<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">਀㰀栀琀洀氀㸀 
<head>਀   㰀洀攀琀愀 栀琀琀瀀ⴀ攀焀甀椀瘀㴀∀䌀漀渀琀攀渀琀ⴀ吀礀瀀攀∀ 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀㴀∀琀攀砀琀⼀栀琀洀氀㬀 挀栀愀爀猀攀琀㴀甀渀椀挀漀搀攀∀㸀 
   <meta name="Author" content="Vassil Karloukovski">਀   㰀洀攀琀愀 渀愀洀攀㴀∀䜀䔀一䔀刀䄀吀伀刀∀ 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀㴀∀䴀椀挀爀漀猀漀昀琀 䘀爀漀渀琀倀愀最攀 㘀⸀　∀㸀 
   <meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document">਀   㰀琀椀琀氀攀㸀䠀甀搀甀搀 愀氀ⴀ✀䄀氀愀洀 ⴀ 吀栀攀 吀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀漀爀✀猀 倀爀攀昀愀挀攀㰀⼀琀椀琀氀攀㸀 
   <style>਀㰀℀ⴀⴀ 
   A {text-decoration: none}਀   䄀㨀栀漀瘀攀爀 笀挀漀氀漀爀㨀 爀攀搀㬀 琀攀砀琀ⴀ搀攀挀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀㨀 甀渀搀攀爀氀椀渀攀紀 
-->਀㰀⼀猀琀礀氀攀㸀 
</head>਀㰀戀漀搀礀㸀 
<font face="Palatino Linotype">਀㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀⬀㄀㸀䠀甀搀甀搀 愀氀ⴀ✀䄀氀愀洀Ⰰ 
The Regions of the World</font></b>਀㰀戀爀㸀㰀戀㸀嘀⸀ 䴀椀渀漀爀猀欀礀㰀⼀戀㸀 
<br>&nbsp; </font>਀㰀戀氀漀挀欀焀甀漀琀攀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">THE TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE਀㰀戀爀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<blockquote><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>਀ऀऀ㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀䤀⸀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀琀攀砀琀ⴀ搀攀挀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀㨀 渀漀渀攀∀㸀㄀⸀ 䐀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀猀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀⼀椀㸀 
		<br><i><a href="#II." style="text-decoration: none">2. Discovery and publication of the H</a></i></font><i><a href="#II." style="text-decoration: none"><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-&#39;Ā</font></a></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">਀ऀऀ㰀戀爀㸀㰀椀㸀㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀䤀䤀䤀⸀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀琀攀砀琀ⴀ搀攀挀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀㨀 渀漀渀攀∀㸀㌀⸀ 吀栀攀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀漀爀猀✀猀 琀愀猀欀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀⼀椀㸀 
		<br><i><a href="#IV." style="text-decoration: none">4. The commentary: explanation of the text</a></i>਀ऀऀ㰀戀爀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀椀㸀㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀嘀⸀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀琀攀砀琀ⴀ搀攀挀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀㨀 渀漀渀攀∀㸀 
		<font face="Palatino Linotype">5. The commentary: the sources of the H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'Ā</font></a></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">਀ऀऀ㰀戀爀㸀㰀椀㸀㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀嘀䤀⸀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀琀攀砀琀ⴀ搀攀挀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀㨀 渀漀渀攀∀㸀㘀⸀ 䰀漀礀愀氀琀椀攀猀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀戀氀漀挀欀焀甀漀琀攀㸀 
	<hr WIDTH="60%">਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀䤀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀戀㸀㄀⸀ 䐀䔀匀䌀刀䤀倀吀䤀伀一 伀䘀 吀䠀䔀 䴀匀⸀㰀⼀戀㸀 
	</font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀吀栀攀 愀渀漀渀礀洀漀甀猀 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀瘀椀椀 ㄀⸀∀㸀嬀㄀崀㰀⼀愀㸀 最攀漀最爀愀瀀栀椀挀愀氀 眀漀爀欀 挀愀氀氀攀搀  
	<i>H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">udūd&nbsp;਀愀氀ⴀ✀ 氁愀洀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀椀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀Ⰰ 椀⸀攀⸀ 
"The Regions of the World", <a href="#vii 2.">[2]</a> was compiled in 372/982-3਀愀渀搀 搀攀搀椀挀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䄀洀⬀爁 
Abul-H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">ārith਀䴀甀栀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀愀洀洀愀搀 戀⸀ 䄀栀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀洀愀搀Ⰰ 
of the local Fārighūnid਀搀礀渀愀猀琀礀 眀栀椀挀栀 爀甀氀攀搀 椀渀 䜀欀稁最Ā渁Ā渁 
in what is now northern Afghānistān ਀⠀猀攀攀 渀漀琀攀猀 琀漀 ꜀ ㄀ 愀渀搀 ꜀ ㈀㌀Ⰰ 㐀㘀⸀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀 甀渀椀焀甀攀 洀愀渀甀猀挀爀椀瀀琀 眀愀猀 挀漀瀀椀攀搀 椀渀 㘀㔀㘀⼀㄀㈀㔀㠀  
by Abul-Mu&#39;ayyad &#39;Abd al-Qayyūm਀椀戀渀 愀氀ⴀ䠀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀甀猀愀礀渀 椀戀渀 
'Alī al-Farīsī਀⠀㰀椀㸀瘀⸀椀⸀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㘀㘀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 栀愀氀昀ⴀ攀爀愀猀攀搀 渀愀洀攀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 琀椀琀氀攀ⴀ瀀愀最攀㨀 
<i>sāh</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">ibuhu਀ऀ㰀⼀椀㸀㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀瘀椀椀 ㌀⸀∀㸀嬀㌀崀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀椀㸀 
kātibuhu al-'abd਀愀氀ⴀ洀甀搀栀渀椀戀 愀氀ⴀ洀甀栀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀琀Ā樁 
ilā rah</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">mati'llāhi਀琀愀✀Ā氁Ā
Abul-Mu . . . 'Abd al- . . .&nbsp;ūm਀椀戀渀 ⸀ ⸀ ⸀ 礀渀 椀戀渀 ✀䄀氀⬀
al-Fārisī</i>....਀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">The MS. consists of 39 folios measuring 28 x 18 cm., while the size਀漀昀 琀栀攀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 琀攀砀琀 ⠀眀椀琀栀椀渀 爀甀氀攀搀 昀爀愀洀攀⤀ 椀猀 ㈀　 砀 ㄀㌀ 挀洀⸀ 䔀愀挀栀 瀀愀最攀 栀愀猀 ㈀㌀ 
extremely regular lines written in good and personal <i>naskhthulth</i>਀猀挀爀椀瀀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 瀀愀瀀攀爀 椀猀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀欀栀Ā渁戀Ā氁椀焀㰀⼀椀㸀 
description. </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀伀渀 琀栀攀 眀栀漀氀攀 琀栀攀 琀攀砀琀 椀猀 瘀攀爀礀 眀攀氀氀 瀀爀攀猀攀爀瘀攀搀⸀ 䘀昀⸀ ㈀㠀 愀渀搀 ㈀㤀 愀爀攀 猀氀椀最栀琀氀礀 
damaged. The lower part of f. 39 (<i>viz.</i>, half of the lines 17-23)਀栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 琀漀爀渀Ⰰ 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 渀漀琀 漀渀氀礀 琀栀攀 琀攀砀琀 爀攀氀愀琀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀 䄀昀爀椀挀愀渀 挀漀甀渀琀爀椀攀猀 
but the colophon, too, has greatly suffered. The text begins on f. 1b.਀吀栀攀 琀椀琀氀攀ⴀ瀀愀最攀 ⠀昀⸀ ㄀愀⤀ 椀猀 漀挀挀甀瀀椀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 琀椀琀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀漀漀欀Ⰰ 戀礀 猀漀洀攀 洀攀搀椀漀挀爀攀 
verses in the same hand, but having no relation to the text, and by some਀氀愀琀攀爀 攀渀琀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 渀漀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀⸀ 䴀愀爀最椀渀愀氀 渀漀琀攀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀攀 昀漀甀渀搀 漀渀 昀昀⸀ ㄀㤀戀Ⰰ 
20a, 22b and 30a, have no great importance [cf. Appendix A]. </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀吀栀攀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䠀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀椀㸀甀搀欀搁 
al-'Ālam</i> forms਀漀渀氀礀 漀渀攀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 愀 戀漀甀渀搀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀 漀昀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀氀氀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀椀漀猀 愀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 
size (28 x 18 cm.). It contains: </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀椀㸀愀⸀㰀⼀椀㸀 吀栀攀 最攀漀最爀愀瀀栀椀挀愀氀 琀爀攀愀琀椀猀攀 㰀椀㸀䨀椀栀Ā渁ⴀ渀Ā洁愀㰀⼀椀㸀 
(ff. 1b-27a) by Muh</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">ammad਀椀戀渀 一愀樀⬀戁 䈀愀欀爀Ā渁 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀瘀椀椀 㐀⸀∀㸀嬀㐀崀㰀⼀愀㸀Ⰰ 
copied by 'Ibād-allāh਀䴀愀猀✀欀搁 椀戀渀 䴀甀栀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀愀洀洀愀搀 
ibn-Mas'ūd al-Kirmānī਀漀渀 ㈀㠀 刀愀洀愀搀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀Ā渁 
663 (14 July 1267). <br>&nbsp; </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀瘀椀椀 ㄀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀戀㸀㄀⸀㰀⼀戀㸀 伀渀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 挀昀⸀ 瀀⸀ 砀椀椀㬀 
he was a sunnī, cf.਀瀀瀀⸀ ㌀㜀㔀Ⰰ ㌀㤀㈀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="vii 2."></a><font size=-1><b>2. ਀ऀ㰀⼀戀㸀㰀椀㸀瘀⸀椀⸀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㌀　⸀ 吀栀攀 
word <i>h</i></font></font><font size=-1><i><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">udūd</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">਀⠀瀀爀漀瀀攀爀氀礀 ✀戀漀甀渀搀愀爀椀攀猀✀⤀ 椀渀 漀甀爀 挀愀猀攀 攀瘀椀搀攀渀琀氀礀 爀攀昀攀爀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 ✀爀攀最椀漀渀猀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 
definite boundaries' into which the world is divided in the&nbsp;<i>H</i></font><i><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'Ā.,਀琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 挀愀爀攀 琀栀攀 昀爀漀渀琀椀攀爀猀 漀昀 攀愀挀栀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 
areas, v.i., p. 30. [As I use the word "region" mostly for <i>nā</i></font></font><font size=-1><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>h</i></font><i><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>iyat਀ऀ㰀⼀椀㸀椀琀 
would have been better, perhaps, to translate&nbsp;<i>H</i></font><i><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>udūd਀愀氀ⴀ 氁愀洀㰀⼀椀㸀 愀猀 ∀吀栀攀 
limited areas of the World".]</font></font><font face="Palatino Linotype">਀ऀ㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="vii 3."></a><font size=-1><b>3.</b> Certainly in the sense਀漀昀 ✀瀀漀猀猀攀猀猀漀爀✀ 愀渀搀 渀漀琀 椀渀 琀栀愀琀 漀昀 ✀愀甀琀栀漀爀✀Ⰰ 愀猀 挀漀渀昀椀爀洀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 挀漀氀漀瀀栀漀渀 
of the <i>Jāmi' al-'ulūm</i>,਀瘀⸀椀⸀ 瀀⸀ 瘀⬀⸁㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="vii 4."></a><font size=-1><b>4.</b> Cf. Rieu, ਀ऀ㰀椀㸀䌀愀琀愀氀漀最甀攀 
Pers. Mss. Brit. Mus.</i> i, 423; Bibl. Nationale, anc. fonds persan, 324.</font>਀ऀ㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">਀ऀ㰀椀洀最 匀刀䌀㴀∀氀椀渀攀开搀漀眀渀⸀最椀昀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀㄀㠀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㔀㤀㘀㸀 㰀戀爀㸀瘀椀椀椀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀 㰀椀㸀吀栀攀 吀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀漀爀✀猀 倀爀攀昀愀挀攀㰀⼀椀㸀 
	</font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀椀㸀戀⸀㰀⼀椀㸀 䄀 猀栀漀爀琀 琀爀攀愀琀椀猀攀 漀渀 䴀甀猀椀挀 ⠀昀昀⸀ ㈀㜀戀ⴀ㈀㠀戀⤀ 戀礀 唀猀琀Ā搁栀 
'Ajab al-Zamān bul-Ustādh-Khorāsān਀䴀甀栀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀愀洀洀愀搀 椀戀渀 䴀愀栀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀洀欀搁 
ibn Muh</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">ammad Nīshāpūrī.਀ऀ㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>c. H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">udūd਀愀氀ⴀ✀ 氁愀洀㰀⼀椀㸀 ⠀猀攀攀 
above). </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀椀㸀搀⸀㰀⼀椀㸀 吀栀攀 眀攀氀氀 欀渀漀眀渀 攀渀挀礀挀氀漀瀀攀搀椀愀 㰀椀㸀䨀Ā洁椀✀ 
al-'Ulūm</i> (ff.਀㄀ⴀ㔀　⤀ 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀瘀椀椀椀 ㄀⸀∀㸀嬀㄀崀㰀⼀愀㸀 戀礀 䘀愀欀栀爀 愀氀ⴀ搀⬀渁 
al-Rāzī਀⠀搀⸀ 㘀　㘀⼀㄀㈀　㤀⤀ 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 挀漀氀漀瀀栀漀渀㨀 㰀椀㸀眀愀焀愀✀愀 愀氀ⴀ昀椀爀Ā朁栀 
min tah</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">rīrihi਀礀愀甀洀 愀氀ⴀ樀甀洀✀愀 氀椀氀ⴀ猀Ā搁椀猀 
wal-'ishrīn min jumādā਀愀氀ⴀ欀氁Ā
sana thamānī਀眀愀 欀栀愀洀猀⬀渁 眀愀 猀椀琀琀愀ⴀ洀椀✀愀 
'ala yadī. Ad</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">'afu਀✀椀戀Ā搁 愀氀氀Ā栁 
wa ah</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">qaruhum Abul-Mu'ayyad਀✀䄀戀搀 愀氀ⴀ儀愀礀礀欀洁 戀⸀ 
al-&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">usayn ਀ऀ㰀⼀椀㸀⠀㼀⤀㰀椀㸀 
b. 'Alī</i>. Consequently਀琀栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀Ⰰ 琀漀漀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 挀漀瀀椀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 猀挀爀椀戀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䠀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀椀㸀甀搀欀搁 
al-'Ālam</i> on਀䘀爀椀搀愀礀Ⰰ ㈀㘀 䨀甀洀Ā搁Ā
al-ūlā਀㘀㔀㠀 ⠀吀栀甀爀猀搀愀礀 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀瘀椀椀椀 ㈀⸀∀㸀嬀㈀崀㰀⼀愀㸀 ㄀　 䨀甀渀攀 ㄀㈀㔀㤀⤀⸀ 䠀攀 洀甀猀琀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 
an eager student to transcribe in his careful regular hand a series of਀椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 眀漀爀欀猀 昀漀爀 栀椀猀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀 氀椀戀爀愀爀礀 愀琀 琀栀攀 洀漀洀攀渀琀漀甀猀 攀瀀漀挀栀 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 
Mongol invaders were exterminating the Assassins, destroying the Baghdād਀䌀愀氀椀瀀栀愀琀攀 愀渀搀 爀攀洀漀搀攀氀氀椀渀最 琀栀攀 愀搀洀椀渀椀猀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 倀攀爀猀椀愀℀ 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀瘀椀椀椀 ㌀⸀∀㸀嬀㌀崀㰀⼀愀㸀 
	</font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀瀀㸀㰀栀爀 圀䤀䐀吀䠀㴀∀㘀　─∀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="II."></a><b>2. DISCOVERY AND PUBLICATION OF THE&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'Ā.</b>਀ऀ㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">The discovery and publication of the&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>udūd਀愀氀ⴀ✀ 氁愀洀㰀⼀椀㸀 栀愀瘀攀 
a long history not devoid of romance. </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀吀栀攀 刀甀猀猀椀愀渀 漀爀椀攀渀琀愀氀椀猀琀Ⰰ 䌀愀瀀琀愀椀渀 ⠀氀愀琀攀爀 䴀愀樀漀爀ⴀ䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀⤀ 䄀⸀ 䜀⸀ 吀漀甀洀愀渀猀欀礀Ⰰ 
was a great friend of the Bahā'īs਀眀栀漀洀 栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 洀攀琀 椀渀 䄀猀欀栀愀戀愀搀 椀渀 ㄀㠀㤀　⸀ 䠀攀 攀愀最攀爀氀礀 猀琀甀搀椀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 爀攀氀椀最椀漀甀猀 
literature <a href="#viii 4.">[4]</a> and rendered some signal services਀琀漀 琀栀攀 琀栀爀椀瘀椀渀最 䈀愀栀Ā✁⬀
colony established in the Russian Transcaspian province, for example at਀琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀攀洀瀀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 渀攀眀 爀攀氀椀最椀漀渀 ⠀㰀椀㸀洀愀猀栀爀椀焀 愀氀ⴀ愀搀栀欀Ā爁㰀⼀椀㸀⤀ 
was being built in Askhabad. </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀倀爀漀戀愀戀氀礀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 䈀愀爀漀渀 嘀⸀ 刀漀猀攀渀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 眀愀猀 栀椀猀 琀攀愀挀栀攀爀Ⰰ 漀爀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 䈀愀爀琀栀漀氀搀Ⰰ 
who then was at the beginning of his scientific career, Toumansky heard਀漀昀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 漀昀 唀氀甀最栀ⴀ戀攀最✀猀 氀漀猀琀 眀漀爀欀 㰀椀㸀唀氀欀猁ⴀ椀 
arbaa</i> and made a search for it through his Persian friends. The importance਀漀昀 䈀甀欀栀Ā爁Ā
as a market for rare manuscripts was fully realized only after 1900 when਀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 攀砀瀀攀搀椀琀椀漀渀猀 眀攀爀攀 猀攀渀琀 琀栀攀爀攀 戀礀 琀栀攀 刀甀猀猀椀愀渀 䄀挀愀搀攀洀礀Ⰰ 礀攀琀 攀瘀攀渀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 
that time it was natural to turn one's attention towards that Muslim centre.਀吀漀甀洀愀渀猀欀礀 
<br>&nbsp; </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀瘀椀椀椀 ㄀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀戀㸀㄀⸀㰀⼀戀㸀 倀爀漀戀愀戀氀礀 挀漀洀瀀漀猀攀搀 椀渀 㔀㜀㐀⼀㄀㄀㜀㠀Ⰰ 
cf. Rieu, <i>Supplément</i>, p. 102 (Or. 2973 contains 188 folios਀攀愀挀栀 猀椀搀攀 戀攀椀渀最 漀昀 ㄀㜀 氀椀渀攀猀⤀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="viii 2."></a><font size=-1><b>2.</b> Thursday evening is called਀椀渀 倀攀爀猀椀愀 㰀椀㸀猀栀愀戀ⴀ椀 樀甀洀✀愀㰀⼀椀㸀 愀渀搀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 愀猀 琀栀攀 戀攀最椀渀渀椀渀最 漀昀 䘀爀椀搀愀礀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	</font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀瘀椀椀椀 ㌀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀戀㸀㌀⸀㰀⼀戀㸀 吀栀攀 搀愀琀愀 漀渀 琀栀攀 洀愀渀甀猀挀爀椀瀀琀 
are partly borrowed from Toumansky's article (<i>v.i.</i>, p. ix, n. 2)਀愀渀搀 瀀愀爀琀氀礀 戀愀猀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 渀漀琀攀猀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀氀礀 琀愀欀攀渀 椀渀 倀愀爀椀猀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㈀㄀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="viii 4."></a><font size=-1><b>4.</b> See his edition of the਀ऀ㰀椀㸀䬀椀琀Ā戁ⴀ椀 
aqbas</i>, SPb. 1899 (<i>Mémoires de l&#39;Académie des</i></font> </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀 
	<img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br><i>The Translator's Preface</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; ix ਀ऀ㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">availed himself of the occasional visits to Bukhārā਀漀昀 琀栀攀 氀攀愀爀渀攀搀 䈀愀栀Ā✁⬀
of Samarqand Mīrzā਀䄀戀甀氀ⴀ䘀愀搀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀氀 䜀甀氀瀀Ā礁愀最Ā渁⬀
who soon after, in a letter in Persian dated 2 Rabī'਀䤀䤀Ⰰ ㄀㌀㄀　 㴀 ㈀㔀 伀挀琀漀戀攀爀 ㄀㠀㤀㈀Ⰰ 爀攀瀀漀爀琀攀搀 愀猀 昀漀氀氀漀眀猀㨀 ∀䐀甀爀椀渀最 洀礀 猀琀愀礀 椀渀 䈀甀欀栀Ā爁Ā
all my efforts to find the <i>Ulūs-i਀愀爀戀愀✀愀㰀⼀椀㸀 瀀爀漀瘀攀搀 甀渀猀甀挀挀攀猀猀昀甀氀 戀甀琀 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 昀漀甀渀搀 愀渀 愀渀挀椀攀渀琀 戀漀甀渀搀 戀漀漀欀 眀栀椀挀栀 
is very good and contains four treatises of which the first has geographical਀挀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀 愀渀搀 昀漀爀洀攀搀 愀 倀爀攀昀愀挀攀 琀漀 愀 䴀愀瀀 ⠀㰀椀㸀洀甀焀愀搀搀愀洀愀ⴀ礀椀 渀愀焀猀栀愀 戀欀搁愀㰀⼀椀㸀⤀㬀 
the second, composed 943 years ago and copied 808 years ago, is also geographical਀愀渀搀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀猀 琀栀攀 渀愀洀攀猀 漀昀 琀漀眀渀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 渀漀眀 愀爀攀 愀戀猀漀氀甀琀攀氀礀 甀渀欀渀漀眀渀㬀 琀栀攀 琀栀椀爀搀 
treats of Music, and is short; the fourth is the <i>Jāmi'਀愀氀ⴀ✀甀氀欀洁㰀⼀椀㸀 漀昀 䤀洀Ā洁 
Fakhr-i Rāzī."਀圀栀攀渀Ⰰ 椀渀 ㄀㠀㤀㌀Ⰰ 吀漀甀洀愀渀猀欀礀 樀漀椀渀攀搀 䴀⬀爁稀Ā
Abul-Fad</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">l in Bukhara,਀栀椀猀 倀攀爀猀椀愀渀 昀爀椀攀渀搀 洀愀搀攀 栀椀洀 愀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀 漀昀 栀椀猀 昀椀渀搀 ∀漀渀 挀漀渀搀椀琀椀漀渀 琀栀愀琀 椀琀 
should be edited and not be lost for science". </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀䄀 樀漀甀爀渀攀礀 琀漀 倀攀爀猀椀愀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 瘀椀挀椀猀猀椀琀甀搀攀猀 漀昀 愀 洀椀氀椀琀愀爀礀 挀愀爀攀攀爀 洀愀搀攀 椀琀 
impossible for Toumansky to publish the manuscript immediately but in an਀愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀攀搀 椀渀 ㄀㠀㤀㘀 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀椀砀 ㈀⸀∀㸀嬀㈀崀㰀⼀愀㸀 栀攀 攀砀瀀氀愀椀渀攀搀 琀栀攀 
circumstances which led to the discovery of the&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'Ā.,਀最愀瘀攀 椀琀猀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀 ⠀搀愀琀攀Ⰰ 挀漀氀漀瀀栀漀渀Ⰰ 搀攀搀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䘀Ā爁椀最栀欀渁椀搀 
ruler Abul-H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">ārith,਀挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀 琀愀戀氀攀 漀昀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀 ☀愀洀瀀㬀挀⸀⤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀Ⰰ 愀猀 愀 猀愀洀瀀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀攀砀琀Ⰰ 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 
the Persian original and a Russian translation of the chapters on the "Christianized਀匀氀愀瘀猀∀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 匀氀愀瘀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 刀欀猁 
(ff. 37a-38a), with a short commentary. </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀吀漀甀洀愀渀猀欀礀 爀攀猀攀爀瘀攀搀 琀栀攀 爀椀最栀琀 漀昀 昀椀渀愀氀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀匀⸀Ⰰ 漀爀 洀漀爀攀 
precisely, of the&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>udūd਀愀氀ⴀ✀ 氁愀洀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 
in spite of some preparatory work done by him, <a href="#ix 3.">[3]</a>਀眀愀猀 甀渀昀漀爀琀甀渀愀琀攀氀礀 甀渀愀戀氀攀 琀漀 挀愀爀爀礀 漀甀琀 栀椀猀 椀渀琀攀渀琀椀漀渀 搀甀爀椀渀最 栀椀猀 氀椀昀攀琀椀洀攀⸀ 
<br>&nbsp; </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀㈀㸀㰀椀㸀匀挀椀攀渀挀攀猀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 琀⸀ 瘀椀椀椀Ⰰ 一漀⸀ 㘀⤀ 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 
	<i>Zap.਀嘀愀猀琀⸀ 伀琀搀⸀㰀⼀椀㸀㨀 㰀椀㸀吀栀攀 琀眀漀 氀愀琀攀猀琀 ∀氀愀甀栀㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀椀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㈀∀ 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㈀∀㸀∀ 
of the Bābīs</font></i><font size="2">,਀瘀漀氀⸀ 瘀椀Ⰰ ㄀㠀㤀㘀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ ㌀㄀㐀᐀㈠㄀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀䈀愀栀Ā✁甀氀氀Ā栁✀猀 
last words</i>, vol. vii, 1892, pp. 193-203; <i>The author of the history਀欀渀漀眀渀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 渀愀洀攀 漀昀 ∀吀Ā爁⬀欁栀ⴀ椀 
Manukchī</i>,<i>"਀漀爀 ∀吀Ā爁⬀欁栀ⴀ椀 
Jadīd"</i>, vol. viii,਀㄀㠀㤀㌀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ ㌀㌀᐀㐠㔀⸀ 吀漀甀洀愀渀猀欀礀 洀愀椀渀琀愀椀渀攀搀 愀 挀漀爀爀攀猀瀀漀渀搀攀渀挀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀 漀昀 
their mutual interest with E. G. Browne, see the latter's <i>Tārīkh-i਀樀愀搀⬀搁㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ 砀砀砀椀椀椀Ⰰ 
lii and passim, and the review of the <i>Kitāb-i਀愀焀搀愀猀㰀⼀椀㸀 椀渀 㰀椀㸀䨀刀䄀匀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ ㄀㤀　　Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ ㌀㔀㐀ⴀ㜀⸀ 䄀洀漀渀最 吀漀甀洀愀渀猀欀礀✀猀 漀琀栀攀爀 眀漀爀欀猀 
may be quoted: <i>Note on the Kitāb-i਀儀漀爀焀甀搀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 椀渀 㰀椀㸀娀愀瀀⸀ 嘀漀猀琀⸀ 伀琀搀⸀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 瘀漀氀⸀ 椀砀Ⰰ ㄀㠀㤀㔀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ ㈀㘀㠀ⴀ㜀㈀㬀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀椀渀最 
report on his journey in Persia <i>From the Caspian sea to the Hormuz strait</i>਀椀渀 ㄀㠀㤀㐀Ⰰ 匀倀戀⸀ ㄀㠀㤀㘀㬀 愀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䄀戀甀氀ⴀ䜀栀Ā稁⬀✁猀 
<i>Pedigree਀漀昀 琀栀攀 吀甀爀欀漀洀愀渀猀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 䄀猀欀栀愀戀愀搀 ㄀㠀㤀㜀㬀 㰀椀㸀䄀 猀甀爀瘀攀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瘀椀氀Ā礁愀琀猀 
of Erzerum and Bitlis</i>, Tiflis 1909; <i>The Arabic language and Caucasian਀猀琀甀搀椀攀猀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 吀椀昀氀椀猀 ㄀㤀㄀㄀⸀ 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="ix 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> On Mīrzā਀䄀戀甀氀 䘀愀搀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀氀 猀攀攀 䔀⸀ 䜀⸀ 
Browne's <i>Tārīkh-i਀樀愀搀⬀搁㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 䤀渀搀攀砀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="ix 2."></a><font size=-1><b>2. ਀ऀ㰀⼀戀㸀㰀椀㸀娀愀瀀椀猀欀椀 嘀漀猀琀⸀ 伀琀搀⸀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 
x, 1896 (printed in 1897), pp. 121-37: <i>The newly discovered Persian਀最攀漀最爀愀瀀栀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㄀　琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 爀攀瀀漀爀琀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 匀氀愀瘀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 刀欀猁㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 
In the same number of the <i>Zapiski</i> appeared the text of Barthold's਀漀瀀攀渀椀渀最 氀攀挀琀甀爀攀 愀琀 琀栀攀 匀琀⸀ 倀攀琀攀爀猀戀甀爀最 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀Ⰰ 栀攀氀搀 漀渀 㠀 䄀瀀爀椀氀 ㄀㠀㤀㘀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	</font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀椀砀 ㌀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀戀㸀㌀⸀  
	</b>So I was informed by Mme.਀吀漀甀洀愀渀猀欀礀⸀ 䤀渀 昀愀挀琀 栀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 漀渀氀礀 琀栀攀 昀爀愀最洀攀渀琀猀 漀渀 匀愀洀愀爀焀愀渀搀 ⠀椀渀 琀栀攀 
Russian</font> </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀 
	<img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br>x&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>The Translator's Preface</i>਀ऀ㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">With the owner&#39;s permission a photograph of ਀琀栀攀 洀愀渀甀猀挀爀椀瀀琀 眀愀猀 琀愀欀攀渀 椀渀 匀椀⸀ 倀攀琀攀爀猀戀甀爀最 椀渀 ㄀㠀㤀㐀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䬀愀爀漀渀 嘀⸀ 刀⸀ 刀漀猀攀渀 挀漀瀀椀攀搀  
the whole of the text with his own hand. Both the photograph and the copy were ਀氀攀昀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀漀猀猀攀猀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀甀猀攀 䄀猀椀愀琀椀焀甀攀 漀琀 琀栀攀 刀甀猀猀椀愀渀 䄀挀愀搀攀洀礀 愀渀搀  
Toumansky very liberally allowed other Russian scholars to make use of single ਀瀀愀猀猀愀最攀猀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀洀⸀ 嘀⸀ 䄀⸀ 娀栀甀欀漀瘀猀欀礀 眀愀猀 琀栀甀猀 愀戀氀攀 琀漀  
utilize the passage relative to Marv in his standard description ot that ਀瀀爀漀瘀椀渀挀攀 ⠀猀攀攀 渀漀琀攀 琀漀 ꜀ ㈀㌀Ⰰ ㌀㜀⸀⤀⸀ 嘀⸀ 嘀⸀ 䈀愀爀琀栀漀氀搀 焀甀漀琀攀搀 攀砀琀攀渀猀椀瘀攀氀礀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䠀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀⸀ⴀ✀ 
in his early <i>Report on a Scientific Mission to Central Asia</i> (1897),਀琀栀攀渀 椀渀 栀椀猀 昀愀洀漀甀猀 㰀椀㸀吀甀爀欀攀猀琀愀渀㰀⼀椀㸀 ⠀㄀㤀　　⤀Ⰰ 椀渀 栀椀猀 㰀椀㸀䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 䤀爀爀椀最愀琀椀漀渀 
in Turkestan</i> (1914), and occasionally in many other of his books and਀愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀⸀ 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀砀 ㄀⸀∀㸀嬀㄀崀㰀⼀愀㸀 䄀昀琀攀爀 吀漀甀洀愀渀猀欀礀☀⌀㌀㤀㬀猀 搀攀愀琀栀 栀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 琀栀攀  
fragment on Tibet (see notes to § 11) and summarized the contents of the chapter ਀漀渀 䜀⬀氁Ā渁  
(see notes to § 32, 35.). </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀一攀瘀攀爀琀栀攀氀攀猀猀Ⰰ 椀渀 圀攀猀琀攀爀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 瘀攀爀礀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 眀愀猀 欀渀漀眀渀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䠀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀⸀ⴀ✀ Ⰱ 
and J. Marquart who had access only to the quotations found in Toumansky's਀愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 ⠀㰀椀㸀娀嘀伀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ ㄀㠀㤀㘀⤀Ⰰ 椀渀 䈀愀爀琀栀漀氀搀✀猀 㰀椀㸀刀攀瀀漀爀琀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀渀 圀攀猀琀戀攀爀最✀猀 
<i>Beiträge</i>਀⠀㰀椀㸀瘀⸀椀⸀㰀⼀椀㸀 瀀⸀ 㐀㈀㜀⤀Ⰰ 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 琀椀洀攀猀 攀砀瀀爀攀猀猀攀搀 栀椀猀 爀攀最爀攀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 䴀匀⸀ 猀琀椀氀氀 
remained unpublished. <a href="#x 2.">[2]</a> </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀伀渀 ㄀㌀ 䐀攀挀攀洀戀攀爀 ㄀㤀㈀㄀ 椀渀 愀 刀甀猀猀椀愀渀 瀀愀瀀攀爀 攀搀椀琀攀搀 椀渀 倀愀爀椀猀 䤀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 愀渀 
obituary notice of the head of the Bahā'ī਀挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 ✀䄀戀戀Ā猁 
Efendi (d. in&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">aifa,਀㈀㠀 一漀瘀攀洀戀攀爀 ㄀㤀㈀㄀⤀⸀ 䤀渀 椀琀 䤀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 戀漀琀栀 䔀⸀ 䜀⸀ 䈀爀漀眀渀攀✀猀 愀渀搀 䄀⸀ 䜀⸀ 吀漀甀洀愀渀猀欀礀✀猀 
close connexion with the representatives of the faith preached by the Bāb਀愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䈀愀栀Ā✁ⴀ愀氀氀Ā栁⸀ 
My article happened to be read in Constantinople by Madame Toumansky who਀栀愀猀琀攀渀攀搀 琀漀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀挀愀琀攀 琀漀 洀攀 琀栀攀 猀愀搀 渀攀眀猀 漀昀 栀攀爀 栀甀猀戀愀渀搀✀猀 搀攀愀琀栀 ⠀椀渀 䌀漀渀猀琀愀渀琀椀渀漀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 
1 December 1920) asking me in the meantime for advice as to his MSS. which਀爀攀洀愀椀渀攀搀 椀渀 栀攀爀 瀀漀猀猀攀猀猀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 眀椀琀栀 眀栀椀挀栀Ⰰ 椀渀 瘀椀攀眀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀椀爀挀甀洀猀琀愀渀挀攀猀Ⰰ 
she was obliged to part. The&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'Ā.਀眀愀猀 愀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀洀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀漀漀渀 愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀挀椀漀甀猀 䴀匀⸀ 眀愀猀 漀渀 洀礀 搀攀猀欀 椀渀 倀愀爀椀猀⸀ 
Madame Toumansky fully realized the intense interest taken in Russia in਀琀栀攀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䠀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀⸀ⴀ✀ 
and the amount of work already done on it. I offered to communicate with਀琀栀攀 䰀攀渀椀渀最爀愀搀 䄀挀愀搀攀洀礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀栀攀渀 愀 昀愀瘀漀甀爀愀戀氀攀 愀渀猀眀攀爀 挀愀洀攀Ⰰ 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀攀 
S. F. Oldenburg (d. 28. ii. 1934), she most generously agreed to repatriate਀琀栀攀 䴀匀⸀ 琀漀 刀甀猀猀椀愀Ⰰ 琀栀漀甀最栀 洀漀爀攀 愀搀瘀愀渀琀愀最攀漀甀猀 挀漀渀搀椀琀椀漀渀猀 挀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 
obtained elsewhere. </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀倀愀瀀攀爀 㰀椀㸀伀欀爀愀椀渀愀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ ㈀ 䴀愀礀 ㄀㠀㤀㌀⤀ 愀渀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䈀甀爀琀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀Ā猁ⴀ䈀愀爀Ā搁栀Ā猁 
(as a supplement to A.V. Markov, <i>Russo-Mordovan relations</i>, Tiflis਀㄀㤀㄀㐀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀瘀⸀椀⸀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㐀㘀㈀⤀⸀ 
<br>&nbsp; </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀砀 ㄀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀戀㸀㄀⸀㰀⼀戀㸀 䌀⸀昀⸀ 瀀⸀ ㄀㘀㤀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	</font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀砀 ㈀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀戀㸀㈀⸀㰀⼀戀㸀 匀攀攀 昀漀爀 椀渀猀琀愀渀挀攀  
	<i>Streifzüge</i>,਀㄀㤀　㌀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ 砀砀砀ⴀ砀砀砀椀Ⰰ ㄀㜀㈀Ⰰ 渀漀琀攀 㐀㬀 㰀椀㸀䬀漀洀愀渀攀渀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㄀㐀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㌀㜀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">਀ऀ㰀椀洀最 匀刀䌀㴀∀氀椀渀攀开搀漀眀渀⸀最椀昀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀㄀㠀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㔀㤀㘀㸀 㰀戀爀㸀㰀椀㸀吀栀攀 吀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀漀爀✀猀 倀爀攀昀愀挀攀㰀⼀椀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀 砀椀  
	</font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀匀漀洀攀 琀椀洀攀 氀愀琀攀爀 眀攀 栀愀搀 琀栀攀 猀愀琀椀猀昀愀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 栀攀愀爀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 
of the&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'Ā.਀眀愀猀 戀攀椀渀最 甀渀搀攀爀琀愀欀攀渀 戀礀 嘀⸀ 嘀⸀ 䈀愀爀琀栀漀氀搀⸀ 䈀礀 䴀愀爀挀栀 ㄀㤀㌀　 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀琀攀猀 爀攀瀀爀漀搀甀挀椀渀最 
the 78 pages of the original, as well as 32 pages of <i>Preface</i> and਀㄀㄀ 瀀愀最攀猀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀䤀渀搀攀砀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 眀攀爀攀 瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 昀漀爀 猀漀洀攀 琀攀挀栀渀椀挀愀氀 爀攀愀猀漀渀猀 
the publication of the book met with delay. On 18 August 1931 Barthold਀眀爀漀琀攀 琀漀 洀攀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀椀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 戀攀椀渀最 漀瘀攀爀挀漀洀攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀椀猀 氀攀琀琀攀爀 
reached me in London an hour after I had read in <i>The Times</i> the two਀氀椀渀攀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 挀愀洀攀 氀椀欀攀 愀 戀氀漀眀Ⰰ 愀渀渀漀甀渀挀椀渀最 琀栀攀 搀攀愀琀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 最爀攀愀琀 栀椀猀琀漀爀椀愀渀 
on August 19. </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀䈀愀爀琀栀漀氀搀 栀愀搀 渀漀琀 琀栀攀 猀愀琀椀猀昀愀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀攀攀椀渀最 椀渀 昀椀渀愀氀 昀漀爀洀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀欀 眀栀椀挀栀 
had been a companion of all his scientific life. The now posthumous book਀愀瀀瀀攀愀爀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 攀搀椀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䄀挀愀搀攀洀礀 漀昀 匀挀椀攀渀挀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 唀⸀匀⸀匀⸀刀⸀ 甀渀搀攀爀 
the title:਀㰀戀爀㸀㰀椀洀最 匀刀䌀㴀∀砀椀开㄀⸀樀瀀最∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀㔀　 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㔀㘀㠀㸀 ㄀㤀㌀　⸀ 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p>&nbsp;<p><hr WIDTH="60%">਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀䤀䤀䤀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀戀㸀㌀⸀ 吀䠀䔀 吀刀䄀一匀䰀䄀吀伀刀✀匀 吀䄀匀䬀㰀⼀戀㸀 
	</font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀䤀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 眀漀爀搀猀 漀昀 栀椀猀 㰀椀㸀倀爀攀昀愀挀攀㰀⼀椀㸀 ⠀㰀椀㸀瘀⸀椀⸀㰀⼀椀㸀 瀀⸀ ㌀㈀⤀ 䈀愀爀琀栀漀氀搀 
says that his chief reason for abandoning the idea of giving a complete਀琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀愀渀甀猀挀爀椀瀀琀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 ∀最爀攀愀琀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 最攀漀最爀愀瀀栀椀挀愀氀 渀愀洀攀猀Ⰰ 
of which the reading remains unknown". Probably for the same reason the਀琀攀砀琀 眀愀猀 渀漀琀 瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀 戀甀琀 瀀栀漀琀漀最爀愀瀀栀椀挀愀氀氀礀 爀攀瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀搀⸀ 䄀猀 爀攀最愀爀搀猀 琀栀攀 倀攀爀猀椀愀渀 
original, such a procedure can only meet with our full approval, for the਀爀椀猀欀猀 漀昀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀椀渀最 猀甀挀栀 愀 挀漀洀瀀氀椀挀愀琀攀搀 琀攀砀琀 昀爀漀洀 愀 猀椀渀最氀攀 洀愀渀甀猀挀爀椀瀀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 
be too great, and a printed text would never replace the paleographically਀瘀攀爀礀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀 椀渀 搀漀甀戀琀昀甀氀 瀀氀愀挀攀猀⸀ 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀砀椀 ㄀⸀∀㸀嬀㄀崀㰀⼀愀㸀 䄀猀 
already mentioned the MS. is written in a script clear enough and yet in਀猀漀洀攀 瀀氀愀挀攀猀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀椀渀最 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀愀戀氀攀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀椀攀猀⸀ 䈀愀爀琀栀漀氀搀 ⠀氀攀琀琀攀爀 漀昀 㔀⸀ 
iii. 1930) was ready to admit with regard to the photographic reproduction਀漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀匀⸀ 琀栀愀琀 ∀椀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀 戀攀 愀渀 攀搀椀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀 猀攀渀猀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 漀爀椀攀渀琀愀氀椀猀琀猀 
who had no great experience in the reading of Muslim MSS. would feel disappointed".਀䤀渀 猀甀挀栀 挀椀爀挀甀洀猀琀愀渀挀攀猀Ⰰ 洀愀渀礀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀攀搀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀愀氀氀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 最攀漀最爀愀瀀栀椀挀愀氀 
contents of the book were likely to be hampered by the character of the਀猀挀爀椀瀀琀Ⰰ 眀栀椀氀攀 䈀愀爀琀栀漀氀搀✀猀 㰀椀㸀倀爀攀昀愀挀攀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 琀栀漀甀最栀 攀砀琀爀攀洀攀氀礀 瘀愀氀甀愀戀氀攀Ⰰ 椀猀 
far from exhausting the problems raised by the text. </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀䤀 栀愀瘀攀 搀攀挀椀搀攀搀 琀栀攀爀攀昀漀爀攀 琀漀 琀愀欀攀 愀 爀攀猀漀氀甀琀攀 猀琀攀瀀 椀渀 爀攀渀搀攀爀椀渀最 琀栀椀猀 
	<br>&nbsp; </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀ 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㈀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀砀椀 ㄀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀戀㸀㄀⸀㰀⼀戀㸀 䰀愀琀攀氀礀 匀愀礀礀椀搀 䨀愀氀Ā氁 
al-dīn Tehrānī਀栀愀猀Ⰰ 洀漀爀攀 漀爀 氀攀猀猀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀昀甀氀氀礀Ⰰ 瀀爀椀渀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 琀攀砀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䠀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀⸀ⴀ✀ ⸁Ⰰ 
together with that of Part III of the <i>Tārīkh-i਀䨀椀栀Ā渁ⴀ最甀猀栀Ā㰁⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 
as an annex (!) to his Calendary (<i>gāh-nāma</i>)਀昀漀爀 琀栀攀 倀攀爀猀椀愀渀 礀攀愀爀 ㄀㌀㄀㐀 ⠀㴀 䄀⸀䠀⸀ ㄀㌀㔀㌀ⴀ㐀 㴀 䄀⸀䐀⸀ ㄀㤀㌀㔀⤀Ⰰ 吀攀栀爀愀渀 ㄀㌀㔀㈀⸀ 吀栀攀䠀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀⸀ⴀ✀ ⸁ 
occupies pages 1-114 and on pp. 115-49 Barthold's Index is reproduced.਀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">਀ऀ㰀椀洀最 匀刀䌀㴀∀氀椀渀攀开搀漀眀渀⸀最椀昀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀㄀㠀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㔀㤀㘀㸀 㰀戀爀㸀砀椀椀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀 㰀椀㸀吀栀攀 吀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀漀爀✀猀 倀爀攀昀愀挀攀㰀⼀椀㸀 
	</font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 琀攀渀琀栀ⴀ挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 琀攀砀琀 洀漀爀攀 愀挀挀攀猀猀椀戀氀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀Ⰰ 戀礀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀渀最 
the whole of the Persian original and by supplementing it with a translation਀漀昀 䈀愀爀琀栀漀氀搀✀猀 刀甀猀猀椀愀渀 㰀椀㸀倀爀攀昀愀挀攀㰀⼀椀㸀 愀渀搀 眀椀琀栀 洀礀 漀眀渀 搀攀琀愀椀氀攀搀 挀漀洀洀攀渀琀愀爀礀⸀ 
	<a href="#xii 1.">[1]</a> Lacunae and uncertainties are inevitable in such਀愀渀 攀渀琀攀爀瀀爀椀猀攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 漀渀氀礀 琀栀攀 猀椀攀瘀攀 漀昀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 挀愀瀀愀戀氀攀 漀昀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀渀最 
what is clear from what remains doubtful. I only hope that my work will਀猀琀椀洀甀氀愀琀攀 愀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 攀砀愀洀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀椀瘀攀 挀栀愀瀀琀攀爀猀 戀礀 吀甀爀挀漀氀漀最椀猀琀猀Ⰰ 
Indianists, Byzantologists, and other specialists. The present book comprises਀琀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 瀀愀爀琀猀㨀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">1. A translation of V. V. Barthold's Russian ਀ऀ㰀椀㸀倀爀攀昀愀挀攀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 
</font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㈀⸀ 䄀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 倀攀爀猀椀愀渀 琀攀砀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䠀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀椀㸀甀搀欀搁 
al-Ālam</i>. </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㌀⸀ 䴀礀 挀漀洀洀攀渀琀愀爀礀 漀渀 琀栀攀 琀攀砀琀Ⰰ 搀椀猀瀀漀猀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 漀爀搀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀栀愀瀀琀攀爀猀⸀ 
	</font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㐀⸀ 䄀瀀瀀攀渀搀椀挀攀猀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀椀渀最 爀攀洀愀爀欀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 洀愀爀最椀渀愀氀 渀漀琀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 
of the&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'Ā.,਀☀愀洀瀀㬀挀⸀Ⰰ 愀猀 眀攀氀氀 愀猀 愀 㰀椀㸀䜀氀漀猀猀愀爀礀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀愀爀攀 愀渀搀 氀攀猀猀 甀猀甀愀氀 眀漀爀搀猀 
and expressions. <a href="#xii 2.">[2]</a> </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㔀⸀ 䄀 刀漀洀愀渀椀稀攀搀 㰀椀㸀䤀渀搀攀砀㰀⼀椀㸀 戀愀猀攀搀 漀渀 洀礀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 挀漀渀猀攀焀甀攀渀琀氀礀 
differing in a number of transcriptions from Barthold's <i>Index</i> (in਀䄀爀愀戀椀挀 挀栀愀爀愀挀琀攀爀猀⤀⸀ 䤀琀 愀氀猀漀 猀攀爀瘀攀猀 洀礀 䌀漀洀洀攀渀琀愀爀礀⸀ 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">My translation of the&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'Ā.਀⠀倀愀爀琀 䤀䤀⤀ 昀漀氀氀漀眀猀 琀栀攀 倀攀爀猀椀愀渀 琀攀砀琀 猀琀爀椀挀琀氀礀 愀渀搀 氀椀琀攀爀愀氀氀礀⸀ 䤀 搀漀 渀漀琀 攀瘀攀渀 
say "wood" when the original speaks of "trees". In a unique manuscript਀漀昀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀椀攀猀琀 瀀爀漀猀攀 眀漀爀欀猀 漀昀 倀攀爀猀椀愀渀 氀椀琀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 嬀㌀崀 漀氀搀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 
the <i>Shāh-nāma</i>,਀攀瘀攀爀礀 眀漀爀搀 愀渀搀 琀甀爀渀 漀昀 瀀栀爀愀猀攀 椀猀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀椀渀最 愀渀搀 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 洀愀搀攀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 氀椀戀攀爀愀氀 
use of Romanized quotations with the double object of elucidating the difficult਀愀渀搀 搀漀甀戀琀昀甀氀 爀攀愀搀椀渀最猀 愀渀搀 漀昀 愀昀昀漀爀搀椀渀最 愀 洀攀愀渀猀 漀昀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀⸀ 
<br>&nbsp; </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀砀椀椀 ㄀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀戀㸀㄀⸀㰀⼀戀㸀 倀⸀ 倀攀氀氀椀漀琀 椀渀 栀椀猀 渀漀琀攀 
on Barthold's edition of the&nbsp;</font></font><font size=-1><font face="Palatino Linotype">H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font></font><font face="Palatino Linotype"><font size=-1>.-'Ā.਀椀渀 㰀椀㸀吀✀漀甀渀最ⴀ倀愀漀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㌀㄀Ⰰ 一漀⸀ 椀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㌀㌀Ⰰ 眀爀椀琀攀猀㨀 ☀焀甀漀琀㬀倀甀椀猀焀甀攀 氀☀⌀㌀㤀㬀漀甀瘀爀愀最攀 攀猀琀 攀渀昀椀渀  
accessible il faut espérer qu&#39;un iraniste donnera en caractères typographiques ਀甀渀攀 搀椀琀椀漀渀 挀爀椀琀椀焀甀攀 搀攀猀 猀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 挀漀渀挀攀爀渀愀渀琀 氀☀⌀㌀㤀㬀䄀猀椀攀 䌀攀渀琀爀愀氀攀 攀琀 伀爀椀攀渀琀愀氀攀Ⰰ 攀琀  
lui adjoindra une traduction annotée.&quot;</font> </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀砀椀椀 ㈀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀戀㸀㈀⸀㰀⼀戀㸀 嬀䘀漀爀 猀漀洀攀 椀洀瀀攀爀椀漀甀猀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀 
reasons only the Appendix on the marginal notes could be incorporated in਀琀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 爀攀猀琀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 愀猀 愀渀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 㰀椀㸀䈀甀氀氀⸀ 
of the School of Oriental Studies.</i> Cf. however, even now Index E.]਀⠀匀攀攀 渀漀眀 㰀椀㸀䈀匀伀䄀匀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 瘀漀氀⸀ 砀瘀椀椀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㔀㔀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀㔀　ⴀ㈀㜀⸀⤀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="xii 3."></a><font size=-1><b>3.</b> The ancient Preface to਀琀栀攀 㰀椀㸀䈀漀漀欀 漀昀 䬀椀渀最猀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ ㌀㐀㘀⼀㤀㔀㜀㬀 䈀愀氀✀愀洀⬀✁猀 
translation of&nbsp;</font></font><font size=-1><font face="Palatino Linotype">T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font></font><font size=-1 face="Palatino Linotype">abarī's਀ऀ㰀椀㸀䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 
352/963; translation of&nbsp;</font><font size=-1><font face="Palatino Linotype">T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font></font><font size=-1 face="Palatino Linotype">abarī's਀ऀ㰀椀㸀䌀漀洀洀攀渀琀愀爀礀㰀⼀椀㸀 
on the Qor'ān by਀愀 最爀漀甀瀀 漀昀 吀爀愀渀猀漀砀愀渀椀愀渀 猀挀栀漀氀愀爀猀Ⰰ 甀渀搀攀爀 䴀愀渀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀猀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀ 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀欀爁 
b. Nū</font><font size=-1><font face="Palatino Linotype">h</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font></font><font size=-1 face="Palatino Linotype">਀眀栀漀 爀攀椀最渀攀搀 ㌀㔀　ⴀ㘀㔀⼀㤀㘀㄀ⴀ㜀㔀Ⰰ 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 椀渀 䴀甀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀栀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀ 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀愀洀洀愀搀 
Qazvīnī's਀倀爀攀昀愀挀攀 琀漀 㰀椀㸀䴀愀爀稀甀戀Ā渁ⴀ渀Ā洁愀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 
p.&nbsp;<img SRC="xii_1.jpg" height=22 width=22 align=ABSBOTTOM> [cf. also਀䔀⸀ 䜀⸀ 䈀爀漀眀渀攀✀猀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 瘀攀爀礀 愀爀挀栀愀椀挀 㰀椀㸀䌀漀洀洀攀渀琀愀爀礀㰀⼀椀㸀 椀渀 
the Cambridge University Library, <i>JRAS</i>, 1894, pp. 417-524]; Abū਀一愀猀爀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀䠀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀愀猀愀渀 戀⸀ 
'Alī Qumī,਀㰀椀㸀䬀椀琀Ā戁ⴀ椀 
mudhkil dar 'ilm-i nujūm</i>,਀㌀㘀㔀⼀㤀㜀㔀Ⰰ 猀攀攀 圀⸀ 䄀栀氀眀愀爀搀琀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀嘀攀爀稀攀椀挀栀渀椀猀 搀⸀ 愀爀愀戀⸀ 䠀愀渀搀猀挀栀爀⸀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 䈀攀爀氀椀渀Ⰰ 
1893, v, 149,&nbsp; No. 5663 [I owe the reference to my friend S. H. Taqi-zadeh];਀琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 攀搀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 㰀椀㸀匀栀Ā栁ⴀ渀Ā洁愀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 
384/994. As Shaykh Mu</font></font><font size=-1><font face="Palatino Linotype">h</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font></font><font face="Palatino Linotype"><font size=-1>ammad਀儀愀稀瘀⬀渁⬀
tells me (30.VI.1936), Abū਀䴀愀渀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀猀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀欀爁 
Muvaffaq al-dīn 'Ali਀䠀愀爀愀瘀⬀✁猀 㰀椀㸀䬀椀琀Ā戁 
al-adwiya</i> can hardly pretend to the same antiquity, for the scribe's਀攀渀琀爀礀 漀渀 琀栀攀 戀愀挀欀 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀漀漀欀 漀昀 猀甀最最攀猀琀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 眀愀猀 猀琀椀氀氀 愀氀椀瘀攀 
in 447/1055.</font> </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀 
	<img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br><i>The Translator's Preface</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; xiii ਀ऀ㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Practically all the rarer words and expressions figure in my translation.਀ऀ㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">I have numbered all the chapters of the&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'Ā. ਀⠀꜀꜀ ㄀ⴀ㘀㄀⤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀椀渀 攀瘀攀爀礀 猀椀渀最氀攀 挀栀愀瀀琀攀爀Ⰰ 愀氀氀 琀栀攀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀 椀琀攀洀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 椀渀 琀栀攀  
original appear in red ink (these latter numbers being followed by a dot: 1. 2. ਀㌀⸀Ⰰ ☀愀洀瀀㬀挀⸀⤀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 漀昀 挀栀愀瀀琀攀爀 愀渀搀 瘀攀爀猀攀 栀愀猀 瀀爀漀瘀攀搀 漀昀 最爀攀愀琀 挀漀渀瘀攀渀椀攀渀挀攀 昀漀爀  
quotations and cross-references. </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀瀀㸀㰀栀爀 圀䤀䐀吀䠀㴀∀㘀　─∀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="IV."></a><b>4. THE COMMENTARY: EXPLANATION OF THE TEXT</b>਀ऀ㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">The object of my Commentary (Part III) is twofold: (a) to explain the਀琀攀砀琀 戀礀 椀搀攀渀琀椀昀礀椀渀最 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 渀愀洀攀猀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 椀渀 椀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 ⠀戀⤀ 琀漀 愀猀挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 
the sources of the book. </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀䴀礀 攀砀瀀氀愀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 氀攀猀猀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀椀渀最 挀栀愀瀀琀攀爀猀Ⰰ 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 琀栀攀 洀椀搀搀氀攀 
zone of Islām (§§ 27-31 ਀愀渀搀 ㌀㌀ⴀ㐀Ⰰ 挀昀⸀ 瀀⸀ ㈀㈀㌀⤀ 椀猀 瘀攀爀礀 戀爀椀攀昀 愀渀搀 漀渀氀礀 挀栀攀挀欀猀 琀栀攀 渀愀洀攀猀Ⰰ 氀漀挀愀琀攀猀 琀栀攀  
places, and gives the immediate parallels. On the contrary, whenever the text ਀挀漀渀琀愀椀渀猀 琀爀愀挀攀猀 漀昀 猀漀洀攀 渀攀眀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 䤀 栀愀瘀攀 搀漀渀攀 洀礀 甀琀洀漀猀琀 琀漀 攀氀甀挀椀搀愀琀攀 琀栀攀  
question in the light of all accessible data, using by preference the sources ਀挀漀渀琀攀洀瀀漀爀愀爀礀 眀椀琀栀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 漀氀搀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 琀栀攀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䠀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀⸀ⴀ✀ ⸁ 
Of the slightly younger works I constantly quote Bīrūnī਀⠀椀渀挀氀甀猀椀瘀攀 漀昀 栀椀猀 㰀椀㸀䌀愀渀漀渀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 䈀爀⸀ 䴀甀猀⸀ 伀爀⸀ ㄀㤀㤀㜀⤀Ⰰ 䜀愀爀搀⬀稁⬀⠁挀漀渀琀愀椀渀椀渀最 
a number of invaluable parallels to the&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'Ā.)਀愀渀搀 䴀愀栀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀洀欀搁 
al-Kāshghari. Having਀洀礀猀攀氀昀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀攀渀挀攀搀 最爀攀愀琀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀椀攀猀 椀渀 昀椀渀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 攀砀瀀氀愀渀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 
names and facts relating to territories as different as China and Spain,਀䤀渀搀椀愀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 嘀漀氀最愀 䈀甀氀最栀Ā爁猀Ⰰ 
I could not help bearing in mind the interests of the readers who cannot਀戀攀 猀愀琀椀猀昀椀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 洀攀爀攀 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀 琀漀 搀漀甀戀琀昀甀氀 瀀愀猀猀愀最攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 
to little accessible works. Therefore at the beginning of the chapters਀⠀攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 琀栀漀猀攀 漀渀 䤀渀搀椀愀Ⰰ 䌀栀椀渀愀Ⰰ 吀椀戀攀琀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 吀甀爀欀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䌀愀甀挀愀猀甀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 
Eastern Europe) I have not only prefixed brief indications of authorities਀愀渀搀 氀椀琀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 猀甀洀洀攀搀 甀瀀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀ⴀ搀愀礀 猀椀琀甀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 
comprising tentative hypotheses and doubtful points, and have made my personal਀猀甀最最攀猀琀椀漀渀猀 猀甀瀀瀀氀攀洀攀渀琀椀渀最 漀爀 洀漀搀椀昀礀椀渀最 洀礀 瀀爀攀搀攀挀攀猀猀漀爀猀✀ 瘀椀攀眀猀⸀ 吀栀漀甀最栀 洀礀 
definite object has been to comment on the particular geographical work਀眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 椀渀 愀⸀搀⸀ 㤀㠀㈀ 愀渀搀 挀漀渀猀瀀椀挀甀漀甀猀 昀漀爀 椀琀猀 眀攀氀氀ⴀ戀愀氀愀渀挀攀搀 戀爀攀瘀椀琀礀Ⰰ 洀礀 挀漀洀洀攀渀琀愀爀礀 
may eventually prove of more general utility as covering the whole field਀漀昀 琀栀攀 㰀椀㸀伀爀戀椀猀 吀攀爀爀愀爀甀洀 䴀甀猀甀氀洀愀渀椀猀 渀漀琀甀猀㰀⼀椀㸀 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀砀椀椀椀 ㄀⸀∀㸀嬀㄀崀㰀⼀愀㸀 
and making਀㰀戀爀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="xiii 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> Le Strange's excellent਀戀漀漀欀 㰀椀㸀吀栀攀 䰀愀渀搀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䔀愀猀琀攀爀渀 䌀愀氀椀瀀栀愀琀攀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ ㄀㤀　㔀Ⰰ 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀猀 漀渀氀礀 琀栀攀 
countries between Asia Minor and Transoxiana; P. Schwarz's amazingly full਀㰀椀㸀䤀爀愀渀 
im Mittelalter</i> (in progress since 1896), covers only Persia. See my਀爀攀瘀椀攀眀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 戀漀漀欀猀 㰀椀㸀爀攀猀瀀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 椀渀 㰀椀㸀䈀匀伀匀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 瘀椀⼀㌀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㌀㄀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ 㠀　㈀ⴀ㌀Ⰰ 
and <i>Journ. As</i>., July 1932, pp. 175-9. For the rest of the lands਀琀栀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 瘀攀爀礀 猀挀愀琀琀攀爀攀搀⸀ 䤀琀 椀猀 琀漀 戀攀 栀漀瀀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 愀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀 
of the <i>BGA</i> carried out, on the initiative of G. Ferrand, by a group਀漀昀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 䄀爀愀戀椀猀琀猀Ⰰ 眀椀氀氀 猀攀攀 琀栀攀 氀椀最栀琀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 氀漀渀最⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">਀ऀ㰀椀洀最 匀刀䌀㴀∀氀椀渀攀开搀漀眀渀⸀最椀昀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀㄀㠀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㔀㤀㘀㸀 㰀戀爀㸀砀椀瘀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀 㰀椀㸀吀栀攀 吀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀漀爀✀猀 倀爀攀昀愀挀攀㰀⼀椀㸀 
	</font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀愀 瀀漀椀渀琀 漀昀 爀攀昀攀爀爀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀漀 爀攀挀攀渀琀 椀渀瘀攀猀琀椀最愀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ 
	<a href="#xiv 1.">[1]</a>਀䤀 栀愀瘀攀 甀猀攀搀 渀漀琀攀猀 愀渀搀 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀 瘀攀爀礀 氀椀戀攀爀愀氀氀礀 椀渀 漀爀搀攀爀 琀漀 猀栀漀眀 爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀 
for my predecessors' opinions and to lay stress on the great fellowship਀漀昀 琀栀攀 氀椀瘀椀渀最 愀渀搀 搀攀愀搀 戀礀 眀栀漀猀攀 攀昀昀漀爀琀猀 琀栀攀 昀愀戀爀椀挀 漀昀 漀甀爀 欀渀漀眀氀攀搀最攀 栀愀猀 
been reared. </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀䤀渀 猀琀甀搀礀椀渀最 琀栀攀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䠀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀⸀ⴀ✀ ⸁ 
and in preparing the Commentary it has been my particular endeavour not਀琀漀 氀漀猀攀 猀椀最栀琀 漀昀 最攀漀最爀愀瀀栀椀挀 爀攀愀氀椀琀椀攀猀⸀ 䤀 栀漀瀀攀 琀栀愀琀 洀礀 猀欀攀琀挀栀 洀愀瀀猀 椀氀氀甀猀琀爀愀琀椀渀最 
the less known regions will be found useful by all those who like myself਀栀愀搀 琀漀 琀漀椀氀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 眀漀渀搀攀爀昀甀氀 眀漀爀欀猀 漀昀 䈀愀爀琀栀漀氀搀 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀砀椀瘀 ㈀⸀∀㸀嬀㈀崀㰀⼀愀㸀 
and Marquart, <a href="#xiv 3.">[3]</a> unaccompanied by such graphic aids.਀䤀 琀愀欀攀 琀栀椀猀 漀挀挀愀猀椀漀渀 琀漀 猀愀礀 椀渀 瀀椀漀甀猀 最爀愀琀椀琀甀搀攀 眀栀愀琀 䤀 漀眀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀猀攀 琀眀漀 
great scholars who by their contributions (so different in method, yet਀攀焀甀愀氀氀礀 愀搀洀椀爀愀戀氀攀 愀猀 爀攀猀甀氀琀猀⤀ 栀愀瘀攀 猀栀攀搀 氀椀最栀琀 漀渀 渀甀洀戀攀爀氀攀猀猀 瀀漀椀渀琀猀 漀昀 䴀甀猀氀椀洀 
historical geography. </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀瀀㸀㰀栀爀 圀䤀䐀吀䠀㴀∀㘀　─∀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="V."></a><b>5. THE COMMENTARY: THE SOURCES OF THE&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'Ā.</b>਀ऀ㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">The second object of the commentary has been to ascertain the sources਀漀昀 琀栀攀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䠀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀⸀ⴀ✀ ⸁ 
Our geographer was evidently but a "cabinet scholar" and not a traveller.਀伀渀氀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䜀欀稁最Ā渁Ā渁  
(§ 23, 47.), and maybe of Gīlān ਀⠀꜀ ㌀㈀Ⰰ ㈀㐀⸀ⴀ㔀⸀⤀Ⰰ 搀漀攀猀 琀栀攀 琀攀砀琀 爀攀昀氀攀挀琀 猀漀洀攀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀攀渀挀攀⸀ 䘀漀爀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀琀Ⰰ  
the information evidently depends on other people&#39;s materials, which seem to ਀栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 漀昀 琀眀漀 挀氀愀猀猀攀猀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀瘀椀稀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 戀漀漀欀猀Ⰰ 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀砀椀瘀 㐀⸀∀㸀嬀㐀崀㰀⼀愀㸀 
and any other information coming under the rubrics of <i>yādhkird-i&nbsp;h</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">akīmān</i>਀∀洀攀洀漀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀愀最攀猀∀ ⠀昀⸀ ㈀愀㰀猀甀戀㸀㈀㰀⼀猀甀戀㸀⤀Ⰰ 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀砀椀瘀 㔀⸀∀㸀嬀㔀崀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀椀㸀愀欀栀戀Ā爁㰀⼀椀㸀 
"information [heard]" (cf. f. 13b<sub>3</sub>: <i>ba-akhbār-hā਀戀愀ⴀ猀栀愀渀⬀搁⬀洁㰀⼀椀㸀⤀Ⰰ 
or simply <i>dhikr</i> "mention" (f. 12a<sub>2</sub>). There is no indication਀椀渀 琀栀攀 琀攀砀琀 愀猀 琀漀 眀栀椀挀栀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀 搀攀琀愀椀氀猀 眀攀爀攀 搀攀爀椀瘀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 渀漀渀ⴀ氀椀琀攀爀愀爀礀 
sources, unless we਀㰀戀爀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="xiv 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> Comprising works in Russian,਀瘀攀爀礀 椀渀猀甀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀琀氀礀 欀渀漀眀渀 椀渀 圀攀猀琀攀爀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀⸀ 嬀伀渀 琀栀攀 愀猀 礀攀琀 甀渀攀搀椀琀攀搀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 
cf. p. 480.]</font> </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀砀椀瘀 ㈀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀戀㸀㈀⸀㰀⼀戀㸀 䈀愀爀琀栀漀氀搀✀猀 ⠀㄀㔀⸀砀椀⸀㄀㠀㘀㤀ⴀ㄀㤀⸀瘀⬀⸁㄀㤀㌀　⤀ 
bibliography comprises over 300 titles of books and articles. See Umniakov,਀㰀椀㸀嘀⸀ 
V. Barthold, on the occasion of 30th year of his professorship</i> (in਀刀甀猀猀椀愀渀⤀ 椀渀 㰀椀㸀䈀甀氀氀攀琀椀渀 搀攀 氀☀⌀㌀㤀㬀唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀 搀攀 氀☀⌀㌀㤀㬀䄀猀椀攀 䌀攀渀琀爀愀氀攀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 
1926, No. 14. pp. 175-202; Milius Dostoyevsky, <i>W. Barthold zum Gedächtnis</i>,਀椀渀 㰀椀㸀䐀椀攀 圀攀氀琀 搀攀猀 䤀猀氀愀洀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 砀椀椀Ⰰ 䠀攀昀琀 ㌀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㌀㄀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ 㠀㤀ⴀ㄀㌀㔀㬀 吀栀⸀ 䴀攀渀稀攀氀Ⰰ 
<i>Versuch਀攀椀渀攀爀 䈀愀爀琀栀漀氀搀ⴀ䈀椀戀氀椀漀最爀愀瀀栀椀攀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 椀渀 㰀椀㸀䐀攀爀 䤀猀氀愀洀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 砀砀椀 ⠀㄀㤀㌀㌀⤀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ 
236-42, xxii 2 (1934), pp. 144-61.</font> </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀砀椀瘀 ㌀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀戀㸀㌀⸀㰀⼀戀㸀 匀攀攀 嘀⸀ 䴀椀渀漀爀猀欀礀Ⰰ  
	<i>Essai਀搀攀 戀椀戀氀椀漀最爀愀瀀栀椀攀 搀攀 䨀⸀ 䴀愀爀欀眀愀爀琀 㰀⼀椀㸀嬀㰀椀㸀䴀愀爀焀甀愀爀琀㰀⼀椀㸀崀 ⠀㤀⸀瘀椀椀⸀㄀㠀㘀㐀ⴀ㐀⸀椀椀⸀㄀㤀㌀　⤀Ⰰ 
in <i>Journal Asiatique</i>, October 1930, t. ccxvii, pp. 313-24 [where the ਀漀戀椀琀甀愀爀礀 愀渀搀 戀椀戀氀椀漀最爀愀瀀栀椀挀 渀漀琀椀挀攀猀 戀礀 䜀⸀ 䴀攀猀猀椀渀愀Ⰰ 䠀⸀ 䠀⸀ 匀挀栀搀攀爀Ⰰ ☀愀洀瀀㬀挀⸀ 愀爀攀  
quoted],</font> </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀砀椀瘀 㐀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀戀㸀㐀⸀㰀⼀戀㸀 
	<i>Kitāb-hā-yi਀瀀⬀猁栀椀渀愀最Ā渁㰀⼀椀㸀 
"books of the predecessors", folios 2a<sub>1</sub> and 13b<sub>3</sub>;਀漀爀 猀椀洀瀀氀礀 ∀戀漀漀欀猀∀Ⰰ 昀漀氀椀漀猀 㐀愀㰀猀甀戀㸀㄀㤀㰀⼀猀甀戀㸀Ⰰ 㤀愀㰀猀甀戀㸀㤀㰀⼀猀甀戀㸀 ⠀挀漀渀挀攀爀渀椀渀最 琀栀攀 
Kucha river). Under 11b<sub>18</sub>&nbsp; <i>kitāb-hā਀瘀愀 愀欀栀戀Ā爁ⴀ栀Ā㰁⼀椀㸀 
are clearly distinguished.</font> </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀砀椀瘀 㔀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀戀㸀㔀⸀㰀⼀戀㸀 䤀 猀攀攀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀搀椀渀最 
	<i>yādhkird</i>਀栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀攀搀 愀氀猀漀 椀渀 琀栀攀 琀攀砀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䠀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀⸀ⴀ✀ ⸁ 
printed in Tehran, p. 4 (contrary to Barthold, <i>v.i.</i>, p. 31, note਀㄀⤀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">਀ऀ㰀椀洀最 匀刀䌀㴀∀氀椀渀攀开搀漀眀渀⸀最椀昀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀㄀㠀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㔀㤀㘀㸀 㰀戀爀㸀㰀椀㸀吀栀攀 吀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀漀爀✀猀 倀爀攀昀愀挀攀㰀⼀椀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀 砀瘀  
	</font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀椀渀挀氀甀搀攀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 挀愀琀攀最漀爀礀 琀栀攀 愀戀漀瘀攀ⴀ洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 搀攀琀愀椀氀猀 爀攀最愀爀搀椀渀最 䜀欀稁最Ā渁Ā渁 
and Gīlān.਀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Abul-Fad</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">l Gulpāyagāni਀⠀㰀椀㸀瘀⸀猀⸀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 椀砀⤀ 洀愀搀攀 愀渀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀椀渀最 猀甀最最攀猀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀愀欀椀渀最 琀栀攀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䠀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀⸀ⴀ✀ ⸁ 
for "a Preface to a Map". In several passages, in fact (folios 5b<sub>11</sub>,਀㠀戀㰀猀甀戀㸀㄀　㰀⼀猀甀戀㸀Ⰰ ㈀㔀戀㰀猀甀戀㸀㄀㌀㰀⼀猀甀戀㸀Ⰰ ㌀㌀戀㰀猀甀戀㸀㄀㘀㰀⼀猀甀戀㸀Ⰰ ㌀㜀愀㰀猀甀戀㸀㄀㔀㰀⼀猀甀戀㸀⤀Ⰰ 
our author mentions a Map prepared by himself, which was certainly more਀琀栀愀渀 愀 猀椀洀瀀氀攀 椀氀氀甀猀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀攀砀琀⸀ 圀攀 欀渀漀眀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 漀渀 椀琀 
were shown the stages between Rukhud and Multān਀⠀㰀椀㸀瘀⸀椀⸀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㈀㄀⤀ 漀昀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 渀漀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 琀攀砀琀⸀ 䄀 挀氀漀猀攀 
scrutiny of the text has convinced me that in numerous places the peculiar਀漀爀搀攀爀 漀昀 攀渀甀洀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 愀 爀攀猀甀氀琀 漀昀 ∀爀攀愀搀椀渀最 漀昀昀 琀栀攀 䴀愀瀀∀Ⰰ 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀砀瘀 ㄀⸀∀㸀嬀㄀崀㰀⼀愀㸀 
often without any regard for the natural divisions of territories, ranges਀漀昀 洀漀甀渀琀愀椀渀猀Ⰰ 眀愀琀攀爀猀栀攀搀猀 愀渀搀 爀漀愀搀猀⸀ 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀砀瘀 ㈀⸀∀㸀嬀㈀崀㰀⼀愀㸀 吀栀椀猀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀礀 
has facilitated the explanation of numerous passages in the text. It appears਀琀栀攀渀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 䴀愀瀀 眀愀猀 挀漀洀瀀椀氀攀搀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀攀 琀攀砀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀昀 猀漀Ⰰ 眀攀 挀愀渀渀漀琀 栀攀氀瀀 
inferring that the author worked on the basis of some previous MAP which਀眀攀 洀甀猀琀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀 愀猀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 昀漀爀 栀椀猀 挀漀洀瀀椀氀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䤀渀 
his Preface (<i>v.i.</i>, p. 18, note 5) Barthold suggests that Balkhī's਀戀漀漀欀 洀愀礀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 漀渀氀礀 愀渀 攀砀瀀氀愀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䄀戀欀
Ja'far al-Khāzin's਀洀愀瀀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 氀愀琀琀攀爀 ⠀椀渀 愀 洀漀爀攀 漀爀 氀攀猀猀 洀漀搀椀昀椀攀搀 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀砀瘀 ㌀⸀∀㸀嬀㌀崀㰀⼀愀㸀 昀漀爀洀⤀ 
may have been worked upon by our author as well. </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀吀栀攀 椀洀瀀爀漀瘀攀洀攀渀琀 搀甀攀 琀漀 栀椀洀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀氀礀 猀攀攀洀猀 琀漀 戀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 瀀氀愀挀攀 
a clearer division of the chart into "limited areas" with rigorously indicated਀昀爀漀渀琀椀攀爀猀Ⰰ 愀猀 爀攀挀愀瀀椀琀甀氀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 攀愀挀栀 猀椀渀最氀攀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀⸀ 
Even the title of the&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>udūd਀愀氀ⴀ 氁愀洀㰀⼀椀㸀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀猀 
the importance which our author attached to this task. In the better known਀挀漀甀渀琀爀椀攀猀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀攀搀 渀漀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀礀Ⰰ 琀栀漀甀最栀 椀渀 琀栀攀 攀愀猀琀攀爀渀 爀攀最椀漀渀 
beginning with Khorāsān਀琀栀攀 戀攀愀爀椀渀最猀 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀砀瘀 㐀⸀∀㸀嬀㐀崀㰀⼀愀㸀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 猀栀漀眀 猀漀洀攀 攀爀爀漀爀Ⰰ 洀漀猀琀氀礀 愀猀 椀昀 琀栀攀  
author took the north-east or east for the north (cf. notes to §§ 7, 4., 12 [p. ਀㈀㜀　崀Ⰰ ㄀㜀Ⰰ ㈀㌀Ⰰ ㈀㐀Ⰰ ㈀㔀Ⰰ 㐀㠀Ⰰ ☀愀洀瀀㬀挀⸀⤀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 椀猀 愀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 洀椀猀琀愀欀攀 眀椀琀栀 䴀甀猀氀椀洀  
geographers, cf. Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.,਀㈀㔀㌀Ⰰ 焀甀漀琀攀搀 漀渀 瀀⸀ ㌀㔀㄀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀愀礀 戀攀 瀀愀爀琀氀礀 搀甀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 
the places where the sun rises and goes down in summer and in winter. ਀ऀ㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀砀瘀 㔀⸀∀㸀嬀㔀崀㰀⼀愀㸀 㰀戀爀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="xv 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> A striking example is offered਀戀礀 琀栀攀 琀栀攀洀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䈀礀稀愀渀琀椀渀攀 攀洀瀀椀爀攀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀瘀⸀椀⸀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ 㐀㈀　Ⰰ 氀椀渀攀 ㌀㈀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	</font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀砀瘀 ㈀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀戀㸀㈀⸀㰀⼀戀㸀 
	<i>V.i.</i>, ਀瀀瀀⸀ ㈀㌀㤀Ⰰ ㌀㌀㠀Ⰰ ㌀㜀㘀Ⰰ ㌀㤀㈀ ⠀꜀ ㌀㌀Ⰰ ㄀㄀⸀⤀Ⰰ ㌀㤀㐀Ⰰ 㐀㄀㐀 ⠀攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 ꜀ ㌀㠀Ⰰ ㄀㔀⸀⤀⸀ 伀渀 琀栀攀  
contrary in some places the enumeration follows the roads, as quite clearly ਀愀瀀瀀攀愀爀猀 昀爀漀洀 愀 挀漀洀瀀愀爀椀猀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 䜀愀爀搀⬀稁⬀✁猀 
parallels, <i>v.i.</i> p. 229, 260; cf. also pp. 251, 289, 293, 363, 380,਀㌀㠀㈀Ⰰ ㌀㤀㄀⸀ 嬀䌀昀⸀ 䤀渀搀攀砀 䔀㨀 㰀椀㸀䴀愀瀀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀崀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="xv 3."></a><font size=-1><b>3.</b> By Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">akhrī,਀愀琀 氀攀愀猀琀 椀渀 猀甀挀栀 爀攀最椀漀渀猀 愀猀 䘀Ā爁猀㼀 
Cf. I.H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">., 236 [<i>V.i.</i>਀瀀⸀ ㌀㠀㄀Ⰰ ㄀⸀㄀㘀⸀崀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="xv 4."></a><font size=-1><b>4.</b> Cf. Index E: ਀ऀ㰀椀㸀戀攀愀爀椀渀最猀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="xv 5."></a><font size=-1><b>5.</b> Reinaud, ਀ऀ㰀椀㸀䜀漀最爀愀瀀栀椀攀 搀☀⌀㌀㤀㬀䄀戀甀氀昀搀愀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 椀Ⰰ ⠀䤀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 最渀爀愀氀攀⤀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ 挀砀挀椀椀ⴀ椀椀椀㨀 ☀焀甀漀琀㬀䰀攀猀  
Arabes, pour désigner le sud-est, disent quelquefois <i>l'orient਀搀✀栀椀瘀攀爀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 攀琀 瀀漀甀爀 椀渀搀椀焀甀攀爀 氀攀 渀漀爀搀ⴀ攀猀琀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀氀☀⌀㌀㤀㬀漀爀椀攀渀琀 搀☀⌀㌀㤀㬀琀㰀⼀椀㸀㬀 搀攀 洀洀攀Ⰰ 瀀漀甀爀  
marquer le nord-ouest, ils se servent des mots <i>occident d&#39;été</i>, et pour&nbsp; dire le sud-ouest ਀ऀ㰀椀㸀搀✀漀挀挀椀搀攀渀琀 
d'hiver</i>." Cf. the <i>Qor'ān</i>,਀氀瘀Ⰰ ㄀㘀Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 ∀琀眀漀 伀爀椀攀渀琀猀∀ 愀渀搀 ∀琀眀漀 伀挀挀椀搀攀渀琀猀∀ 愀爀攀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀⸀ 嬀㰀椀㸀嘀⸀椀⸀㰀⼀椀㸀 
p. 285, I. 4: <i>mashriq-i&nbsp;s</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">ayfī</i>.]</font>਀ऀ㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">਀ऀ㰀椀洀最 匀刀䌀㴀∀氀椀渀攀开搀漀眀渀⸀最椀昀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀㄀㠀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㔀㤀㘀㸀 㰀戀爀㸀砀瘀椀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀 㰀椀㸀吀栀攀 吀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀漀爀✀猀 倀爀攀昀愀挀攀㰀⼀椀㸀 
	</font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀倀攀爀栀愀瀀猀 愀氀猀漀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀昀甀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 焀椀戀氀愀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 猀漀甀琀栀Ⰰ 渀愀琀甀爀愀氀 椀渀 琀栀攀 
Middle East but very misleading farther east, accounts for the irregularities਀椀渀 漀甀爀 琀攀砀琀⸀ 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀砀瘀椀 ㄀⸀∀㸀嬀㄀崀㰀⼀愀㸀 䤀渀 琀栀攀 氀攀猀猀ⴀ欀渀漀眀渀 琀攀爀爀椀琀漀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 
author would have been wiser not to have tried to be too precise and to਀栀愀瘀攀 氀攀昀琀 搀甀攀 氀愀琀椀琀甀搀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 椀洀愀最椀渀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䠀攀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 眀愀渀琀攀搀 琀漀 昀漀爀挀攀 
his data into map form and this is the reason of such blunders as his location਀漀昀 琀栀攀 㰀椀㸀嘀⸀渀⸀渀搀⸀爀㰀⼀椀㸀 愀渀搀 㰀椀㸀䴀椀爀瘀Ā琁☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀椀㸀  
explained in the notes to §§ 46 and 53, as well as of his vagaries about the ਀倀攀挀栀攀渀攀最猀 愀渀搀 儀椀瀀挀栀愀焀猀 ⠀꜀꜀㈀　ⴀ㄀⤀⸀ 䠀攀 栀愀猀 昀愀氀氀攀渀 愀 瘀椀挀琀椀洀 琀漀 琀栀攀 搀攀猀椀爀攀 昀漀爀  
cartographic accuracy. Moreover, with the sole exception of the Pechenegs, ਀ऀ㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀砀瘀椀 ㈀⸀∀㸀嬀㈀崀㰀⼀愀㸀  
he did not distinguish between the historical moves of the tribes and the ਀搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 昀漀爀洀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 渀愀洀攀猀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 椀猀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀氀礀 昀攀氀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 渀漀爀琀栀ⴀ眀攀猀琀攀爀渀  
corner of the Black Sea (see notes to § 22, § 42, 16. and 18. and §§ 45, 46, ਀㔀㌀⤀⸀ 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Whatever the influence of the Map on the Text, the latter, as it stands,਀挀攀爀琀愀椀渀氀礀 昀漀爀洀猀 愀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀氀搀 欀渀漀眀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䴀甀猀氀椀洀猀 
in the 10th century a.d. In spite of the vague references to the "books",਀㰀椀㸀愀欀栀戀Ā爁㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 
&amp;c., the number of the original sources at the disposal of our author਀挀愀渀渀漀琀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀愀戀氀攀⸀ 圀攀 洀甀猀琀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀氀礀 洀愀欀攀 搀甀攀 愀氀氀漀眀愀渀挀攀 昀漀爀 
the fact that earlier data were transcribed by later authors, and not necessarily਀椀洀愀最椀渀攀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 漀甀爀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 栀愀搀 愀 搀椀爀攀挀琀 欀渀漀眀氀攀搀最攀 漀昀 䄀爀椀猀琀漀琀氀攀 
and Ptolemy (in Khuwārizmī's਀㰀椀㸀爀椀昀愀挀椀洀攀渀琀漀㰀⼀椀㸀㼀⤀Ⰰ 
who are the only authorities quoted by name (<i>resp.</i> fol. 2a <i>ult.</i>,਀㐀愀㰀猀甀戀㸀㈀　㰀⼀猀甀戀㸀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 㔀愀㰀猀甀戀㸀㤀㰀⼀猀甀戀㸀⤀⸀ 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀砀瘀椀 ㌀⸀∀㸀嬀㌀崀㰀⼀愀㸀 圀椀琀栀 琀栀椀猀 
reservation, we may enumerate our author's more obvious authorities as਀昀漀氀氀漀眀猀㨀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (a) IBN KHURDĀDHBIH, ਀愀猀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 瀀愀爀愀最爀愀瀀栀猀 漀渀 䌀栀椀渀愀 ⠀꜀ 㐀Ⰰ 㤀⸀⤀Ⰰ 漀渀 䬀栀欀稁椀猀琀Ā渁  
(§ 30, 7. and 8.), on the Byzantine Empire (§ 42, as well as the points in §§ 3, ਀㔀Ⰰ 㘀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 漀渀 瀀⸀ 㐀㄀㤀⤀Ⰰ 漀渀 一甀戀椀愀 ⠀꜀ 㔀㤀⤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 匀欀搁Ā渁  
(§ 60). Possibly the text of I.Kh. which was at our author&#39;s disposal was more ਀挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀 琀栀愀渀 琀栀愀琀 爀攀瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀搀 椀渀 㰀椀㸀䈀䜀䄀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 瘀椀⸀ 䄀猀 琀栀攀 渀愀洀攀猀 
of the kings of Nubia and the Sūdān ਀愀爀攀 焀甀漀琀攀搀 愀昀琀攀爀 䤀⸀䬀栀⸀Ⰰ 漀渀攀 洀愀礀 猀甀爀洀椀猀攀 琀栀愀琀 漀琀栀攀爀 挀甀爀椀漀甀猀 搀攀琀愀椀氀猀 漀渀 䄀昀爀椀挀愀  
(cf. §§ 59, 60) also belong to the same author (v.i, p. 476, line 33). However, ਀愀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 䴀愀焀⸀Ⰰ 㐀㄀Ⰰ 䤀⸀䬀栀⸀☀⌀㌀㤀㬀猀 眀漀爀欀 眀愀猀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀 挀漀渀昀甀猀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀愀琀 漀昀 䨀愀礀栀Ā渁⬀Ⰱ 
and as the reason of this confusion was that Jayhānī਀椀渀挀漀爀瀀漀爀愀琀攀搀 䤀⸀䬀栀⸀✀猀 搀愀琀愀Ⰰ 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀砀瘀椀 㐀⸀∀㸀嬀㐀崀㰀⼀愀㸀 椀琀 椀猀 焀甀椀琀攀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀 
that echoes from I.Kh. penetrated into the&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'Ā.਀椀渀搀椀爀攀挀琀氀礀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 䨀愀礀栀Ā渁⬀⸁ 
<br>&nbsp; </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀砀瘀椀 ㄀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀戀㸀㄀⸀㰀⼀戀㸀  
In § 4, 33. Sardinia is located to the south of <i>Rūmiya</i>.਀䠀愀猀 匀愀爀搀椀渀椀愀 戀攀攀渀 挀漀渀昀甀猀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 匀椀挀椀氀礀㼀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="xvi 2."></a><font size=-1><b>2.</b> ਀䌀昀⸀ 愀氀猀漀 ꜀ ㄀㌀Ⰰ ㄀⸀Ⰰ ꜀ ㄀㔀Ⰰ ㄀㈀⸀ⴀ㄀㌀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="xvi 3."></a><font size=-1><b>3.</b> ਀䌀昀⸀ 愀氀猀漀 ꜀ 㠀Ⰰ 㔀⸀ ☀焀甀漀琀㬀琀栀攀 䜀爀攀攀欀猀☀焀甀漀琀㬀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="xvi 4."></a><font size=-1><b>4.</b> Maq., 271: ਀ऀ㰀椀㸀椀搀栀Ā
na<img SRC="z_t.jpg" height=18 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM>arta fī਀欀椀琀Ā戁椀ⴀ✀氀ⴀ䨀愀礀栀Ā渁椀礀礀椀 
wajadtahu qad ih</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">tawā਀✀愀氀Ā 樀愀洀⬀✁椀 
as</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">li Ibn Khurdādhbih</i>.</font>਀ऀ㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">਀ऀ㰀椀洀最 匀刀䌀㴀∀氀椀渀攀开搀漀眀渀⸀最椀昀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀㄀㠀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㔀㤀㘀㸀 㰀戀爀㸀砀瘀椀椀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀 㰀椀㸀吀栀攀 吀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀漀爀✀猀 倀爀攀昀愀挀攀㰀⼀椀㸀 
	</font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀 ⠀戀⤀ 匀漀洀攀 甀渀欀渀漀眀渀 眀漀爀欀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀愀猀 愀氀猀漀 甀琀椀氀椀稀攀搀 戀礀 
I. Rusta, Bakrī, Gardīzī,਀✀䄀甀昀⬀Ⰱ ☀愀洀瀀㬀挀⸀Ⰰ 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀砀瘀椀椀 ㄀⸀∀㸀嬀㄀崀㰀⼀愀㸀 
and which is usually identified with Abū਀✀䄀戀搀椀氀氀Ā栁 䴀甀栀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀愀洀洀愀搀 
b. Ah</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">mad JAYHĀNĪ's਀氀漀猀琀 㰀椀㸀䬀椀琀Ā戁 愀氀ⴀ洀愀洀Ā氁椀欀 
wal-masālik</i>.਀㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀砀瘀椀椀 ㈀⸀∀㸀嬀㈀崀㰀⼀愀㸀 
The risk of exaggerating the importance of an unknown source is, of course,਀漀戀瘀椀漀甀猀 愀渀搀 䈀愀爀琀栀漀氀搀✀猀 挀愀甀琀椀漀甀猀 爀攀洀愀爀欀猀Ⰰ 
<i>v.i.</i>, p. 25, must be kept਀椀渀 洀椀渀搀⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 愀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀 瀀愀猀猀愀最攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䌀漀渀猀琀愀渀琀椀渀漀瀀氀攀 
MS. of Maq., <i>BGA</i>, iii, 4, Jayhānī's਀眀漀爀欀 眀愀猀 椀渀 猀攀瘀攀渀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀椀猀 最爀攀愀琀 戀甀氀欀 洀愀搀攀 椀琀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀 昀漀爀 氀愀琀攀爀 
authors to select from the book different details. <a href="#xvii 3.">[3]</a>਀吀栀椀猀 洀愀礀 戀攀 琀栀攀 攀砀瀀氀愀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀愀挀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀猀 㰀椀㸀嘀⸀渀⸀渀搀⸀爀㰀⼀椀㸀 
and <i>Mirvāt&nbsp;</i>਀昀椀最甀爀攀 漀渀氀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䠀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀⸀ⴀ✀ ⸁ 
and Gardīzī.਀吀栀攀 爀愀爀攀 爀攀瀀漀爀琀猀 焀甀漀琀攀搀 戀礀 渀愀洀攀 椀渀 䤀⸀ 刀甀猀琀愀 ⠀㰀椀㸀攀⸀最⸀㰀⼀椀㸀 䄀戀欀
'Abdillāh b. Ish</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">āq਀漀渀 䤀渀搀椀愀Ⰰ 瘀⸀椀⸀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ ㈀㌀㔀 愀渀搀 ㈀㐀㄀Ⰰ 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀砀瘀椀椀 㐀⸀∀㸀嬀㐀崀㰀⼀愀㸀 愀渀搀 䠀Ā爁欀渁 
b. Yah</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">yā਀漀渀 琀栀攀 䈀礀稀愀渀琀椀渀攀 䔀洀瀀椀爀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䈀愀氀欀愀渀猀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀瘀⸀椀⸀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ ㌀㈀　Ⰰ 㐀㄀㤀Ⰰ 㐀㘀㠀⤀ 
may have been originally collected by Jayhānī.਀吀栀爀漀甀最栀 栀椀洀 洀愀礀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 琀爀愀渀猀洀椀琀琀攀搀 攀瘀攀渀 琀栀攀 攀挀栀漀攀猀 漀昀 䬀栀甀眀Ā爁椀稀洀⬀㰁愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀砀瘀椀椀 㔀⸀∀㸀嬀㔀崀㰀⼀愀㸀 
and Sulaymān-the-Merchant,਀㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀砀瘀椀椀 㘀⸀∀㸀嬀㘀崀㰀⼀愀㸀 
found sporadically in our text. Some of Jayhānī's਀眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 ⠀吀愀洀⬀洁 
b. Bah</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">r's complete਀爀攀瀀漀爀琀㼀⤀ 洀愀礀 戀攀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀椀戀氀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 搀攀琀愀椀氀猀 愀戀漀甀琀 䌀栀椀渀愀 眀栀椀挀栀 瀀漀椀渀琀 琀漀 
a time before the middle of the 9th century a.d. (<i>v.i.</i>, pp. 26 and਀㈀㈀㜀⤀⸀ 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Jayhānī's਀瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 最愀瘀攀 栀椀洀 攀砀挀攀氀氀攀渀琀 漀瀀瀀漀爀琀甀渀椀琀椀攀猀 昀漀爀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀渀最 椀渀搀攀瀀攀渀搀攀渀琀 
intelligence. When during the minority of Nas</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">r਀戀⸀ 䄀栀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀洀愀搀 栀攀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 
vazīr (in 301/913-14)਀∀栀攀 眀爀漀琀攀 氀攀琀琀攀爀猀 琀漀 愀氀氀 琀栀攀 挀漀甀渀琀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀氀搀 愀渀搀 栀攀 爀攀焀甀攀猀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 
the customs of every court and <i>dīvān</i>਀猀栀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀 搀漀眀渀 愀渀搀 戀爀漀甀最栀琀 琀漀 栀椀洀Ⰰ 猀甀挀栀 ⠀愀猀 攀砀椀猀琀攀搀 椀渀⤀ 琀栀攀 䈀礀稀愀渀琀椀渀攀 
empire, Turkistān,਀䠀椀渀搀欀猁琀Ā渁Ⰰ 
China, 'Irāq, Syria,਀䔀最礀瀀琀Ⰰ 娀愀渀樀Ⰰ 娀Ā戁甀氀Ⰰ 
Kābul, Sind, and਀䄀爀愀戀椀愀∀⸀ 䄀昀琀攀爀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 攀砀愀洀椀渀攀搀 琀栀攀 爀攀瀀漀爀琀猀 栀攀 爀攀琀愀椀渀攀搀 昀漀爀 漀戀猀攀爀瘀愀渀挀攀 椀渀 
Bukhārā਀眀栀愀琀攀瘀攀爀 栀攀 昀漀甀渀搀 猀甀椀琀愀戀氀攀Ⰰ 猀攀攀 䜀愀爀搀⬀稁⬀ⴁ䴀⸀ 
Nā<img SRC="z_t.jpg" height=18 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM>im,਀瀀瀀⸀ ㈀㠀ⴀ㤀⸀ 
<br>&nbsp; </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀砀瘀椀椀 ㄀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀戀㸀㄀⸀㰀⼀戀㸀 倀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀氀礀 眀椀琀栀 爀攀最愀爀搀 
to Eastern Europe.</font> </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀砀瘀椀椀 ㈀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀戀㸀㈀⸀㰀⼀戀㸀 伀渀 䨀愀礀栀Ā渁⬀
see Marquart, <i>Streifzüge</i>, xxxi-xxxii and passim, Barthold,਀㰀椀㸀吀甀爀欀攀猀琀愀渀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 
pp. 11-12, and <i>Preface</i>, <i>v.i.</i>, p. 23, cf. also S. Janicsek,਀㰀椀㸀䄀氀ⴀ䐀樀愀椀栀Ā渁椀✀猀 
lost 'Kitāb al-Masālik਀瘀愀氀ⴀ洀愀洀Ā氁椀欀✀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 
<i>Is਀椀琀 琀漀 戀攀 昀漀甀渀搀 愀琀 䴀愀猀栀栀愀搀㰀⼀椀㸀㼀 椀渀 㰀椀㸀䈀匀伀匀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 瘀⼀㄀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㈀㘀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ ㄀㐀ⴀ㈀㔀⸀ 嬀圀攀 
now know that the rumour about the discovery of Jayhānī's਀眀漀爀欀 椀渀 䴀愀猀栀栀愀搀 眀愀猀 瀀爀攀洀愀琀甀爀攀⸀崀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="xvii 3."></a><font size=-1><b>3.</b> According to the ਀ऀ㰀椀㸀䘀椀栀爀椀猀琀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 
p. 154, Ibn al-Faqīh਀∀戀漀爀爀漀眀攀搀 ⠀搀愀琀愀⤀ 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 戀漀漀欀猀 漀昀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 愀甀琀栀漀爀猀 愀渀搀 瀀氀甀渀搀攀爀攀搀 ⠀㰀椀㸀猀愀氀愀欀栀愀㰀⼀椀㸀⤀ 
Jayhānī's਀戀漀漀欀⸀∀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀 䤀⸀䘀⸀✀猀 琀攀砀琀 愀猀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 椀渀 㰀椀㸀䈀䜀䄀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 瘀Ⰰ 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 漀昀 愀氀洀漀猀琀 
no use for the explanation of the&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'Ā.਀䌀昀⸀ 㰀椀㸀椀渀昀爀愀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㄀㠀㈀Ⰰ 漀渀 㰀椀㸀䬀⸀爀欀栀㰀⼀椀㸀 ⠀⨀㰀椀㸀䬀愀爀挀栀㰀⼀椀㸀㼀⤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 瀀⸀ 㐀㠀　⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	</font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀砀瘀椀椀 㐀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀戀㸀㐀⸀㰀⼀戀㸀 吀栀漀甀最栀 猀漀洀攀 漀昀 栀椀猀 搀攀琀愀椀氀猀 
seem to have been known to I.Kh., <i>v.i.</i>, p. 27, note 2.</font> </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀砀瘀椀椀 㔀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀戀㸀㔀⸀㰀⼀戀㸀  
Cf. note to § 6, 16. as well as the Ptolemaic data in § 3, 6. and 8., § 4, ਀㄀⸀ⴀ㐀⸀Ⰰ ㄀㠀⸀Ⰰ ㈀　⸀ⴀ㌀⸀Ⰰ ㈀㘀⸀Ⰰ ꜀ 㤀Ⰰ ㄀㈀⸀Ⰰ 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 漀昀 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀攀 愀氀猀漀 昀漀甀渀搀 椀渀 䤀⸀ 刀甀猀琀愀  
who was perhaps the earliest among those who made use of Jayhānī's਀戀漀漀欀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="xvii 6."></a><font size=-1><b>6.</b> The relation of Sulaymān਀琀漀 䤀⸀䬀栀⸀ 椀猀 猀琀椀氀氀 漀戀猀挀甀爀攀 ⠀㰀椀㸀瘀⸀椀⸀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀㌀㘀 㰀椀㸀甀氀琀⸀㰀⼀椀㸀⤀⸀ 䤀渀 㰀椀㸀吀✀漀甀渀最ⴀ倀愀漀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 
1922, pp. 399-413, Pelliot cast doubt on the authenticity of Sulaymān's਀琀爀愀瘀攀氀猀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">਀ऀ㰀椀洀最 匀刀䌀㴀∀氀椀渀攀开搀漀眀渀⸀最椀昀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀㄀㠀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㔀㤀㘀㸀 㰀戀爀㸀砀瘀椀椀椀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀 㰀椀㸀吀栀攀 吀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀漀爀✀猀 倀爀攀昀愀挀攀㰀⼀椀㸀 
	</font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀䴀愀焀⸀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀ ㌀ⴀ㐀Ⰰ 猀愀礀猀 琀栀愀琀 䨀愀礀栀Ā渁⬀
"assembled foreigners, questioned them on the kingdoms, their revenues,਀琀栀攀 欀椀渀搀 漀昀 爀漀愀搀猀 氀攀愀搀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀洀Ⰰ 愀氀猀漀 漀渀 琀栀攀 栀攀椀最栀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀爀猀 愀渀搀 
the length of the shadows in their land, in order in this wise to facilitate਀琀栀攀 挀漀渀焀甀攀猀琀 漀昀 瀀爀漀瘀椀渀挀攀猀Ⰰ 琀漀 欀渀漀眀 琀栀攀椀爀 爀攀瘀攀渀甀攀猀Ⰰ ☀愀洀瀀㬀挀⸀ ⸀ ⸀ ⸀ 䠀攀 搀椀瘀椀搀攀搀 
the world into seven climes <a href="#xviii 1.">[1]</a> and assigned a਀猀琀愀爀 琀漀 攀愀挀栀⸀ 一漀眀 栀攀 猀瀀攀愀欀猀 漀昀 猀琀愀爀猀 愀渀搀 最攀漀洀攀琀爀礀Ⰰ 愀渀漀渀 漀昀 洀愀琀琀攀爀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 
are of no use to the mass of people, now he describes Indian idols, now਀栀攀 爀攀氀愀琀攀猀 琀栀攀 眀漀渀搀攀爀猀 漀昀 匀椀渀搀Ⰰ 渀漀眀 栀攀 攀渀甀洀攀爀愀琀攀猀 琀愀砀攀猀 愀渀搀 爀攀瘀攀渀甀攀猀⸀ 䤀 
myself have seen that he mentions also little-known stations and far-distant਀栀愀氀琀椀渀最ⴀ瀀氀愀挀攀猀⸀ 䠀攀 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀 攀渀甀洀攀爀愀琀攀 瀀爀漀瘀椀渀挀攀猀Ⰰ 渀漀爀 昀漀爀挀攀猀Ⰰ 栀攀 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀 
describe towns. . . . On the other hand, he speaks of the roads to east,਀眀攀猀琀Ⰰ 渀漀爀琀栀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀漀甀琀栀Ⰰ 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 眀椀琀栀 愀 搀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀椀渀猀Ⰰ 洀漀甀渀琀愀椀渀猀Ⰰ 
valleys, hillocks, forests, and rivers found thereon. Consequently the਀戀漀漀欀 椀猀 氀漀渀最Ⰰ 礀攀琀 栀攀 渀攀最氀攀挀琀攀搀 洀漀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀椀氀椀琀愀爀礀 爀漀愀搀猀Ⰰ 愀猀 眀攀氀氀 愀猀 琀栀攀 
description of the chief towns." <a href="#xviii 2.">[2]</a> We may then਀愀琀琀爀椀戀甀琀攀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀氀礀 琀漀 䨀愀礀栀Ā渁⬀
many interesting items in our book on the Farther East <a href="#xviii 3.">[3]</a> ਀愀渀搀 琀栀攀 吀甀爀欀椀猀栀 琀爀椀戀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 搀愀琀愀 漀渀 琀栀攀 吀甀爀欀猀 氀椀瘀椀渀最 爀漀甀渀搀 琀栀攀 䤀猀猀椀欀ⴀ欀甀氀 ⠀꜀ ㄀㈀⤀  
reflect the complete disintegration of the former dominions of the Türgish, and ਀攀瘀攀渀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀琀攀爀☀⌀㌀㤀㬀猀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀漀爀猀 琀栀攀 䬀栀愀氀氀甀欀栀 猀攀攀洀 琀漀 戀攀 甀渀搀攀爀 瀀爀攀猀猀甀爀攀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀  
south by the Yaghmā਀⠀昀甀琀甀爀攀 儀愀爀Āⴁ欀栀Ā渁椀搀猀⤀⸀ 
In some details we may even recognize traces of Jayhānī's਀椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀攀搀 挀甀爀椀漀猀椀琀礀 琀漀 眀栀椀挀栀 䴀愀焀⸀ 愀氀氀甀搀攀猀 ⠀挀昀⸀ 㰀椀㸀椀渀昀爀愀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 瀀⸀ ㈀㜀　⤀⸀ 匀漀洀攀  
Arabic forms of names (§ 10, 45. and 46., § 15, 9., § 17, i., § 42, 17.) may ਀愀氀猀漀 戀攀 搀甀攀 琀漀 䨀愀礀栀Ā渁⬀✁猀 
original text. </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀 ⠀挀⤀ 䤀匀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀吀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀䄀䬀䠀刀⨀
(&lt; Balkhī) is without਀搀漀甀戀琀 琀栀攀 猀漀甀爀挀攀 洀漀猀琀 猀礀猀琀攀洀愀琀椀挀愀氀氀礀 甀琀椀氀椀稀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䠀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀⸀ⴀ✀ ⸁ 
The chapters on the countries between the Indus and the Mediterranean are਀瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀愀氀氀礀 愀 洀攀爀攀 愀戀爀椀搀最攀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 䤀猀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀琀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀⸀Ⰰ 
sometimes with a verbatim translation of details, <i>v.i.</i>, p. 21. For਀洀礀 挀漀洀洀攀渀琀愀爀礀 䤀 昀椀爀猀琀 漀昀 愀氀氀 挀漀洀瀀愀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 琀攀砀琀 眀椀琀栀 㰀椀㸀䈀䜀䄀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 椀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 
in cases of coincidence made no further references to parallel texts. As਀琀栀攀 渀愀洀攀猀 漀昀 瀀氀愀挀攀猀 椀渀 䤀爀愀渀椀愀渀 愀渀搀 䌀愀甀挀愀猀椀愀渀 爀攀最椀漀渀猀 栀愀瘀攀 愀 搀椀猀琀椀渀挀琀氀礀 
iranicized form <a href="#xviii 4.">[4]</a> one would infer that Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.਀眀愀猀 甀猀攀搀 椀渀 愀 倀攀爀猀椀愀渀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 匀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 瀀漀椀渀琀猀 椀渀 䌀攀渀琀爀愀氀 䄀猀椀愀 栀愀瘀攀 
parallels only in IbnH</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">auqal਀⠀㰀椀㸀䈀䜀䄀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 椀椀⤀ 愀渀搀 䴀愀焀搀椀猀⬀
(<i>BGA</i>, iii). However, our author could not have utilized I.H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.,਀愀猀 漀琀栀攀爀眀椀猀攀 眀攀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 昀椀渀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䠀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀⸀ⴀ✀ ⸁ 
traces of I.H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.&#39;s original ਀挀栀愀瀀琀攀爀猀Ⰰ 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 琀栀漀猀攀 漀渀 䄀昀爀椀挀愀 愀渀搀 匀瀀愀椀渀 ⠀挀昀⸀ ꜀꜀ 㐀　 愀渀搀 㐀㄀⤀⸀ 倀爀漀戀愀戀氀礀Ⰰ  
therefore, the addi- <br>&nbsp; </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀砀瘀椀椀椀 ㄀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀戀㸀㄀⸀㰀⼀戀㸀 伀渀 琀栀椀猀 瀀漀椀渀琀 漀甀爀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 
totally disregards Jayhānī, ਀昀漀爀 琀栀攀 漀渀氀礀 瀀愀猀猀椀渀最 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 琀漀 愀 ᰀ挠氀椀洀攀ᴀ†椀猀 昀漀甀渀搀 椀渀 漀甀爀 琀攀砀琀 椀渀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀 ꜀ 㔀Ⰰ  
2.</font> </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀砀瘀椀椀椀 ㈀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀戀㸀㈀⸀㰀⼀戀㸀 䌀昀⸀ 䈀愀爀琀栀漀氀搀Ⰰ  
	<i>Turkestan</i>,਀瀀⸀ ㄀㈀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="xviii 3."></a><font size=-1><b>3.</b> Cf. the reference to਀琀栀攀 ᰀ戠漀漀欀猀ᴀ†眀椀琀栀 爀攀最愀爀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䬀甀挀栀挀栀Ā  
river, § 6, 4.</font> </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀砀瘀椀椀椀 㐀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 猀椀稀攀㴀ⴀ㄀㸀㰀戀㸀㐀⸀㰀⼀戀㸀 䌀昀⸀ 䤀渀搀攀砀 䔀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	</font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀 
	<img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br>xix&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>The Translator's Preface</i>਀ऀ㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">tional items on Transoxiana, &amp;c. existed in the original Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.਀愀渀搀 眀攀爀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀爀瘀攀搀 戀漀琀栀 戀礀 䤀⸀䠀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀 
and the&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'Ā.਀䄀猀 爀攀最愀爀搀猀 䴀愀焀⸀ 攀瘀攀渀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀椀攀猀琀 搀愀琀攀 椀渀 栀椀猀 戀漀漀欀 瀀爀攀挀氀甀搀攀猀 琀栀攀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀椀氀椀琀礀 
of its use by our author. <a href="#xix 1.">[1]</a> Consequently in cases਀漀昀 挀漀椀渀挀椀搀攀渀挀攀 眀攀 栀愀瘀攀 琀漀 猀甀瀀瀀漀猀攀 琀栀愀琀 䴀愀焀⸀Ⰰ 琀漀漀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀䈀䜀䄀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀㔀愀㰀⼀椀㸀 
(Const. MS.), utilized some additional passages in Balkhī਀㸀 䤀猀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀琀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀䄀爀椀愀氀 唀渀椀挀漀搀攀 䴀匀∀㸀⌀㰃⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀⸀Ⰰ 
which were also available in our author's copy. </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀 ⠀搀⤀ 䴀漀爀攀 琀栀愀渀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀愀琀椀挀 椀猀 琀栀攀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 䴀䄀匀✀樀䐁⨀  
on our author. Apart from the dubious case of the two &quot;Artush&quot; rivers (§ 6, 41. ਀愀渀搀 㐀㈀⸀⤀Ⰰ 愀 挀漀渀猀瀀椀挀甀漀甀猀 瀀愀爀愀氀氀攀氀椀猀洀 椀猀 昀漀甀渀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀栀愀瀀琀攀爀猀 漀渀 匀栀椀爀瘀Ā渁 ⠀洀漀甀渀琀愀椀渀 
	<i>Niyāl਀㰀⼀椀㸀℀⤀Ⰰ 䐀愀最栀攀猀琀愀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 渀漀爀琀栀攀爀渀 䌀愀甀挀愀猀甀猀 ⠀꜀꜀ ㌀㔀ⴀ㘀Ⰰ 㐀㠀ⴀ㤀⤀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 漀甀爀 愀甀琀栀漀爀  
adds several details not found elsewhere and we should rather assume that he ਀甀琀椀氀椀稀攀猀 愀 猀漀甀爀挀攀 漀昀 眀栀椀挀栀 䴀愀猀☀⌀㌀㤀㬀欀搁⬀
possessed only an abstract. Possibly the same source is responsible for਀琀栀攀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀椀渀最 搀攀琀愀椀氀猀 漀渀 䜀⬀氁Ā渁⸀ 
</font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀 ⠀攀⤀ 嘀攀爀礀 挀甀爀椀漀甀猀 愀爀攀 愀 昀攀眀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀 瀀漀椀渀琀猀 漀渀 䄀爀愀戀椀愀⸀ 
One might suppose (<i>v.i.</i>, p. 411) that some of them are due to an਀攀愀爀氀礀 欀渀漀眀氀攀搀最攀 漀昀 䠀䄀䴀䐀 丁⨀✁猀 
<i>Jazīrat਀愀氀ⴀ✀愀爀愀戀㰀⼀椀㸀 戀甀琀 攀瘀攀渀 䠀愀洀搀Ā渁⬀
does not seem in account for all of them. Do they, like some details on਀琀栀攀 䄀昀爀椀挀愀渀 氀愀渀搀猀Ⰰ 戀攀氀漀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀 洀漀爀攀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀 䤀⸀䬀栀⸀Ⰰ 漀爀 琀漀 猀漀洀攀 甀渀欀渀漀眀渀 
<i>Book਀漀昀 䴀愀爀瘀攀氀猀㰀⼀椀㸀㼀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><hr WIDTH="60%">਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀㰀愀 一䄀䴀䔀㴀∀嘀䤀⸀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀戀㸀㘀⸀ 䰀伀夀䄀䰀吀䤀䔀匀㰀⼀戀㸀 
	</font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀䴀礀 琀栀愀渀欀猀 最漀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 吀爀甀猀琀攀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䜀椀戀戀 䴀攀洀漀爀椀愀氀 眀栀漀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㌀㄀ 
accepted my work for inclusion in their series, Sir E. D. Ross, with his਀甀猀甀愀氀 欀椀渀搀渀攀猀猀Ⰰ 愀挀琀椀渀最 愀猀 洀礀 猀瀀漀渀猀漀爀⸀ 吀漀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀琀攀爀Ⰰ 愀猀 眀攀氀氀 愀猀 琀漀 洀礀 昀爀椀攀渀搀猀 
Prof. R. A. Nicholson, Prof. H. A. R. Gibb, Dr. A. S. Trilton, and Dr.਀⠀渀漀眀 倀爀漀昀⸀⤀ 䠀⸀ 圀⸀ 䈀愀椀氀攀礀 䤀 愀洀 搀攀攀瀀氀礀 漀戀氀椀最攀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀椀爀 最爀攀愀琀 栀攀氀瀀 椀渀 挀栀攀挀欀椀渀最 
my copy. Dr. W. Simon has kindly tried in unify my transcription of Chinese਀渀愀洀攀猀 琀栀漀甀最栀 栀攀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀氀礀 椀猀 渀漀琀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀椀戀氀攀 昀漀爀 愀渀礀 攀瘀攀渀琀甀愀氀 洀椀猀琀愀欀攀猀 
in cases where the Chinese original was not available. I hope my memory਀栀愀猀 渀漀琀 瀀氀愀礀攀搀 洀攀 昀愀氀猀攀 椀渀 琀栀愀渀欀椀渀最 椀渀 琀栀攀 琀攀砀琀 琀栀攀 渀甀洀攀爀漀甀猀 猀挀栀漀氀愀爀猀 漀昀 
many lands who readily answered my queries on matters within their competence.਀ऀ㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">My dedication confirms the debt of gratitude which I have contracted਀琀漀眀愀爀搀猀 琀栀攀 最爀攀愀琀 倀攀爀猀椀愀渀 猀挀栀漀氀愀爀 眀栀漀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 昀椀昀琀攀攀渀 礀攀愀爀猀 漀昀 漀甀爀 昀爀椀攀渀搀猀栀椀瀀 
has been lavish in his aid to me in hundreds of my perplexities. My long,਀昀爀攀焀甀攀渀琀 愀渀搀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 椀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀瘀攀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀猀愀琀椀漀渀猀 眀椀琀栀 栀椀洀 挀漀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀攀 漀渀攀 漀昀 
the very pleasant recollections of my life.਀㰀戀爀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="xix 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> See de Goeje in਀ऀ㰀椀㸀䈀䜀䄀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 
iv, p. vi: Maq. himself, p. 8, dates his preface A.H. 375/985 but certain਀瀀愀猀猀愀最攀猀 瀀漀椀渀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 礀攀愀爀猀 ㌀㜀㜀 愀渀搀 攀瘀攀渀 ㌀㠀㜀⼀㤀㤀㜀 ⠀瀀⸀ ㈀㠀㠀爀⤀⸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">਀ऀ㰀椀洀最 匀刀䌀㴀∀氀椀渀攀开搀漀眀渀⸀最椀昀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀㄀㠀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㔀㤀㘀㸀 㰀戀爀㸀砀砀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀 㰀椀㸀吀栀攀 吀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀漀爀✀猀 倀爀攀昀愀挀攀㰀⼀椀㸀 
	</font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀䴀礀 挀漀洀洀攀渀琀愀爀礀 眀漀甀氀搀 渀攀瘀攀爀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 眀爀椀琀琀攀渀  
without the extensive use of the treasures of the British Museum, the ਀䈀椀戀氀椀漀琀栀焀甀攀 一愀琀椀漀渀愀氀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 匀挀栀漀漀氀 漀昀 伀爀椀攀渀琀愀氀 匀琀甀搀椀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 준挀漀氀攀 搀攀猀  
Langues Orientales. The latter&#39;s librarian Mile Renié (now Mme Meuvré) very ਀欀椀渀搀氀礀 愀氀氀漀眀攀搀 洀攀 琀漀 欀攀攀瀀 昀漀爀 氀漀渀最 瀀攀爀椀漀搀猀 最爀攀愀琀 渀甀洀戀攀爀猀 漀昀 戀漀漀欀猀 渀漀琀 昀漀甀渀搀  
elsewhere. </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀䤀 洀甀猀琀 琀栀愀渀欀 䐀爀⸀ 䨀漀栀渀 䨀漀栀渀猀漀渀Ⰰ 倀爀椀渀琀攀爀 琀漀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 伀砀昀漀爀搀Ⰰ 
and his staff and collaborators who have so successfully overcome the difficulties਀漀昀 愀 琀攀砀琀 戀爀椀猀琀氀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀 渀愀洀攀猀Ⰰ 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 焀甀漀琀愀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">My wife helped me with the translation of Barthold's Preface, prepared਀愀戀漀甀琀 㐀Ⰰ㔀　　 挀愀爀搀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䤀渀搀攀砀 愀渀搀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 琀椀洀攀猀 琀礀瀀攀搀 漀甀琀 琀栀攀 爀攀瘀椀猀攀搀 
text of my manuscript (some of the chapters four and five times!). <br>&nbsp; ਀ऀ㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
	<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">The printing of my book has extended over a period of three years, during਀眀栀椀挀栀 琀椀洀攀 洀愀渀礀 洀漀爀攀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 挀漀渀猀甀氀琀攀搀 戀礀 洀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀愀渀礀 洀漀爀攀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀猀 
collected. Even Barthold's <i>Vorlesungen</i>, in Prof. Menzel's excellent਀攀搀椀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 戀攀挀愀洀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 漀渀氀礀 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 眀栀漀氀攀 琀攀砀琀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 猀攀琀 甀瀀⸀ 圀栀攀爀攀瘀攀爀 
possible I have introduced the requisite additions, but it must be borne਀椀渀 洀椀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 搀愀琀攀 漀昀 洀礀 倀爀攀昀愀挀攀 椀猀 渀漀琀 琀栀愀琀 漀昀 洀礀 琀攀砀琀⸀ 䈀礀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 
of June 1936 my commentary was in page proofs and no further important਀愀氀琀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 眀攀爀攀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀⸀ 匀漀洀攀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀 渀漀琀攀猀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 昀漀甀渀搀 椀渀 䄀瀀瀀攀渀搀椀砀 
B. </font>਀ऀ㰀瀀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀倀愀氀愀琀椀渀漀 䰀椀渀漀琀礀瀀攀∀㸀嘀⸀ 䴀䤀一伀刀匀䬀夀 㰀戀爀㸀㄀　 䐀攀挀攀洀戀攀爀 ㄀㤀㌀㘀⸀ 
<br>&nbsp; </font>਀㰀⼀戀氀漀挀欀焀甀漀琀攀㸀 
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">[<a href="hud_contents.html">Previous</a>] [<a href="hud_dates.html">Next</a>]਀㰀戀爀㸀嬀㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀椀渀搀攀砀⸀栀琀洀氀∀㸀䈀愀挀欀 琀漀 䤀渀搀攀砀㰀⼀愀㸀崀 㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀 
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