Contents

List of Illustrations viii
Foreword xiii
Editor's Note xvi
Fragments from the Author's Preface Author's xix
Acknowledgments (Fragments) xxiv

I. The Literary Evidence     1
     Demonization     2
     Equations     5
     Ammianus Marcellinus     9
     Cassiodorus, Jordanes     15

II. History     18
     From the Don to the Danube     18
     The Huns at the Danube     26
     The Invasion of Asia     51
     Uldin     59
     Charaton     73
     Octar and Ruga     81
     Attila     94
     Attila's Kingdom     125
     The Huns in Italy     129
     Collapse and Aftermath     143
     The First Gotho-Hunnic War     152
     The Second Gotho-Hunnic War     162
     The End     165

III. Economy     169
     Camels     172
     Hunnic Agriculture?     174
     Housing     178

V


VI

     Income in Gold     180
     Trade     186
     Silk     188
     Wine     189

IV. Society     190
     Aristocracy     198
     Slaves     199

V. Warfare     201
     General Characteristics     201
     Horses     203
     Bows and Arrows     221
     Swords     233
     Lances     238
     The Lasso     239
     Armor     241
     Huns in the Roman Army     255

VI. Religion     259
     The Huns and Christianity     260
     Seers and Shamans     267
     Divine Kingship?     270
     Strava     274
     The Sacred Sword     278
     Masks and Amulets     280
     Eidola     286

VII. Art     297
     Gold Diadems     297
     Cauldrons     306
     Mirrors     337
     Personal Ornaments     354

VIII. Race     358
     The Hsiung-nu     367
     Europoids in East Asia     369

IX. Language     376
     Speculations about the Language of the Huns     376
     Transcriptions     379
     Etymologies     382
     Germanized and Germanic Names     386
     Iranian Names     390

VII

     Turkish Names     392
     Names of Undetermined Origin     412
     Hybrid Names     422
     Tribal Names     427
     Conclusions     441

X. Early Huns in Eastern Europe     444

XI. Appendixes     456
     1. The Chronicle of 452     456
     2. Armenian Sources     457
     3. Figures in Olympiodorus     459
     4. The Alleged Loss of Pannonia Prima in 395     459
     5. Religious Motifs in Hunnic Art?     461

XII. Background: The Roman Empire at the Time of the Hunnic Invasions, by Paul Alexander     464

Bibliography     486
     Abbreviations     486
     Classical and Medieval Register     494
     Sources     503
Index     579