Serbian-Bulgarian border which remained inhabited by a population of Rumanian (and perhaps also Albanian) herdsmen for a rather long period following the Slavic invasion. <a href="#2">[2]</a> Only later, secondary Slavic migrations filled the gap. This hypothesis is supported to a certain extent by the presence of fairly numerous toponyms of Rumanian origin in the given area (<i>BukurovYc</i>, <i>KorbevYc</i>, <i>Svr<ig</i>, <i>D~epa</i>, <i>Barbatovci</i>, <i>Surdulica</i>, <i>Bu umet</i>, <i>Mar~ini</i> etc. in East Serbia, <i>Baniaora</i>, <i>Bazait</i>, <i>Bov</i>, <i>Bojana</i>, <i>Gavnos</i>, <i>Ursul</i>, <i>Vakarel</i>, <i> Pasarel</i> etc. in West Bulgaria). Although toponyms with Rumanian etymologies are not infrequent in many other South Slavic regions, their number in the area near the Serbian-Bulgarian boundary appears to be higher than elsewhere. <a href="#3">[3]</a> It is very likely that Slavic migrations which eventually filled the gap between the two branches of South Slavs came chiefly from the West. This can explain the curved shape of the isogloss bundle : Western</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2"><b> <a name="2">2</a></b>. Medieval sources record the existence of a Rumanian-speaking stock-breeding population in many mountainous areas of the Peninsula, and linguistic arguments such as phonological features of certain place names and the lack of indigenous maritime terminology in Albanian favor the hypothesis ascribing the origin of the Albanians to the interior of the Peninsula. In the epoch of the Slavic invasion the remnants of the autochthonous population of the Peninsula managed to survive mainly in two cases: when they were sheltered by fortress walls (only along the seashore; all Byzantine inland fortresses were taken by invaders after they succeeded in cutting their supply lines), or when they were protected by natural conditions in the mountain ambiences (and by the conquerors&#39; lack of interest in such regions). This caused a population influx into the coastal towns, and probably also a switch from agriculture or from an urban life to a usually semi-nomadic kind of sheep-breeding by many inhabitants of the continental regions. Among the non-Slavic Balkan languages, Greek and Dalmatian Romance were spoken in coastal ureas, and Rumanian and Albanian in highlands.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2"><b> <a name="3">3</a></b>. However, there is no historical evidence to the effect that Rumanians lived in the region under consideration in any greater number, or longer, than in some other areas.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" dir="ltr"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><font size="3"><img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">69</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> features extend across the perpendicular intersecting the Danube river at the Iron Gate, and their areas form a bulge, whereas the areas of Eastern features are concave. The causes that determined such a development are not clear. True, a southeastward movement of parts of the Serbian population took place during the expansion of the Serbian state in the 13th and the 14th centuries, but this does not suffice to explain the actual situation. The territory of the Timok Lu~nica dialectal type lies west of the isogloss bundle, and yet never belonged to the medieval Serbian state.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The linguistic gap between the two groups of South Slavs was so deep that even certain more recent phenomena, such as the elimination of <i>h</i>, did not spread across the already existing borderline. Different circumstances in the two patterns determined divergent paths of further evolution; perhaps a role was also played by the awareness of a linguistic non-identity creating a psychological barrier against the adoption of innovations coming from the other side of the line.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The relative importance of the factors enumerated so far cannot be easily ascertained. It is even possible, although not very likely, that none of the isoglosses mentioned continues a dialectal division older than the Slavic invasion of the Balkans; even the most ancient differences may have arisen in connection with the territorial gap after the settlement south of the Danube. Likewise, it is not quite certain that such a gap ever existed. Some of the differences may have appeared prior to the crossing of the Danube, and the rest might reflect a divergent evolution of already differentiated dialects. We might conclude that the hypotheses concerning the role of the gap (a) BEFORE and (b) AFTER the migration stand in an &#39;and/or&#39; relation : at least one of them should be true, or else the concentration of isoglosses along the line Timok Osogov `ar would be inexplainable.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The hypotheses (a) and (b) have a bearing upon certain much-debated problems of the ancient ethnic history of South Slavs and other Balkan nutions. If (a) is true, it is more probable that central Pannonia never wus inhabited by Eastern South Slavs (those with <i>at, ~d &lt; *t , *d </i>), and that Slavic loanwords in Hungarian with Eastern South Slavic phonetic structure were borrowed in Dacia, where the Hungarians lived for a certain time before invading Pannonia. In such a case toponyms such as </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Pest</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> should be regarded as based on appellative nouns of Slavic origin ulrcady present in the Hungarian language. And if hypothesis (b) is true, it increases the probability of the well-known theory that the original habitat of Rumanians was south of the Danube, and also the probability</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">70</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">of the view that Albanians originally lived in Dardania and only later migrated west and southwestwards. However, the mutual interchangeability of the two hypotheses weakens the value of arguments derived from them. And in addition, there is a third possibility to explain the present concentration of isoglosses separating the two major South Slavic linguistic types.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The isoglosses now concentrated in the bundle along the line Timok Osogov `ar may originally have been dispersed, but later pushed together by secondary migrations bringing large masses of new population into the region, so that the original local dialects, sharing both western and eastern features, were overwhelmed by the dialects of new comers. True, there are no reliable traces of early transitional dialects in the present dialectal picture of the region, covered mainly by Serbo-croatian Torlak dialects (particular words or morphemes with <i>a</i> as a reflex of </font><i><font size="3">o</font></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS"><font size="3">(</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">, or with <i>o</i>, <i>e</i> as reflexes of the two jers in some limited areas northwest of the line are obviously secondary, introduced by later migrations or by lexical borrowing). Nonetheless, in the toponymy there are some instances indicative of an earlier wider distribution of <i>at, ~d</i> as reflexes of <i>*t , *d </i>: <i>Ljubera~da</i> south of Pirot, <i>Dragobu~de</i>, <i>Tibu~de</i>, <i>Ro~dace</i> in the district of Vranje, <i>Pobu~je</i> near Skopje, <i>Gra~denik</i>, <i>Obra~da</i>, <i>Ljubi~da, Tora~da, Dobruata, Nebregoate, Selogra~de</i> in the environs of Prizren. <a href="#4">[4]</a> Since some of these toponyms contain <i>u</i> as the reflex of </font><i> <font size="3">o</font></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS"><font size="3">(</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> (always in -<i>bu~d</i>-, the possessive adjective form of the second component of compound personal names in *-</font><i><font size="3">bo</font></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS"><font size="3">(</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">dJ</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">), Macedonian scholars B. Koneski and B. Vidoeski recently suggested that a dialect with <i>u</i> &lt; </font><i><font size="3">o</font></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS"><font size="3">(</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> but <i>at, ~d &lt; *t , *d </i> must have existed in the Middle Ages. This appears to be the most plausible explanation of the toponyms containing the element -<i>bu~d</i>-. But such toponyms are limited to the region of Vranje and south of it, whereas <i>Nebregoate</i> seems to show that in the environs of Prizren not only the isogloss of *<i>tj</i>, but also that of </font><i> <font size="3">o</font></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS"><font size="3">(</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> &gt; <i>u</i> was formerly placed somewhat more to the north than it is today. And in general, toponyms with <i>at, ~d</i> occur only in areas fairly close to the present-day isogloss bundle; they do not cover the entire area which was probably embraced by the eastwards migrations of <i>, </i> speakers. The number of these toponyms is limited, most of them occur in clusters, and it is possible that they reflect a sporadic immigration from the east or south rather than the former general dialectal picture of the whole area. As to the toponyms in -<i>bu~d</i>-, one cannot exclude the possibility of a secondary</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2"><b> <a name="4">4</a></b>. Several of these place names were recorded with <i>~d</i> or <i>at</i> already in medieval charters.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><font size="3"><img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">71</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> mixture of dialects, or of an expansion of the possessive formation in <i>~d</i>, or of personal names in -<i>bud</i> (perhaps under the influence of the stem <i>bud</i>- of <i>buditi</i> etc.). In other words, the presence of toponyms containing <i>at, ~d &lt; *t , *d </i> in the area northwest of the isogloss bundle does not allow apodictic conclusions regarding the linguistic past of the region, but suffices to render less conclusive the evidence of other facts.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Another important bundle of ancient isoglosses in the Slavic South is that separating the Kajkavian (and Slovenian) dialects from the `tokavian and akavian ones. These isoglosses include phenomena such as: a much broader occurrence of the so-called neo-circumflex, the lengthening of the short neo-acute (at least in the majority of instances), <i>rj </i>rather than <i>r</i> as the reflex of prevocalic *<i>r </i>, -</font><i><font size="3">o</font></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS"><font size="3">(</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> rather than -</font><i><font size="3">ojo</font></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS"><font size="3">(</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> in the Isg of the <i>a</i>-declension (all this occurs northwest of the bundle, but in some cases also partially in NW akavian). <a href="#5">[5]</a> Since there was no specific political link between Slovenia and the Kajkavian area in northern Croatia before the 16th century, and since the geographic conditions in the present habitats of Slovenians and Kajkavians would not favor their common linguistic development, distinct from that of their eastern and southern neighbors, it seems likely that their common linguistic features stem from the propinquity of their ancestors in the period preceding their settlement in what is now Yugoslavia. It should be added that the present strong concentration of isoglosses in the bundle along the eastern and the southern border of the Kajkavian area might be a secondary phenomenon. It is possible that a number of transitional dialects originally existed east of that line, but that they were later obliterated by the massive migrations in the period of the Turkish invasion.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The sound change <i>g &gt; ³</i> and the use of the prefix <i>vi</i>- (&lt; <i>vy</i>-) rather than *<i>jLz</i>- in a number of instances, both characteristic of northwestern Slovenian and the northwesternmost akavian dialects, probably belong to the features which differentiated (although possibly realized in a less clear-cut way) Slavic dialects already before the Slavic migration to the Balkans and the Eastern Alps. Basically the same applies to the preservation of the cluster <i>dl</i> in some northern Slovenian dialects. It is obvious that the northwesternmost South Slavic dialects once constituted a kind of transition between the South and the West Slavic linguistic groups.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2"><b> <a name="5">5</a></b>. It is possible that a less narrow pronunciation of the ancient back nasal vowel, yielding <i>o</i> (or <i>Y</i>, or <i>u</i>) rather than <i>u</i> as a result of denasalisation, should be added to the above list of features. The vowel <i>u</i> appears as a reflex of </font><i> <font size="2">o</font></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS"><font size="2">(</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2"> only in two peripheral parts of the Croatian Kajkavian territory: in the east, where a strong `tokavian influence is obvious, and along the western border, where a numerous akavian population was colonized in the 16th century.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" dir="ltr"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><font size="3"><img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">72</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The subsequent rupture of the geographic contact with West Slavic determined the decidedly South Slavic orientation of the later development of those dialects.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">In Slovenian and in most of the western Serbocroatian dialects *<i>d </i> became <i>j</i>, whereas in other parts of the Serbocroatian linguistic territory this change did not take place. In those more eastern dialects of western South Slavic, the ancient clusters <i>*st , *sk , *zd , *zg </i> underwent, in turn, a simplification to <i>at, ~d</i>, embracing also all of the eastern South Slavic area. In both cases, we cannot exclude the possibility of a very early change, in which case the two isoglosses would be indicative of the course taken by the southward movement of two branches of western South Slavs.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The general direction of the oldest isoglosses in the South Slavic area is N S or NNE SSW; only in the northwest of the area is this direction sometimes NE SW. All this is in perfect agreement with our assumptions, deriving from other reasons, regarding the course of the movement of South Slavic settlers arriving to their new habitat. Obviously, this increases the probability that at least some of those isoglosses are not younger than the 6th or the 7th century A.D. Only one isogloss of an undoubtedly very early origin has a deviating direction. The otherwise North Slavic ending *-<i>JmL</i> in the Isg of masculine and neuter nouns appears in the dialects of Kraaovani and Svinica in the Rumanian Banat, both deriving from the northeasternmost branch of the Torlak dialect group. In other words, this is a link between a small area located at about the center of the northern edge of the South Slavic world, and the Slavic North.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The best known migrations of South Slavs since they settled in the Balkans are those which occurred in the epoch of the Turkish invasion and domination (15th-19th c.). The bulk of the literature on the South Slavic migrations deals with that period. However, we have many reasons to believe that in the preceding centuries, too, there was much movement among the South Slavic population. In all probability, the economic causes of the later migrations were already present in those times; nor were wars and devastations lacking. To be sure, our data concerning the South Slavic migrations of that epoch are rather scarce. Most of the information at our disposal about later movements stems from two sources: folk tradition and dialects. Tradition fades with centuries, and transplanted dialects tend to assimilate to the surrounding ones, especially if the divergence is not far-reaching (and this was the case in the early epoch of the development ol&#39;the Balkan Slavic languages).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">73</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Even the written historical sources are much less rich than those concerning more recent centuries. However, Byzantine sources testify that very early large groups of Slavs (defeated rebels or prisoners) were colonized by Byzantine emperors in Asia Minor. It is also known that in the 13th century a group of Bulgarians was forced to emigrate to Transylvania (and subsisted for a number of centuries in the village of Cserged), and that some of the Slavic settlements in southern Italy (Vasto, Molise, <a href="#6">[6]</a> Terra d&#39;Otranto, environs of Foggia) were in existence already about 1300. It is not surprising that in all three cases our information concerns Slavs who settled in a non-Slavic environment. Slavic colonies surrounded by other Slavs had less chance to be noted by history. <a href="#7">[7]</a> Nevertheless, historical records show that the Serbian penetration into Macedonia in the 13th and 14th centuries was followed by a colonization of a considerable part of the Serbian nobility (probably accompanied by some of their servants or subordinates) in various portions of Macedonia. The impact of these events on Macedonian dialects was very significant. In addition, it is clear that the bulged shape of the isogloss bundle along the line Timok Osogov `ar can be explained only by an early eastward movement of a western South Slavic population  regardless of whether we assume that the territory covered by that migration previously was mostly unpopulated, inhabited by non-Slavs, or by Slavs speaking dialects different of those of the newcomers. Significantly enough, a number of important movements of non-Slavic Balkan peoples took place in the same period. Massive migrations of Arumanians brought them as far south as Thessaly and the Grammos mountains. Large groups of Albanians were transferred to southern and central Greece, and others to southern Italy. It is also likely that parts of the Slavic population were involved in similar movements. The question deserves further, more systematic study.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The momentous migrations of Balkan Slavs that started in the 15th and lasted until the 19th century were brought about by two types of causes, political and economic. Political causes include the ravaging wars in the epoch of the Turkish</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2"><b> <a name="6">6</a></b>. Early Slavic settlers in Molise, whose presence was attested in 1294, subsequently became italianized. Existing Slavic colonies in Molise (Acquaviva, Montemitro, San Felice Slavo) date from the first half of the 16th century.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2"><b> <a name="7">7</a></b>. It is also natural that in all three instances descendants of the settlers eventually abandoned their Slavic dialects. This suggests that if other similar early colonies had existed in neighboring coountries, unrecorded by historical sources, they would also be ethnically assimilated to their non-Slavic surroundings.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><font size="3"><img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">74</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> invasion, pillaging expeditions of Turkish military commanders, adverse circumstances of life in the regions already dominated by Turks, enticement of the population by the neighboring Christian states trying to organize a defense of the borderline and to colonize devastated land alongside it, efforts of Turkish governors and commanders to colonize the regions on the Turkish side of the boundary, and fear of retaliation by Christians who had cooperated with Christian armies during their incursions into the Turkish territory after a subsequent retreat of those same armies. The general direction of migrations triggered by most of these causes was away from the Turkish territory towards that under Christian rule. In the western part of the South Slavic area this usually meant a movement to the Venetian, Austrian, or Hungarian territory (thus E W, SE NW, or S N), and in the Bulgarian area to the Austrian-dominated province of Banat, to Rumania, or to Russia (thus SE NW, S N, or SW NE). An exceptional case is that of reverse movements of Moslems trying to avoid occupation by Christian armies, or living under Christian rule after the wars which led to an expansion of Christian states.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Economic causes of migrations include infertility of the soil in the highlands, overpopulation of those regions, <a href="#8">[8]</a> and famine as a consequence of drought, especially in the barren mountains of the Dinaric mountain range. An additional impetus came from the fact that the population of plains and valleys was often decimated by wars, plagues, emigration, etc. The general direction of population movements brought about by such causes was from the highland to the lowland. In the western half of the Peninsula, this most frequently meant from the Dinaric mountains, or from those along the southern border of Serbia, to Pannonia or to the valleys of the Sava, Drina, Kolubara, Morava rivers, etc., thus SW NE or S N, whereas in Bulgaria the Balkan mountain range acted as the prime source of economic migrations, in the direction of the Moesian as well as the Thracian plains, i.e., both S N and N S.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">On the basis of dialect facts, supported sometimes by written documents or preserved oral tradition, it is possible to reconstruct the following picture of the principal migratory movements. <a href="#9">[9]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2"><b> <a name="8">8</a></b>. The mobility of highlanders was enhanced by their traditional semi-nomadic way of life. The classical pattern of the Balkan pasturage includes spending summers on high plateaus and winters in valleys.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2"><b> <a name="9">9</a></b>. In the present paper, the 20th century colonization, mainly organized by Yugoslav or Bulgarian authorities, is not taken into account.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><font size="3"><img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">75</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Speakers of the akavian <i>ikavsko-ekavski</i> dialect, coming from Croatia south of the Kupa river, settled in the Austrian-dominated portions of Istria, in the southwestern parts of the island of Krk (in both cases they were accompanied by a Rumanian-speaking population), in the region of Grobnik near Rijeka, <a href="#10">[10]</a> in some places in Slovenia (especially around Kostanjevica north of the Gorjanci mountains), in Kajkavian northern Croatia, in northern Burgenland and the adjacent part of Hungary, in eastern Lower Austria, southern Moravia and southwestern Slovakia.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Speakers of a akavian <i>i</i>-dialect, with some `tokavian (and even some Kajkavian) elements, originating probably from the lower part of the Una basin, migrated to southern Burgenland and to the neighboring region of Szombathely on the Hungarian side of the present border. <a href="#11">[11]</a> A somewhat different but still closely related dialect was transplanted to the region between the Sutla, </font><font size="3">Sava</font><font size="3">, and Krapina rivers west of Zagreb.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> `tokavian- akavian</font><font size="3"> <i>i</i>-dialects (with various shades, and with varying shares of `tokavian and akavian features) were transplanted from </font><font size="3">Dalmatia</font><font size="3"> to the Venetian-dominated parts of Istria and to the province of Molise in southern Italy (numerous other Croatian colonies in various provinces of the former Kingdom of Naples are now extinct, so that we cannot judge about their dialects). <a href="#12">[12]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> `tokavian</font><font size="3"> <i>i</i>-speakers from western Hercegovina and adjacent parts of Bosnia moved to Dalmatia (remaining mostly on the mainland, and only in small number crossing the straits separating the Dalmatian islands from the mainland), to Lika (and thence to Ba ka <a href="#13">[13]</a> and along the Danube to the regions south and north of Budapest), and to various portions of Bosnia.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The `tokavian <i>i</i>-dialect of southeastern </font><font size="3">Slavonia</font><font size="3"> was transplanted to various places in western Ba ka and eastern Baranja. A Slavonian dialect which preserved the phonemic individuality of <i></i> is spoken in two villages near Kalocsa in Hungary.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2"><b> <a name="10">10</a></b>. Features of the dialect of Grobnik show clearly that the population is not autochthonous; it come probably from a portion of the Croatian littoral more to the south. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2"><b> <a name="11">11</a></b>. A striking similarity can be observed between the dialect of Vlahija in southern Hurgcnland described by Brabec and the dialect of Narda near </font><font size="2">Szombathely</font><font size="2"> described by Ivi (<i>Prilog rekonstrukciji</i>).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2"><b> <a name="12">12</a></b>. Recent works by Rohlfs and Hraste (1963) have drawn the attention of scholars to traces of the former presence of a Serbocroatian-speaking population in Slavic lounwords in the Italian dialects of the Peninsula of Gargano and in the family names in that region.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2"><b> <a name="13">13</a></b>. In Ba ka the <i>i</i>-speakers, called Bunjevci, occupied in the 17th century the places abandoned in 1598 by Serbians who migrated from there to Austrian territory in present-day Slovakia (and who subsequently disappeared as an ethnic group).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" dir="ltr"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font><font size="3"><img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">76</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> `tokavian</font><font size="3"> <i>je</i>-speakers with <i>a &lt; *st , *sk </i>, originating from northeastern Bosnia, settled around Pécs in Baranja, and sporadically in some places in northern Croatia. The dialect of Kukinj near Pécs has  &lt; long <i></i> and <i>je</i> &lt; short <i></i>, like the dialect of Maglaj and Teaanj in northern Bosnia.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> `tokavian</font><font size="3"> <i>je</i>-speakers of East Hercegovinan origin were the most numerous among the migrants. They colonized large portions of western Serbia, parts of eastern Bosnia, most of western Bosnia, considerable portions of the mainland of northern Dalmatia and of Croatia south of the Kupa river, a small number of places in Gorski Kotar, several enclaves north of Kupa, near or even beyond the Slovenian border (e.g., Bojanci, Marindol, parts of }umberak), the region along the western border of Slavonia including some enclaves in the eastern Kajkavian territory such as the stretch around Bjelovar, various parts of Slavonia, among others Osje ko Polje and the slopes of the Papuk mountain, southeastern Baranja, parts of the Tolna district in Hungary (where the Serbocroatian language is now almost extinct), and the region farther to the north (to Budapest and even further, where the <i>je</i>-speakers were mixed with those of the <i>e</i>-dialect, the features of which prevail in the surviving colonies).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> `tokavian</font><font size="3"> <i>je</i>-speakers with unshifted accents from eastern and southern Crna Gora settled in the Istrian village of Peroja and appeared dispersed in many places in Serbia. Some of their settlements were founded only in the 19th century, e.g., Petrovo Selo near the Iron Gate, or certain villages in Toplica.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The <i>e</i>-dialect with the Neoatokavian accent (<i>aumadijskovojvodjanski</i>) expanded its territory in present-day Vojvodina and beyond its boundaries into various parts of historical Hungary, among others to the region of the Moria (Maros) river around Arad and west of that town, to the city of Budapest and towns and villages north and south of it, to some other towns such as Székesfehérvár (where the Serbocroatian language is now virtually extinct), Komárom (completely extinct), Eger (also extinct), etc. Speakers of this dialect emigrated from northern Vojvodina and the region of Moris to what is now Ukraine where they founded two groups of colonies: Novaja Serbija south of the Dnepr river (between the Dnepr, Sinjuxa, Bug and Tjasmin), and Slavjanoserbija south of the Donets, from Baxmut to Lugan. In both areas the Serbians underwent a complete ethnic and linguistic assimilation.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> `tokavian</font><font size="3"> dialects with preserved <i></i> and with predominantly unshifted accents were dispersal from returns which later became <i>ekavian</i> in</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">77</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> northern Serbia (and perhaps also in southern </font><font size="3">Banat</font><font size="3">) to parts of eastern </font><font size="3">Banat</font><font size="3">, where they survive in Rekaa and in Banatska Crna Gora. Speakers of basically the same dialect were transplanted to the environs of Gallipoli in Turkey.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The `tokavian <i>e</i>-dialect with a mainly conservative accentuation spread from the regions of Metohija, NW Kosovo and Kopaonik to the valleys of Western and Great Morava, NE Serbia, southern Banat (including Banatska Klisura beyond the present Rumanian border), to parts of `umadija and even to the region north of Budapest where a dialect of this type is still spoken in the village of obanac.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The dialect of the region of Prizren and SE Kosovo expanded into the valley of the Southern Morava, pushing the former dialect of the valley (now called <i> svrljiako-zaplanjski</i>) onto the hills east of the valley.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The Torlak dialect of the highlands along the Serbian-Bulgarian border was transferred to a number of places in eastern `umadija and to the environs of Belgrade (villages Banjica, Rakovica, Jajince, Mali Mokri Lug, Veliki Mokri Lug, and Vianjica), to Novo Selo near Vidin, and to various other places in NW Bulgaria, including a group of twelve villages near the mouth of the Ciba</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS"><font size="3"> </font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">r river. The so-called Kraaovani near </font><font size="3">Re_ica</font><font size="3"> in the Rumanian part of </font><font size="3">Banat</font><font size="3">, as well as the inhabitants of Svinica near the Iron Gate, are early colonists, probably from the Timok region. Their dialects display significant common features with that of Novo Selo near Vidin.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Speakers of the northwesternmost Macedonian dialects settled in various places farther to the northeast and east. Most of those colonists belonged to the Islamized group called Torbeai who settled in sporadic groups of villages in the districts of Tetovo, Skopje, Veles, Ki evo, Prilep etc. The movement of the Torbeai was paralleled by Albanian migrations basically in the same direction.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">In both western and eastern Bulgaria, highlanders from the Balkan mountains descended in the direction of the plains situated along the Danube (north of the Balkan mountain range) and the Marica (south of the Balkan mountains), and also along the Black Sea coast. The dialects of their settlements show their origin from various parts of the Balkan region. One of the strongest movements was that from the central part of the Balkan mountain range northwards, to the regions of Trnovo, Gorna Orjahovica, Sviatov and </font><font size="3"> Nikopol</font><font size="3">. Another group of settlers, coming from the &#39;sub-Balkan&#39; (<i>podbalkanski</i>) area around Stara Zagora, Sliven and Jambol, crossed the Balkan ridge and settled in the easternmost parts of northeastern Bulgaria, mainly near Varna, Bal ik and</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">78</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Tolbuhin</font><font size="3">. A specially instructive case is that of Erke  and Golica, villages in the eastern part of the Balkan area, whose inhabitants colonized a number of places in the districts of </font><font size="3">Varna</font><font size="3">, Provadija, Novi Pazar, Bal ik, and Silistra.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The region of Teteven, with a specific kind of East Bulgarian dialect, was the source of a migration westwards, to the region of Kula in NW Bulgaria and Zaje ar in eastern Serbia.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Highlanders from the Rhodope mountain region in South Bulgaria settled in the Marica valley, in the Strand~a hills and in the coastal plain along the Aegean Sea.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">One part of the Roman Catholic Bulgarians called Pavlikijani, who live in the Thracian plain near Plovdiv and whose dialect shows their origin from Rhodope, migrated to the district of Sviatov in North Bulgaria, whereas others colonized several villages in Banat where they mixed with another group of Catholic Bulgarians, coming from iprovci in NW Bulgaria and speaking originally a Torlak dialect. Descendants of the latter subsequently adopted the Pavlikijani dialect, still alive in several villages in </font> <font size="3">Banat</font><font size="3">, predominantly on the Rumanian side of the border between that country and Yugoslavia. <a href="#14">[14]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Groups of Bulgarians settled in various places in southern Rumania.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Emigrants from Bulgaria were colonized in </font><font size="3">Bessarabia</font><font size="3"> (mostly in its southern part) and the southern Ukraine (chiefly in the region of Odessa). Their extremely variegated dialects include many northeastern Bulgarian as well as some southeastern and (only in two villages) western Bulgarian types. About 1861, after the Crimean War in which Russia had lost southern </font><font size="3">Bessarabia</font><font size="3">, numerous Bulgarians emigrated further to the region north of the Azov Sea. A characteristic feature of Bulgarian colonies in (former) Russia is the frequent phenomenon of coexistence or mixture of two (or even three or four) dialects in the same village.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The consequences of the migrations in the Turkish period were manifold:</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">(i) The distribution of dialectal types, especially in the Serbocroatian territory, underwent far-reaching changes. Areas of certain dialects were substantially enlarged (e.g., those of the <i>je</i>-dialect of East Hercegovina, the <i>i</i>-dialect of West Hercegovina, the `umadija-Vojvodina <i>e</i>-dialect, the Kosovo-Resava dialect, the Prizren-Southern Morava dialect, certain</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2"><b> <a name="14">14</a></b>. The far-reaching influence of denominational differences on migrations is clearly shown by the facts that the only Serbocroatian-speaking groups which settled in Russia were Eastern Orthodox, and the only Bulgarians colonized in Austrian provinces, Roman Catholics. And of course, all Serbocroatian and Bulgarian-speaking emigrants who settled in Turkey in the late 19<sup>th</sup> and in the 20<sup>th</sup> centuries were Moslems.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">79</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> westernmost Macedonian, and the Balkan Bulgarian dialects). Certain other dialectal areas shrank, for instance, those of the akavian and Kajkavian dialects, as well as of most among the western `tokavian dialectal types with <i>a</i> <i>&lt; *st , *sk </i>. Some dialects disappeared from their original places (e.g., the <i>i</i>-dialects spoken now in southern Burgenland and in the area west of Zagreb), or were even eradicated completely (e.g., the majority of medieval dialects of northeastern Serbia). Boundaries between South Slavic languages and their non-Slavic neighbors were shifted at several places. In Vojvodina and further to the north, the Serbocroatian language expanded strongly; however, the more recent colonization of Germans, Hungarians, Slovaks, Ukrainians and Czechs reduced again the Serbocroatian language territory in the area. In southern Serbia and western (and even northern) Macedonia, the Albanian language expanded at the expense of Serbocroatian and Macedonian. In Bulgaria, numerous Turkish immigrants occupied entire districts, so that Bulgarian dialects virtually disappeared from Deliorman, Tuzluk, large parts of the eastern Balkan mountains, the Eastern Thracian plain, and the eastern Rhodope. Speakers of Serbocroatian and Bulgarian settled in various places in Italy, Austria, Moravia, Slovakia, Hungary, Rumania, southern Russia, and Turkey. A very large portion of those emigrants subsequently abandoned their native idioms, undergoing assimilation to their new environment.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">(ii) Certain dialectal types were affected by a strong influence of another dialect whose speakers had settled in their areas or around them. E.g., some western `tokavian dialects in Slavonia and Bosnia, which originally had a number of peripheral peculiarities forming a transition, as it were, to akavian, became much closer to average `tokavian after the colonization of East Hercegovina <i> je</i>-speakers in Bosnia and Slavonia, and the rupture of territorial contact with akavian due to that colonization.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">(iii) In various regions, the typological characteristics of linguistic differentiation were deeply altered. In most of the Serbocroatian language area the organically developed picture of intersecting, mutually dependent isoglosses, without clear-cut dialect boundaries and with gradual transitions everywhere, was replaced by a situation where isoglosses as a rule come in bundles, where territorial dialects are well-defined entities with sharp boundaries and relatively little internal differentiation. Another striking feature is the irregular shape and the discontinuity of the areas of many dialects due to migrations. The phenomenon of a dialectal enclave has become widespread. In a number</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">80</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">of instances, a &#39;pulverization&#39; of dialects took place. Settlers from distant regions and with dissimilar dialects formed colonies in small groups, making the dialect picture extremely complex. At various places new dialect types arose from a mixture of heterogeneous dialects. Some of those dialects still are in a process of crystallization, characterized by parallel occurrence of numerous alternative forms.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">(iv) The tremendous expansion of central `tokavian dialects created a broad dialectal basis for the modern standard language of Serbians and paved the way to the adoption of that language by Croatians in the second half of the 19th century, and thus to the creation of a common Serbocroatian standard language with basically unified phonological and grammatical patterns.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">(v) In a number of areas where the population is mixed as to religion, and especially in western Bosnia and the adjacent parts of Croatia, dialectal features became associated with faith. E.g., <i>(i)je</i> &lt; <i></i> is now a peculiarity of the Eastern Orthodox population, and <i>i &lt; </i> of the Roman Catholics (in most of West Bosnia also of the Moslems). This is chiefly a consequence of the fact that adherents of different denominations usually immigrated from different regions.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">The linguistic consequences of the migrations provide an important insight into the historical study of certain South Slavic languages. Dialects of the diaspora are in a sense living documents concerning the language of the epoch of their transplantation. In turn, the profound changes caused by migrations impose specific tasks on the diachronic investigation of the same languages. It becomes necessary to determine the dialectal picture in the period prior to the migrations. This can be achieved by utilizing the data of ancient texts (wherever they exist) and of emigrant dialects, possible traces of the dialectal substratum in areas now covered by imported dialects, and in some cases also the information conveyed by toponymy. However, the results almost inevitably remain fragmentary. As an illustration, we shall mention some of the unclarified problems :</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">1) Since most of the present population of the region Gorski Kotar in western Croatia consists of relatively recent settlers, it is not clear where the original boundary between Slovenian and akavian dialects in that area was. It is possible that some stretches of land, especially those densely wooded ones immediately south of the Kupa river, were unpopulated for a very long time and subsequently colonized from various (and not yet all identified) parts of Slovenia, so that dialects of neighboring villages often differ considerably.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">81</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">2) We lack information about the original southern and eastern border of the Kajkavian area in Croatia, as well as about possible ancient transitional Kajkavian-`tokavian dialectal types.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">3) The present dialects of northwestern Bosnia, especially those between the Una and Vrbas rivers, were imported with migrations. Most of the ancient population has disappeared, probably in those hard days when the region (&quot;Jaja ka banovina&quot;) was the first defense line of Christians against the Turks. Now we cannot even tell where the original akavian-`tokavian boundary was (or, more exactly, where the isoglosses of the features differentiating `tokavian dialects from the akavian ones were).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">4) The original distribution of <i>a</i> and of <i>at </i>as reflexes of <i>*sk , *st </i> in eastern Bosnia remains unclear, as well as the origin of the <i>at</i>-speaking group of Catholics in southeastern Slavonia.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">5) We know little about the ancient isogloss of the ikavian and jekavian reflexes of jat in northern Bosnia, and also about the eastern border of the jekavian area before the powerful expansion of <i>je</i>-dialects due to migrations.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">6) The medieval linguistic situation in what is now Vojvodina has not yet been completely determined. We know that both Hungarian and Serbocroatian were spoken in that region, and that the population of certain districts probably was mixed. We also have reasons to believe that Serbocroatian was more widespread in Srem and the southern part of </font><font size="3">Banat</font><font size="3"> than in Ba ka. However, we lack a clear picture about the ratio of the two populations, and about their geographic distribution. (Later, after the Turkish occupation, Hungarians disappeared almost completely from Vojvodina; the present Hungarian population was colonized in the 18th and 19th c).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">7) Likewise, we do not possess full information on circumstances in the Serbocroatian-Rumanian contact zone in northeastern Serbia, and along the Serbian-Albanian and the Macedonian-Albanian borders. It is known that a large part of the Rumanians in northeastern Serbia settled in the 18th and 19th centuries from Banat (so-called Ungurjani) and from Oltenia (&quot;Carani&quot;), and that during the same period the Albanian population in southern Serbia and western Macedonia was greatly strengthened by immigration. Nonetheless, we know little about the possible share of Rumanians and Albanians in the population of the given regions in the epoch preceding the migrations.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">8) The problem of the ancient boundary between `tokavian and Torlak dialects in central and northeastern Serbia is far from elucidated.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">82</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">We are even unable to tell whether there were old transitional types.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Some of the questions enumerated will probably be at least partially clarified by future investigations, but we do not have the right to hope for an all-embracing success. It is impossible to reconstruct completely a world of dialects that has been erased by history.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> <a name="biblio">SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY</a></font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> <a href="#a" style="text-decoration: none">a) General Works</a></font></span></i></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> <a href="#b" style="text-decoration: none">b) Works on Dialects Transplanted by Migrations</a></font></span></i></p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; font-weight: 700"> <font size="3"><a name="a">a</a>) General Works</font></span></i></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Blgarski</font><font size="3"> dialekten atlas</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">.</font><i><font size="3"> </font></i></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">I. Jugoizto na Blgarija</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">, Sstaven pod rkovodstvoto na St. Stojkov i S. B. Bernatejn (Sofija, 1964); <i> II. Severoizto na Blgarija</i>, Sstaven pod rkovodstvoto na St. Stojkov (Sonja, 1966).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Bari</font><font size="3">, H., <i>Lingvisti ke studije</i> (Sarajevo, 1954).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Beli</font><font size="3">, A., <i>Dialektologi eskaja karta serbskago jazyka, Stat&#39;ji po slavjanovedeniju II </i>(S.-Peterburg, 1906).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, <i>Dijalekti isto ne iju~ne Srbije</i> (= SDZ 1), (Beograd, 1905).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, <i>Gali ki dijalekat</i> (= SDZ 7), (Beograd, Sremski Karlovci, 1935).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;Les rapports mutuels du serbo-croate et du Slovène&quot;, RES 1 (1921), 20-27.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;O srpskim ili hrvatskim dijalektima&quot;, Glas SKA 78 (1908), 60-164.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Bernatejn</font><font size="3">, S. B., et al, <i>Karpatskij dialektologi eskij atlas</i> (Moskva, 1966).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Birnbaum</font><font size="3">, H., &quot;Balkanslavisch und Südslavisch: Zur Reichweite der Balkanismen im südslavischen Sprachraum&quot;, Zeitschrift für Balkanologie 3 (1965), 12-63.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;The Dialects of Common Slavic&quot;, Ancient Indo-European Dialects, ed. by H. Birnbaum and J. Puhvel (Los Angeles, 1966), pp. 153-197.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Bratani</font><font size="3">, B., &quot;Uz problem doseljenja ju~nih Slavena&quot;, <i> ZRFFZ</i> 1 (1951), 221-250.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Brozovi</font><font size="3">, D., &quot;O problemu ijekavskoacakavskog (isto nobosanskog) dijalekta&quot;, HDZ 2 (1966), 119-208.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;O rekonstrukciji predmigracionog mozaika hrvatskosrpskih dijalekata&quot;, Filologija 4 (1963), 45-55.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Conev</font><font size="3">, B., <i>Istorija na blgarskija ezik I-III</i> (Sofija, 1919-1937).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Cviji</font><font size="3">, J., <i>La Péninsule balkanique, Géographie humaine</i> (Paris, 1918).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Densu_ianu</font><font size="3">, O., <i>Histoire de la langue roumaine</i>, I (Bucarest, 1929), II (Paris, 1938).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Duridanov</font><font size="3">, I., &quot;Novi danni ot toponimijata za iz eznalo rumänsko naselenie v Sofijsko&quot;, <i>Ezikovedsko-etnografski izsledvanija v pamet na akademik Stojan Romanski</i> (Sofija, 1960), pp. 469-478.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Georgiev</font><font size="3">, V., &quot;Naj-starite slavjanski imena na balkanskija poluostrov i tjahnoto zna enie za naaija ezik i naaata istorija&quot;, <i>Blgarski ezik</i> 8 (1958), 321-342.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, Trakijskijat ezik (Sofija, 1957).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Grafenauer</font><font size="3">, B., <i>Die ethnische Gliederung und geschichtliche Rolle der westlichen Südslaven im Mittelalter</i> (Ljubljana, 1966).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;Nekaj vpraaanj iz dobe naseljevanja ju~nih Slovanov&quot;, <i>Zgodovinski asopis</i> 4 (1950), 23-126.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;Prilog kritici izvjeataja Konstantina Porfirogeneta o doseljenju Hrvata&quot;, <i> Historijski zbornik</i> 5 (1952), 1-56.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;Slovanski naselitveni valovi ba Balkanski poluotok , <i>Zgodovinski asopis</i> 18 (1964), 219-227.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">83</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Grégoire</font><font size="3">, H., &quot;L&#39;origine et le nom des Croates et Serbes&quot;, <i>Byzantion</i> 17 (1944-1945), 88-118.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Gyóni</font><font size="3">, M., &quot;La transhumance des Vlaques balkaniques au Moyen âge&quot;, <i> Byzantino-slavica</i> 12 (1951), 29-42.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Hauptmann</font><font size="3">, Lj., &quot;Seoba Hrvata i Srba&quot;, <i>Jugoslovenski istoriski asopis</i> 3 (1937), 30-71.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Istorija</font><font size="3"> na Blgarija</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">, ed. BAN. I (Sofija, 1954).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Istorija</font><font size="3"> naroda Jugoslavije</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> I II (Beograd, 1953, 1960).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><font size="3"> <span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype">I</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">vi</font><font size="3">, A., <i>Istorija Srba u Vojvodini</i> (Novi Sad, 1929).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Ivi</font><font size="3">, P., <i>Die serbokroatischen Dialekte</i>. I: Allgemeines und Die atokavische Dialektgruppe ( s-Gravenhage, 1958).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, <i>Dijalektologija srpskohrvatskog jezika. Uvod i atokavsko nare je</i>. (Novi Sad 1956).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;O nekim problemima naae istoriske dijalektologije&quot;, <i>JF</i> 21 (1955-1956), 97-129.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;Über den spezifischen Charakter der mundartlichen Ausgliederung des serbo kroatischen Sprachgebietes&quot;, <i>Orbis</i> (Louvain) VII/1 (1958), 134-140.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;Zna aj lingvisti ke geografije za uporedno i istorisko prou avanje ju~noslovenskih jezika i njihovog odnosa prema ostalim slovenskim jezicima&quot;, <i>JF</i> 22 (1958), 179-206.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Ivai</font><font size="3">, S., &quot;Hrvatska dijaspora u XVI. vijeku&quot;, Ljetopis JAZU 50 (1938), 99-102.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, Jezik Hrvata kajkavaca. Ljetopis JAZU 48 (1936), 47-88.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Izvori</font><font size="3"> za blgarskata istorija</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">, ed. BAN. I-XIV (Sofija, 1957-1968).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Jagi</font><font size="3">, V., &quot;Ein Kapitel aus der Geschichte der südslavischen Sprachen&quot;, AfslPh 17 (1895), 47-87.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Jankulov</font><font size="3">, B., <i>Pregled kolonizacije Vojvodine u XVIII i XIX veku</i> (Novi Sad, 1961).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Kniezsa</font><font size="3">, L, <i>Ungarns Völkerschaften im XI. Jahrhundert </i>(Budapest, 1938).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Kodov</font><font size="3">, X., and S. Mladenov, <i>Bit iezik na trakijskite i maloazijskite blgari. II. Ezik.</i> (Sofija, 1936).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Koneski</font><font size="3">, B., <i>Istorija na makedonskiot jazik </i> (Skopje-Beograd, 1965).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Lemerle</font><font size="3">, P., &quot;Invasions et migrations dans les Balkans depuis la fin de l&#39;époque romaine jusqu&#39;au VIIIe siècle&quot;, <i>Revue historique</i> 211 (1954), 265-308.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Manojlovi</font><font size="3">, S., &quot;Glavne étape u razvitku hrvatskosrpskog jezika. Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru. god. 7, sv. 7&quot;, <i>Razdio lingvisti ko-filoloaki</i> 4 (1968), 46-69.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Marguliés</font><font size="3">, A., &quot;Historische Grundlagen der südslavischen Sprachgliederung&quot;, <i>AfslPh</i> 40 (1926), 197-222.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Melich</font><font size="3">, J., <i>A honfoglaláskori Magyarország</i> (Budapest, 1929).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Miklosich</font><font size="3">, F., &quot;Über die Wanderung der Rumunen in den Dalmatinischen Alpen und den Karpaten&quot;, <i>Denkschriften der Kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-historische Classe</i> 30 (Wien 1880), 1-66.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Mileti </font><font size="3">, Lj., <i>Das Ostbulgarische</i> (Wien, 1903).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Mileti </font><font size="3">, L., <i>Staroto blgarsko naselenie v severoizto na Blgarija</i> (Sofija, 1902).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Moór</font><font size="3">, E</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">., &quot;Zur Geschichte südslavischer Völkerschaften im Karpatenbecken&quot;, SS 8 (1962), 267-312.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Naselja</font><font size="3"> i poreklo stanovniatva. 1-40, [mostly] (Belgrade, 1902-1967).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Niederle</font><font size="3">, L., <i>Slovanské staro~itnosti II/1-2, Povod a po átky Slovano ji~ních</i> (Praha, 1906, 1910).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Nlkoli</font><font size="3">, B., &quot;Sremski govor&quot;, <i>SDZ</i> 14 (1964), 201-412.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Pavi i</font><font size="3">, S., <i>Podrijetlo hrvatskih i srpskih naselja i govora u Slavoniji</i> (Zagreb, 1953).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Pavlovi</font><font size="3">, M., <i>Govor Sretetke }upe</i> (= <i>SDZ</i> 8) (Beograd, 1938).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;O stanovniatvu i govoru Jajca i okoline&quot;, <i>SDZ</i> 3 (1927), 97-112.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;Perspektive i zone balkanisti kih jezi kih procesa&quot;, <i>JF</i> 22 (1957-1958), 207-239.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Popovi</font><font size="3">, D. J., <i>Srbi u Vojvodini I-III.</i> (Novi Sad 1957-1963).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Popovi</font><font size="3">, D. J. and }. Se anski, <i>Graa za istoriju naselja u Vojvodini</i> (Novi Sad, 1936).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Popovi</font><font size="3">, I. <i>Geschichte der serbokroatischen Sprache</i> (Wiesbaden, 1960).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">84</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Ramova</font><font size="3">, F., <i>Histori na gramatika slovenskega jezika. VII. Dijalekt</i> . (Ljubljana 1935).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, <i>Kratka zgodovina slovenskega jezika</i> (Ljubljana, 1936).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;Une isoglosse akavo-kaïkavienne&quot;, <i>RES</i> 3 (1923), 48-58.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Reaetar</font><font size="3">, M., <i>Der atokavische Dialekt</i> (Wien, 1907).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;Die akavatina und deren einstige und jetzige Grenzen&quot;, <i>AfslPh</i> 13 (1890-1891), 93-109, 161-199, 361-388.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Roesler</font><font size="3">, R., <i>Romänische Studien</i> (Leipzig, 1871).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Rosetti</font><font size="3">, A., Istoria limbii române<sup>4</sup>. I-III, Bucure_ti 1964.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Sandfeld</font><font size="3">, K., <i>Linguistique balkanique, problèmes et résultats</i> (Paris, 1930).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Selia ev</font><font size="3">, A. M., <i>Dialektologi eskoe zna enie makedonskoj toponimii</i>. Sbornik Mileti , (Soflja 1933), 29-46.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, <i>Polog i ego bolgarskoe naselenie</i> (Sofija, 1929).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, Slavjanskoe naselenie Albanii (Sofija, 1931).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Skok</font><font size="3">, P., <i>Dolazak Slovena na Mediteran</i> (Split, 1934).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> SBawski</font><font size="3">, F., <i>Zarys dialektologii poBudniowosBowianskiej</i> (Warszawa, 1962).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Stanislav</font><font size="3">, J., <i>Slovensky juh v stredoveku I-II.</i> (Tur ianský Sv. Martin 1948).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Stojkov</font><font size="3">, S., <i>Blgarska dialektologija</i><sup>2</sup> (Sofija, 1968).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Tapkova-Zaimova</font><font size="3">, V., <i>Naaestvija i etni eski promeni na Balkanite</i> (Sofija, 1966).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Todorov</font><font size="3">, C, &quot;Govorni krstosvanija v krajnata severozapadna blgarska oblast&quot;, <i>Blgarski pregled</i> 1 (1929), 230-243.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;Naselenieto me~du Timok, Iskr i Stara-planina&quot;, Spisanie na BAN 60 (1937), 237-287.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, <i>Severozapadnite blgarski govori</i> (= SNU 41), (Sofija, 1936).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Tomi</font><font size="3">, J., <i>Naselje u mleta koj Dalmaciji</i> 1409-1797. Prvi deo, 1409-1645. Nia 1915.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Vasmer</font><font size="3">, M., <i>Die Slaven in Griechenland</i> (Berlin, 1941).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Vidoeski</font><font size="3">, B., &quot;Ki evskiot govor&quot;, MJ VI1I/1 (1957), 31-90.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;Makedonskite dialekti vo svetlinata na lingvisti eskata geografija&quot;, MJ XIII-XIV/1-2 (1961-1962), 87-107.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Vizantijski</font><font size="3"> izvori za istoriju naroda Jugoslavije I-III</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> (Beograd, 1955-1966).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Wijk</font><font size="3">, N. van, <i>Les langues slaves. De l&#39;unité à la pluralité</i><sup>2</sup>. ( s-Gravenhage, 1956).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;Taalkundige en historische gegevens betreffende de oudste betrekkingen tussen Serven en Bulgaren&quot;, <i>Mededelingen der Koninklijke akademie van wetenschappen, afdeling letterkunde</i>, deel 55, série A (1923), 55-76.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Zaimov</font><font size="3">, J., &quot;Die bulgarischen Ortsnamen auf -<i>iat</i> aus -<i>itj</i> und ihre Bedeutung für die Siedlungsgeschichte der Bulgaren in den Balkanländern&quot;, <i>Linguistique balkanique </i>IX/2 (1965), 5-80.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"><b> <a name="b">b</a>) Works on Dialects Transplanted by Migrations</b></font></span></i></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Bernatejn</font><font size="3">, S. B., and E. V. eako, &quot;Opyt klassifikacii bolgarskix govorov SSSR&quot;, U enye zapiski Instituta slavjanovedenija IV (1951), 327-343.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Bernatejn</font><font size="3">, S. B., <i>et al</i>., A<i>tlas bolgarskix govorov v SSSR</i> (Moskva, 1958).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Bidwell</font><font size="3">, Ch., &quot;Neke beleake o bugarskom nare ju banatskog sela Belo Blato&quot;, ZFL 4-5 (1961-1962), 29-33.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Boakovi</font><font size="3">, R., &quot;Refleksi grupa TJ, DJ, TbJ, DbJ, STJ, ZDJ, SKJ, ZGJ (SK , ZG ) u dijalektima ju~ne i jugozapadne Istre&quot;, <i>JF</i> 27/1-2 (1966-1967), 85-142.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Brabec</font><font size="3">, I., &quot;Govor podunavskih Hrvata u Austriji&quot;, <i> HDZ</i> 2 (1966), 29-119.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;Vlahijski govor&quot;, Ljetopis JAZU 67 (1963), 277-286.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Bulaxovskij</font><font size="3">, L. A., &quot;Udarenie starokrymskogo bolgarskogo govora&quot;, Sbornik .A Teodorov-Balan, (Sofija 1955), 131-143.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Bunina</font><font size="3">, I. K., &quot;Iz istorii vajsalskix govorov&quot;, <i> U enye zapiski Instituta slavjanovedenija</i> 2 (1950), 242-259.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">85</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Der~avin</font><font size="3">, N. S., <i>Bolgarskie kolonii v Rossii</i>. T. II, Jazyk. (Petrograd 1915).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Erdeljanovi</font><font size="3">, J., <i>O poreklu Bunjevaca</i> (Beograd, 1930).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Filipovi</font><font size="3">, M., <i>Galipoljski Srbi</i> (Beograd, 1946).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Gucu</font><font size="3">, O., &quot;Bolgarskij govor sela oplja&quot;, Revue roumaine de linguistique 10 (1965), 527-536; 11 (1966), 491-502.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Hadrovics</font><font size="3">, L., &quot;Adverbien als Verbalpräfixe in der Schriftsprache der burgenländischen Kroaten&quot;, <i>SS</i> 4 (1958), 211-249.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Hraste</font><font size="3">, M., &quot;Govori jugozapadne Istre&quot;, <i>HDZ </i>2 (1966), 5-28.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;Nepoznate slavenske kolonije na obalama Gargana&quot;, Kolo Matice hrvatske 1963, 612-617.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;O atokavskim govorima na Hvaru i Bra u&quot;, <i>ZRFFZ</i> 1 (1951), 379-395.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Ivi</font><font size="3">, P., &quot;Jedna dosad nepoznata grupa atokavskih govora: govori s nezamenjenim jatom&quot;, Godianjak Filozofskog fakulteta u Novom Sadu 1 (1956), 146-160.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, <i>O govoru galipoljskih Srba</i> (= <i>SDZ</i> 12), (Beograd, 1957).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;O srpskom govoru u selu Lovri&quot;, SS 12 (1966), 191-201.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;Prilog rekonstrukciji predraigracione dijalekatske slike srpskohrvatske jezi ke oblasti&quot;, <i>ZFL</i> 4-5 (1961-1962), 117-130.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Jagi</font><font size="3">, A., &quot;Hrvatske naseobine u Banatu&quot;, <i>Letopis Matice srpske</i> 319 (1929), 33-39.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Jovanovi</font><font size="3">. V., &quot;Gavrilo Stefanovi Venclovi&quot;, <i>SDZ</i> 2 (1911), 105-306.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Kaai</font><font size="3">, J., &quot;O jekavskom govoru Velikog Grdevca, sela jugoisto no od Bjelovara&quot;, <i> ZFL</i> 6 (1963), 149-158.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Kurelac</font><font size="3">, F., <i>Ja ke ili narodne peame prostoga i neprostoga puka hrvatskoga po ~upah aopronskoj, moaonjskoj i ~eleznoj na Ugrih</i> (Zagreb, 1871).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Majnari</font><font size="3">, M., &quot;Jedno rovtarsko narje je u Gorskom Kotaru&quot;, <i>JF</i> 17 (1938-1939), 135-150.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> MaBecki</font><font size="3">, M., <i>Przegld sBowiahskich gwar Istrji</i> (= <i>Prace Komisji Jzykowej</i> </font><font size="3">PAU</font><font size="3"> 17), (Krakow, 1930).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Miklosich</font><font size="3">, F., &quot;Die Sprache der Bulgaren in Siebenbürgen&quot;, Denkschriften der Kais. Ak. der Wiss., Philosophisch-historische Klasse 7 (1856), 105-146.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Mil eti</font><font size="3">, I., <i>Hrvatske naseobine u Moravskoj, Donjoj Austriji i zapadnoj Ugarskoj </i>(Zagreb, 1898).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Mileti </font><font size="3">, L., &quot;Kni~ninata i ezik na banatskite blgari&quot;, <i>SNU</i> 16-7 (1900), 339-482.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;Naaite pavlikjani&quot;, <i>SNU</i> 19 (1903), 1-369.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;Sedmogradskite blgari i téhnijat ezik&quot;, (= Spisanie na BAN 26). (Sofija, 1926).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;Ueber die Sprache und die Herkunft der sog. Kraaovaner in Süd-Ungarn&quot;, <i> AfslPh</i> 25 (1903), 161-181.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;Zaselenieto na katoliakite blgari v Sedmigradsko i </font><font size="3"> Banat</font><font size="3">&quot;, <i>SNU</i> 14 (1897), 284-543.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Muzy enko</font><font size="3">, A. T., <i>Istorija poselenija i foneti eskie osobenosti govora krymskix bolgar </i>(S. Peterburg, 1907).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Newcklowsky</font><font size="3">, G., &quot;Zur kroatischen Mundart von Weingraben in Burgenland&quot;, <i>Wiener slawistisches Jahrbuch</i> 14 (1967-1968), 94-127.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Pavlovi</font><font size="3">, M., &quot;Govor Torbeaa u okolini Skoplja u evolutivnoj perspektivi&quot;, <i>Zbornik u cast A. Belia</i>, (Beograd 1937), 439-449.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Peco</font><font size="3">, A., i B. Milanovi, &quot;Resavski govor&quot;, <i>SDZ</i> 17 (1968), 245-366.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Petrovici</font><font size="3">, F., <i>Graiul Cara_ovenilor</i> (Bucure_ti, 1935).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Petrovi </font><font size="3">, E, i E. Vrabie,&quot;Blgarskijat govor v s. Popeat-Leorden (Bukureatska oblast)&quot;, <i>Blgarski ezik</i> 13 (1963), 110-122; 15 (1965), 110-126.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Popovi</font><font size="3">, I., &quot;O ba kim bunjeva kim govorima&quot;, <i>Zbornik Matice srpske za knjiievnost I jezik</i> I (1954). 123-146.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Popovi</font><font size="3">, M., <i>}umbera ki dijalekat</i> (Zagreb, 1938).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Reichenkron</font><font size="3">, G., &quot;Serbokroatisches aus Süditalien&quot;, Zeitschrift für slavische Philologie 12 (1934), 325-339.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="2">86</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Reaetar</font><font size="3">, M., <i>Die serbokroatischen Kolonien Süditaliens</i> (Wien, 1911).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Ribari</font><font size="3">, J., &quot;Razmjeataj ju~noslovenskih dijalekata na poluotoku Istri&quot;, <i>SDZ </i>9 (1940), 1-207.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Rohlfs</font><font size="3">, G., &quot;Ignote colonie slave sulle coste del Gargano&quot;, <i>Cercetri de lingvistic</i> 3 (1958), Supliment (Mélanges Petrovici), 409-413.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Skok</font><font size="3">, P., &quot;Mundartliches aus }umberak (Sichelburg)&quot;, <i>AfslPh</i> 32 (1911), 363-383; 33 (1912), 338-375.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;Novi prilozi prou avanju govora ~umbera kih akavaca (prvi dio)&quot;, <i>HDZ</i> 1 (1956), 215-278.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Stat&#39;ji</font><font size="3"> i materialy po bolgarskoj dialektologii SSSR, 2-10. Institut slavjanovedenija AN SSSR, Moskva 1952-1962.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Stojkov</font><font size="3">, S., <i>Banatskijat govor</i> (Sofija, 1967).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, Leksikata na banatskija govor (Sofija, 1968).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;Novi prou vanija na blgarskite govori v Svetskija sjuz&quot;, <i>Izvestija na Instituta za blgarski ezik</i> 4 (1955), 430-452.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> `iakov</font><font size="3">, St. N., &quot;Bele~ki po govora na s. Piamank&#39;oj, Malgarskata kaza, Odrinsko&quot;, <i>Rodopski napredk</i> 7 (1910), 193-206, 241-250.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Tomljenovi</font><font size="3">, G. B., <i>Bunjeva ki dijalekat zaleda senjskoga s osobitim obzirom na naglas</i> (Zagreb, 1911).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Ujevi</font><font size="3">, M., <i>Gradiaanski Hrvati</i> (Zagreb, 1934).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Vasilev</font><font size="3">, Chr., &quot;Die heutige akavische Schriftsprache der Burgenland-Kroaten&quot;, <i>Frankfurter Abhandlungen zur Slavistik</i> 8 (1966), 189-237.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">Vá~ný</font><font size="3">, V., &quot; akavské náYe í v slovenském Podunají&quot;, </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Sbornik</font><font size="3"> </font><font size="3">Filosofické</font><font size="3"> </font><font size="3">fakulty</font><font size="3"> University Komenského v Bratislavé</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> V/47 (1927), 121-336.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">____, &quot;O chorvatském kajkavském náYe í Horvatského Gróbu&quot;, in: A. Václavík, <i> Podunajská dedina v eskoslovensku</i> (Bratislava, 1925), 111-176.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> Vukovi</font><font size="3">, J., &quot;Govorne osobine Imljana. Glasnik zemaljskog muzeja u Sarajevu&quot;, <i>Etnologija</i> 17 (1962), 27-49.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype; text-decoration: underline"> <font size="3">Abbreviations</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> AfslPh</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">  <i>Archiv für slavische Philologie</i> (Berlin)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">BE</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">  <i>Blgarski ezik</i> (Sofija)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">HDZ</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">  <i>Hrvatski dijalektoloaki zbornik</i> (Zagreb)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">JF</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">  <i>Ju~noslovenski filolog</i> (Beograd)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">MJ</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">  <i>Makedonski jazik</i> (Skopje)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">RES</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">  <i>Revue des études slaves</i> (Paris)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">SDZ</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">  <i>Srpski dijalektoloaki zbornik</i> (Beograd)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">SNU</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">  <i>Sbornik za narodni umotvorenija</i> (Sofija)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">SS</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">  <i>Studio Slavica</i> (Budapest)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">ZFL</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">  <i>Zbornik Matice srpske za filologiju i lingvistiku</i> (Novi Sad)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3"> ZRFFZ</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Palatino Linotype"><font size="3">  <i>Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu</i> (Zagreb)</font></span></p> </blockquote> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Palatino Linotype" size="3">[<a href="hb_sv_prefatory_note.htm" style="text-decoration: none">Previous</a>] [<a style="text-decoration: none" href="hb_sv_kkazazis.htm">Next</a>]</font></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Palatino Linotype" size="3">[<a href="index.htm" style="text-decoration: none">Back to Index</a>]</font></p> </body> </html>