ÿþ<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en"> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=unicode"> <meta name="Author" content="Vassil Karloukovski"> <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 5.0"> <meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document"> <title>Hudud al-'Alam - 50 - Commentary of V. Minorsky</title> </head> <body> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <b><font size=+1>Hudud al-'Alam, The Regions of the World</font></b> <br><b>V. Minorsky</b> <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>§ 50. The Khazar.</b> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Marquart, <i>Streifzüge</i>, Index; Barthold, <i><u>Kh</u>azar</i> in <i>EI</i>; H. v. Kutschera, <i>Die Chasaren</i>, Wien 1910 (unimportant); J. N. Simchowitsch, <i>Studien z. d. Berichten arab. Historiker über d. Chazaren</i>, Berliner Dissertation 1920, still unpublished; the author&#39;s résumé in <i> Jahrbuch d. Dissert, der Philol. Fakultät . . . zu Berlin</i>, 1919-20, pp. 248-52, is reviewed by M. Palló in <i>Ungar. Jahrbücher</i>, ii, 1922, pp. 157-60 (with a list of Hungarian literature on the subject): Simchowitsch studies the earlier history of the Khazars down to Hrkn al-Rash+d&#39;s times; M. Kmoskó, <i>Die Quellen Istahri&#39;s in seinem Berichte über die Chasaren</i>, <i>KQrösi Csoma-Archivum</i>, 1/2, 1921, pp. 141-8; M. Kmoskó, <i>Araber und Chasaren</i>, <i>ibid</i>., 1/4, 1924, pp. 280-92 and 1/5, 1925, pp. 356-68. The Jewish sources on the Khazars have been recently republished by P. K. Kokovtsov, <i>Yevreysko-khasarskaya perepiska v X veke</i>, Leningrad 1932 (exhaustive bibliography and very detailed commentary). Some Byzantine sources are quoted in Dietrich, <i>o.c.</i>, Index; see also Constantine Porphyr., <i>De admin. imperio</i>, chap. 10, 12, 42 (scarce details). </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">The principal Muslim source on the Khazars is Ibn Fad</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">ln&nbsp; (in Yqkt, ii, 436-40), many of whose data are found also in Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">., 220-5, though each of the two sources has a good many independent details. Since Frähn it has been admitted that Ibn Fad</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">ln&nbsp; (who travelled in 309-10/921-2) was the </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br>§ 50&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>The Khazar</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; 451 </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">source of Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">akhr+, but lately Kmoskó has advanced a new theory of their common dependence on some previous report drawn up towards A.D. 800. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Another source is that utilized by I.R., 119-20, Bakr+, Gard+z+, and 'Auf+. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Our author's very condensed report reflects both groups of sources and shows a knowledge of I.Kh. For the items of the&nbsp;til town, the seven judges (governors?) communicating with the king, and the maritime customs Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">., 220-5, is undoubtedly responsible, but our author cuts down even such characteristic features as the existence of a dual political system under which the supreme chief only appointed the head of the executive power who was the real ruler. The system is mentioned in all the sources : <br>&nbsp; </font> <table BORDER CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=2 COLS=3 WIDTH="70%" > <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">Const. Porphyr. cap. 42, (cf. Marquart, <i>o.c</i>., 27)</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="451_1.jpg" height=21 width=85 align=ABSBOTTOM></font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="451_2.jpg" height=22 width=48 align=ABSBOTTOM></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">Ibn Rusta</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">Khazar Khqn</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">Aysh</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">Mas'kd+, <i>Murkj</i>, ii, 12</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">Khqn</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">Malik</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">akhr+</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">Malik Khazar <a href="#451 1.">[1]</a></font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">Khqn Khazar, <a href="#451 1.">[1]</a> or Bek</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">Ibn&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">auqal</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">Khqn Khazar</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">Malik Khazar</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">Gard+z+</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">Khazar Khqn</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">Abshd</font></td> </tr> </table> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">In the&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'. the two persons are run into one and the king (<i>pdshh</i>) is called&nbsp;T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">arkhn Khqn, from the children of Ans (cf. <i>Aysh, Abshd</i>). The latter name was borrowed from the source common also to I.R. and Gard+z+, whereas the addition to the title <i>khqn</i> of a further title&nbsp;t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>arkhn</i> finds an explanation in the story of the interpreter Sallm's journey to the wall of Gog and Magog, I.Kh., 163, where&nbsp;T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>arkhn malik al-Khazar</i> is mentioned, though at another place I.Kh., 41, says that&nbsp;t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>arkhn</i> was the title of lesser Turkish kings. [A Khwrazmian mercenary Rs-T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">arkhn commanded the Khazar forces which invaded Transcaucasia in 147/764. Marquart, <i>Ungar. Jahrbücher</i>, 1924, p. 271, explains by this person's name that of the later town Astrakhan. Cf.&nbsp;T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">abar+, iii, 328,&nbsp;<img SRC="451_3.jpg" height=26 width=64 align=ABSBOTTOM> *<i>s-tarkhn</i>?.] </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Our author equally omits the important statement regarding the outward appearance of the Khazars: being of two distinct types (one very dark, the other fair-skinned and handsome) they did not resemble the Turks. Their language was also different from Turkish, but resembled that of the (Volga) Bulghrs, Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">., 225. According to this description the Khazar language of which no texts have come down to us, belonged to the aberrant branch of Turkish languages of which the only living representative is now the Chuvash language. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>Prima facie</i> our enumeration of the Khazar towns presents great difficulties. In fact these towns were only <i>four</i>, of which two were divided by the Volga near its estuary, and the other two lay in the Caucasian region (Balanjar and Samandar). Our compiler mentions the <i>two</i> Volga towns under <i>five</i> different names and thus his total rises to <i>seven</i>, to say nothing of the <i>five</i> additional names wrongly quoted under Khazar. <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="451 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> The places of the rulers are wrong.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br>452&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>Commentary</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; § 50 </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">The complication with the Volga towns will be best presented in the following table: <br>&nbsp; </font> <table BORDER CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=2 COLS=3 WIDTH="90%" > <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">Western&nbsp;til&nbsp;</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">Eastern&nbsp;til</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">I.Kh.</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="452_1.jpg" height=28 width=48></font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="452_2.jpg" height=33 width=65></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">I.R.</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="452_3.jpg" height=25 width=65></font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="452_4.jpg" height=31 width=106></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">Bakr+</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="452_5.jpg" height=26 width=49></font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="452_6.jpg" height=31 width=38></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'.</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">[Western]&nbsp;til,&nbsp;<img SRC="452_7.jpg" height=27 width=40 align=ABSBOTTOM>, and&nbsp;<img SRC="452_8.jpg" height=27 width=47 align=ABSBOTTOM></font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;[Eastern]&nbsp;til and&nbsp;<img SRC="452_9.jpg" height=32 width=39 align=ABSBOTTOM></font></td> </tr> </table> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">The three traditions, namely: A (Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">. &lt; I. Fad</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">ln ), B (I.Kh.), C (I.R. and Gard+z+), are all side by side incorporated in&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'. The order of enumeration fully confirms this conclusion. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">1. and 2. are evidently borrowed from Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">., 220-3, who in the Khazar land knows only these two towns of which<img SRC="452_10.jpg" height=28 width=29 align=ABSBOTTOM> (read&nbsp;<img SRC="452_11.jpg" height=30 width=30 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>til > Etil</i>) was a double town for it was divided by the&nbsp;til river (§ 6, 43.) into a western and an eastern part, the former being the residence of the king and his army, and the latter the commercial centre. The two towns lay probably near the estuary of the Volga. On their different names see the table above. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Mas'kd+, <i>Murkj</i>, ii, 7, reckons from Darband to Samandar 8 days and thence to<i>til</i> (so instead of&nbsp;<i>mul</i>) 7 days. According to Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">., 219, 227, the respective distances are 4 and 7 days, the distance between Samandar and the Sar+r boundary being only 2 farsakhs. These data indicate for Samandar a place somewhere between Kizlar (on the Terek) and Petrovsk (now Makhach-qal'a) on the Caspian sea. It is usually (Dorn, Marquart) accepted that Samandar <a href="#452 1.">[1]</a> corresponds to Tarqu/Tarkhu, situated at a few Kms. to the south-west of Petrovsk and in favour of this opinion could be quoted the short distance between Samandar and the Sar+r, and our author's indication that Samandar lay near the sea-coast. Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">., 222, mentions extensive gardens and vineyards between Samandar, Darband, and the Sar+r, which detail is also not contradicted by the situation of Tarqu. Finally, in the letter of the Khazar king (though in the more extensive and still suspect version B, cf. Kokovtsov, p. 100) Samandar is placed "at the end of&nbsp;<img SRC="452_12.jpg" height=25 width=53 align=ABSBOTTOM><i> T.dlk</i>'' which may easily stand for&nbsp;<img SRC="452_13.jpg" height=21 width=54 align=ABSBOTTOM><i> Tarkhu</i>! </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">3. In this paragraph the names borrowed from different authorities are jumbled together into a long list. We shall treat them in three groups. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">3a. The first three names come exactly as I.Kh., 124<sub>12</sub>, enumerates them: <i>wa mudun al-Khazar: *Khaml+kh wa Balanjar wal-Bayd</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"></i>. Of these Balanjar lay certainly in the Caucasian region. During his campaign of 119/737 Marwn penetrated into Khazaria, as it seems, through the Aln gate, <i>i.e.</i> the Darial pass in the Central Caucasus, and then (I. Ath+r, v, 160) marched eastwards to Balanjar, Samandar, and al-Bayd</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">. Consequently Balanjar is to be sought between the Darial and Samandar. The only other geographical detail referring to it is the existence of a river called <i>nahr al-Balanjar</i>, Baldhur+, 204, Ya'qkb+, <i>Historiae</i>, 194 (in the account of <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="452 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> The reading of the name may be *<i>Sumundur</i>, *<i>Samundur</i>, &amp;c.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br>§ 50&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>The Khazar</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; 453 </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Salmn's campaign). The Khazar king's letter mentions a river <i>V.r.shan</i> situated at 20 farsakhs from the capital, Kokovtsov, pp. 86 and 102. <a href="#453 1.">[1]</a> Marquart, <i>o.c.</i>, 16-19, compares this name with Balanjar <a href="#453 2.">[2]</a> and tentatively identifies the Balanjar river with the Qoy-su "the Sheep river" (Abul-Fid, 204: <i>nahr al-aghnm</i> flowing through the Sar+r). It is true that according to the Khazar letter the river ought to be placed much more to the north (Kokovtsov: <i>Kuma river</i>?) but then it would be difficult to understand how Marwn could march to Samandar via Balanjar. So besides the Qoy-su (Sulaq), only some of the right affluents of the Terek, or the Khasav-yurt river could eventually be taken into consideration with regard to the still doubtful situation of Balanjar. As Samandar lay by the sea, al-Bayd</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">, whither Marwn <a href="#453 3.">[3]</a> marched from Samandar, could lie either to the south, or, more probably, to the north of Tarqu. As I. Ath+r, v, 160, definitely says that al-Bayd</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"> was the Khqn's residence it must be identical with one of the two Volga towns, and more particularly with that which I.R., 139, calls&nbsp;<img SRC="453_1.jpg" height=23 width=60 align=ABSBOTTOM>. The first element of the name *<i>Sar+gh-sh.n</i> is evidently Turkish <i>sar<img SRC="i_k.jpg" height=17 width=8 align=ABSBOTTOM>gh</i> "yellow", a colour of which the Arabic <i>al-Bayd</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"></i>"white" might be an approximate rendering, perhaps even more suitable for the original Khazar meaning. <a href="#453 4.">[4]</a> Marquart, <i>o.c.</i>, i, arbitrarily restores the second element&nbsp;<img SRC="453_2.jpg" height=21 width=28 align=ABSBOTTOM> as <i>shar</i> &lt; <i>shahr</i>, but I am strongly inclined to think that the name *<i>Sar<img SRC="i_k.jpg" height=17 width=8 align=ABSBOTTOM>gh-shin</i> is the original form of the still enigmatic&nbsp;<img SRC="453_3.jpg" height=24 width=52 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>Saqsin</i>, as the geographers of Mongol times call a town situated by a mighty river and usually quoted along with the Volga Bulghr, cf. Barthold, <i>Sa<img SRC="k_t.jpg" height=18 width=13 align=ABSBOTTOM>s+n</i> in <i>EI</i>. <a href="#453 5.">[5]</a> To sum up: <i>Bayd</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"></i> may be only an Arabic name for the first of the two&nbsp;til towns already mentioned under I. As according to Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">. the Khqn lived in the <i>western</i> town, al-Bayd</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"> taken by Marwn, must be the latter. There is no record of the Arabs having crossed the Volga and in principle it would have been a most difficult feat. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">3b. The following two names are borrowed from the source common <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="453 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> It is curious that in the account of Maslama's campaign Ya'qkb+, <i>Historiae</i>, ii, 381, says that he was met by the khqn of the Khazars in&nbsp;<img SRC="453_4.jpg" height=23 width=45 align=ABSBOTTOM>, which here is an entirely different place from <i>Varthn</i> in&nbsp;dharbayjn and evidently refers to northern Daghestan. [It is very probable, however, that the name refers here to <i>Barshliya</i>, <i>v.s.</i>, p. 449, note i, in Armenian <i>Vara 'an</i>, see Moses KaBankatvats'i, book ii, ch. xxix, Russian transl. by Patkanov, SPb., 1861, p 192.]</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="453 2."></a><font size=-1><b>2.</b> Marquart, <i>ibid</i>., 166, identifies <i>Balanjar</i> with <i>Vara 'an</i> or <i>Varajan</i> by which name the Armenians call the capital of the Caucasian "Huns", but&nbsp; he withdraws this suggestion, <i>ibid</i>., 492.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="453 3."></a><font size=-1><b>3.</b> He was coming from the west.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="453 4."></a><font size=-1><b>4.</b> The Khazar fortress on the lower Don&nbsp;<img SRC="453_5.jpg" height=18 width=53 align=ABSBOTTOM> = Russian <i>Blave~a</i> "White tent" is called in the Khazar king's letter (version B) <i>Shark+l</i>, cf. Chuvash <i>shura</i> "white" and <i>kil</i> "house", as suggested by Poppe in Kokovtsov, <i>o.c.</i>, 105. [In Chuvash <i>u</i> &lt; old <i>a</i>.]</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="453 5."></a><font size=-1><b>5.</b> The geographical identity of <i>Saqs+n</i> with the Itil town was recognized by Westberg, <i>o.c.</i>, 1908 (March), p. 40; I think that even phonetically <i>Saqs+n</i> &lt; <i>Sarigh-shin </i>(or  <i>sin</i>?). [As a parallel cf. tne name of <i>Tsarits<img SRC="i_k.jpg" height=17 width=8 align=ABSBOTTOM>n</i> "Queen's town" (now Stalingrad), important centre situated on the Volga above Astrakhan, which is said to be a popular Russian etymology for the original "<i>Sar<img SRC="i_k.jpg" height=17 width=8 align=ABSBOTTOM>chin</i> (?) supposed to mean "yellow island" (?). *<i>Sar<img SRC="i_k.jpg" height=17 width=8 align=ABSBOTTOM>-s<img SRC="i_k.jpg" height=17 width=8 align=ABSBOTTOM>n</i> would mean "yellow tomb".]</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br>454&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>Commentary</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; § 50 </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">also to I.R., Bakr+, and Gard+z+ (see the table above). The unusual form of the first name&nbsp;<img SRC="454_1.jpg" height=27 width=47 align=ABSBOTTOM> may have been influenced by the two towns <i>Shvghar</i> in Transoxiana, cf. Barthold, <i>Turkestan</i>, 174. The second name, as spelt by our author, would be *<i>Khutlugh</i> "happy" but to judge by I.R.'s variants it looks like a compound with the Turkish word -<i>bal<img SRC="i_k.jpg" height=17 width=8 align=ABSBOTTOM>gh</i> "town". Very probably another form of the same name is I.Kh.'s&nbsp;<img SRC="454_2.jpg" height=32 width=62 align=ABSBOTTOM> (so instead of&nbsp;<img SRC="454_3.jpg" height=32 width=52 align=ABSBOTTOM> chosen by de Goeje) <i>Khamlikh</i>, possibly with a contraction from &lt; <i>Khammalikh</i> &lt; <i>Kham-balikh</i> &lt; <i>Kham-baligh</i>. The first element still offers a difficulty. Marquart, <i>Komanen</i>, 71, rightly criticized M. Hartmann's restoration *<i>Khan-bal<img SRC="i_k.jpg" height=17 width=8 align=ABSBOTTOM>gh</i>, but his own reading *<i>Qap<img SRC="i_k.jpg" height=17 width=8 align=ABSBOTTOM>gh-bal<img SRC="i_k.jpg" height=17 width=8 align=ABSBOTTOM>gh</i> is still more improbable. That this town stood on the eastern bank of the Volga may be indirectly concluded from the fact that I.Kh., 124, quotes it as the terminus of the road from Jurjn, i.e. along the eastern coast of the Caspian. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">3c. The last three names are found in I.Kh., 124, who following on the enumeration of the three Khazar towns says: "and outside al-Bb (Darband) are <i>a.</i> the Malik of Suwar, <i>b.</i> the Malik of al-Lakz, <i>c.</i> the Malik of al-Ln, <i>d.</i> the Malik of F+ln, <i>e.</i> the Malik of al-M.sq.t, <i>f.</i> the Master of the Sar+r, and <i>g.</i> the town of Samandar". In this list <i>a.</i> corresponds to our <i>Swr</i>; <i>b.</i> to our <i>Lkn</i>, <i>c.</i> to our <i>M.s.t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"></i>; <i>g.</i> was already mentioned under 2., and <i>c.</i> and <i>f.</i> are treated in separate chapters (§§ 48 and 49). Only <i>d.</i> F+lan has been left out of consideration. <a href="#454 1.">[1]</a> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Neither of the three names *<i>Lakz</i>, <i>Swr</i>, and <i>M.sq.t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"></i> could be quoted in the tenth century under the heading <i>Khazar</i>. Even <i>Darband-i Khazarn</i> (§ 36, 40.) is a purely conventional historical term pointing to the fact that Darband (which from <i>circa</i> A.D. 800 remained in the hands of the Muslims) was a "frontier post" (<i>thaghr</i>) directed against the Khazars and their successors. In our author's times Darband and consequently the lands lying to the south of it belonged to the Shirvn-shh, <i>v.s.</i>, notes to § 36, 36. and Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">., 219. A remote reason for the inclusion of *Lakz, *Suwar, and <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="454 1."><font size="2"></font></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> Perhaps because our author, like Mas'kd+, <i>Murkj</i>, ii, 42, took <i>F+ln-shh</i> for the hereditary title of the Sar+r kings. This, however, is inexact, for Baldhur+, 196, names separately&nbsp;s</font><font size="2" face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font size="2">h<font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><i>ib al-Sar+r</i> and <i>malik-F+ln</i>. Nothing practically is known of this prince and his people. In Yqkt's very valuable passage on the peoples of Daghestan, i, 438 (cf. <i>BGA</i>, i, 184) immediately after&nbsp;T<font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font>abarsarn (on the Rubas river) is mentioned <i>umma il janbihim tu'raf bi-F+ln</i> which suggests that the F+ln lived quite close to the&nbsp;T<font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font>abarsarn. After the F+ln come the Lakz, al-L+rn, and Sharvn (<i>sic</i>). Baldhur+, 194, speaks of&nbsp;<img SRC="454_4.jpg" height=25 width=64 align=ABSBOTTOM> "the wall of the <i>L.b.n</i>" which the Sasanian Qubdh built between Shirvn and Bb al-Ln (Darial), cf. I.Kh., 123, <i>bb L.bn-shh</i>. This <i>L.b.n</i> probably corresponds to<i> Lip'in-k'</i> of the Armenian authors and <i>Lupenii</i> of Pliny,<i> n. h.</i>, vi, 29, and it is not impossible to connect<i> Lip'in</i>, &amp;c. with <i>F+l</i>- by admitting a metathesis *<i>L+f/F+l</i>. It is true that Baldhur+, 196, specially mentions <i>Malik F+ln</i> but the different sources may account for the difference <i>L.b.n/F+ln</i>. [In the eastern part of Shakk+ near the sources of the Turiyan-chay several places are found with such names as <i>Filifli</i>, perhaps &lt; <i>F+l-i F+ln</i> (cf. the royal title of <i>G+l-i G+ln</i>). This is only a hint to the future investigators on the spot.] </font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br>§ 50&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>The Khazar</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; 455 </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">*Masqut in the Khazar chapter may be the fact that Marwn is said to have brought from his famous expedition (of 119/737) a number of Khazars whom he settled between the Samkr river and Shbarn in the lower parts of the Lakz lands (<i>fi sahl ard</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"> al-Lakz</i>), see Baldhur+, 207. On the middle course of the Samkr there is still a village Khazri &lt; *Khazar+. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="455_1.jpg" height=26 width=33 align=ABSBOTTOM> stands undoubtedly for&nbsp;<img SRC="455_2.jpg" height=26 width=30 align=ABSBOTTOM> <i>Lakz</i>. As mentioned above (§ 36, 36.) the Lakz, or a part of them, seem to be identical with the *<i>Khursn</i> (Baldhur+, 196:&nbsp;<img SRC="455_3.jpg" height=27 width=212 align=ABSBOTTOM>). According to Mas'kd+, <i>Murkj</i>, ii, 6, the Shirvn-shh Muh</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">ammad b. Yaz+d annexed the possessions of&nbsp;<img SRC="455_4.jpg" height=24 width=196 align=ABSBOTTOM> (read:&nbsp;<img SRC="455_5.jpg" height=23 width=46 align=ABSBOTTOM>)&nbsp;<img SRC="455_6.jpg" height=21 width=53 align=ABSBOTTOM> and this agrees with the threefold title of the Shirvn-shh in our source (<i>v.s.</i>). Mas'kd+, ii, 5, even adds that the Lakz kingdom (<i>mamlaka</i>) was the bulwark (<i>mu'awwal</i>) of the Shirvn kingdom. Baldhur+, 209, mentions a fortress of the Shirvn-shh named&nbsp;<img SRC="455_7.jpg" height=21 width=37 align=ABSBOTTOM>. The original extent of the Lakz territory is uncertain but they appear as the immediate neighbours of the Layzn (<i>v.s.</i>). According to Abul-Fid, trans, ii 2, p. 299, the Samkr river flowed across the Lakz territory and Baldhur+'s passage, 207, indicates that in the region between the Samkr and Belbela rivers the Lakz originally occupied even the plains. The name Lak-z as shown by Marquart, <i>ZDMG</i>, 49, p. 666, is formed with the Iranian suffix of origin -<i>z</i> and the stem of the name is *<i>Lak</i>. This is now the appellation of the Daghestanian Qazi-Qumuqs (Arab.&nbsp;<img SRC="455_8.jpg" height=23 width=35 align=ABSBOTTOM>), living on the eastern branch of the Qoy-su. The linguistic evidence shows that the Lak once occupied a much larger area (Prince N. S. Trubetskoy's lecture at the School of Oriental Studies, 21.iii.1934), but the connexion of the Lakz with the present-day Lak is still uncertain. By metathesis <i>Lakz</i> became <i>Lazg</i>, which form was further used by Persians with the addition of the usual suffix of origin <i>Lazg-+</i> (in Russian<i> Lezg-in</i>, with the Russian "singulative" suffix -<i>in</i>). This later Perso-Turkish term came to denote indiscrim<i>inately all the Daghestanian mountaineers, but more especially those of the southern part of </i>Daghestan<i>, cf. Barthold, D<u>gh</u>estn</i> in <i>EI</i>. See <b>Map xi.</b> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">On&nbsp;<img SRC="455_9.jpg" height=20 width=32 align=ABSBOTTOM> vocalized <i>Suwar</i> in I.Kh., 124, nothing is known and de Goeje's annotation: "<img SRC="455_10.jpg" height=20 width=32 align=ABSBOTTOM> vulgo&nbsp;<img SRC="455_11.jpg" height=23 width=38 align=ABSBOTTOM>&quot; (cf. § 51) remains on his responsibility. As a guess one might connect the name <i>Swr</i> (*<i>Sawir </i>?) with that of the people <i>Sabir</i> who were defeated by the Avars in A.D. 461; a part of them was settled by the Romans south of the Kur. Mas'kd+, <i>Tanb+h</i>, 83, pretends that the "Turkish" name of the Khazar was&nbsp;<img SRC="455_12.jpg" height=25 width=124 align=ABSBOTTOM>. <a href="#455 1.">[1]</a> [<i>V.s.</i>, p. 401.]&nbsp;<img SRC="455_13.jpg" height=20 width=53 align=ABSBOTTOM> (cf. also § 49, 3.) vocalized in I.Kh. al-Masqat most probably must be read *<i>Masqut</i>. <a href="#455 2.">[2]</a> Marquart, <i>Kulturanalekten</i> in <i>Ungar. Jahrbücher</i>, ix/1, 1929, p. 78, quotes as its parallels Armenian <i>Mazk'ut'k'</i>, <i>Maskut'</i>, &amp;c., and ingeniously takes the present-day <i>Mushkur</i> for a later avatar of the old <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="455 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> The <i>Swr </i>and <i>Swwr</i> whom the Khazar king mentions in the list of his neighbours, Kokovtsov, 98, do not seem to be connected with Daghestn.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="455 2."></a><font size=-1><b>2.</b> Cf. a mountain south of Ganja called <i>Maskhut</i> on Russian maps.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br>456&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>Commentary</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; § 50 </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">name (the passage t > d > r is characteristic for the Iranian Tt+ dialects, <i>v.s.</i>, note to § 36, 36.). The Mushkur district is situated south of the Samkr river, between the southern branch of the latter, Yalama, and the river Belbela, see Butkov, <i>Nov. istor. Kavkaza</i>, i, 94, cf. Abul-Fid, transl. ii/2, p. 229. In Baldhur+'s time (p. 196) Masqut had already ceased to exist as a kingdom. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">4. These names [omitted in Gard+z+] occur in the following writers (cf. Marquart, <i>Streifzüge</i>, 173, and <i>v.s.</i>, p. 445): <br>&nbsp; </font> <table BORDER CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=2 COLS=3 WIDTH="50%" > <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">I.R., 139.</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">kls</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;Lkgh.r</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">Bakr+</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="456_1.jpg" height=23 width=32></font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="456_2.jpg" height=23 width=41></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">'Auf+</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">kls</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;Kkgh.r</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">Shukrullh</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">kls&nbsp;</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;K.rgh.ra</font></td> </tr> </table> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">The earliest and clearest text on these peoples is found in I.R., 139, who says that "on one side" the Khazar lands adjoin "a huge mountain at the farthest end of which (<i>f+ aqs</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">hu</i>) live the&nbsp;T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">kls and Lkgh.r and which stretches to the land of Tift+s". To Marquart, <i>Streifzüge</i>, 31, 164-76, is due the ingenious explanation of the two names. He interpretsT</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">kls as *T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">k<i>l-s</i> in which&nbsp;<i>s </i>represents the well-known alternative name of the Alns: old Russian <i>Yas</i>; Georgian <i>Ous-i </i>and, with the suffix denoting the country <i>Ous-et'i</i> > modern Russian <i>Oset-in</i>. In Muslim literature&nbsp;<i>s</i> replaces <i>Aln</i> (§48) in Mongol times, cf. Juwayn+, GMS, i, 214, 222:&nbsp;<img SRC="456_3.jpg" height=27 width=30 align=ABSBOTTOM>; Ibn Bat</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">kta, ii, 448:&nbsp;<img SRC="456_4.jpg" height=26 width=34 align=ABSBOTTOM>. Bakr+'s&nbsp;<img SRC="456_5.jpg" height=24 width=29 align=ABSBOTTOM> could then be easily improved into&nbsp;<img SRC="456_6.jpg" height=25 width=28 align=ABSBOTTOM>, and, as a compound,&nbsp;T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">kl-s would be paralleled by the name of the principal clan of the Aln as given by I.R., 148:&nbsp;<img SRC="456_7.jpg" height=23 width=57 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>D.h</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">s-s</i>. <a href="#456 1.">[1]</a> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">The second name&nbsp;<img SRC="456_8.jpg" height=24 width=30 align=ABSBOTTOM>, Bakr+'s&nbsp;<img SRC="456_9.jpg" height=23 width=39 align=ABSBOTTOM> is restored by Marquart as&nbsp;<img SRC="456_10.jpg" height=24 width=81 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>Aughaz</i>, i.e. Abkhaz, Arabic&nbsp;<img SRC="456_11.jpg" height=23 width=42 align=ABSBOTTOM>, Greek&nbsp;<img SRC="456_12.jpg" height=21 width=73 align=ABSBOTTOM>, [Contarini, ed. Hakluyt Society, p. 144: <i>Avogasia</i>]. This people occupies, on the Black Sea coast, the south-westernmost slopes of the Caucasian range, which quite well suits I.R.'s mention of the "farthest end of the mountain" and Bakr+'s, p. 45, clear indication that the people in question lived "below that mountain on the sea-coast". In the tenth century all the western Georgians (of the Rion basin) were usually called Abkhaz after the dynasty which ruled them. Mas'kd+, ii, 65, seems to distinguish between the&nbsp;<img SRC="456_13.jpg" height=21 width=42 align=ABSBOTTOM> (Eastern Georgians) and the Abkhz, whereas our author quotes Eastern Georgian lands under Armenia but extends (§ 3, 6.) the name <i>Gurz</i> (Western Georgians) even to the Black Sea. Therefore, following our text&nbsp;<img SRC="456_14.jpg" height=23 width=84 align=ABSBOTTOM> would refer only to the real Abkhaz. <a href="#456 2.">[2]</a> <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="456 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> It is indeed possible that the name of one of the clans was substituted to that of the <i>Aln</i> in general. Abul-Fid, p. 203, who wrote at the epoch when the terminology was changing, says that the&nbsp;<i>s</i> are a Turkish (?) people living near the Aln, being of the same origin as the latter (!) and professing the same religion. [<i>V.i.</i>, p. 481, 3.]</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="456 2."></a><font size=-1><b>2.</b> 'Auf+ and Shukrullh consider the&nbsp;T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">kls and Kkgh.r (K.rgh.ra) as "two kinds of Turks" [cf. also Abul Fid, quoted above in note 1]. The term <i>Turk</i> is here applied in a loose sense: not only the Magyars but the Rks as well were considered Turks by Muslim writers.&nbsp;<img SRC="456_15.jpg" height=23 width=47 align=ABSBOTTOM> could even have been mistaken for&nbsp;<img SRC="456_16.jpg" height=21 width=33 align=ABSBOTTOM> (<i>v.s.</i>, notes to § 14).</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br>§ 50&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>The Khazar</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; 457 </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">So far, so good, but Marquart in his <i> Streifzüge</i>, 173, 495, overreached the goal by further identifying the<i>&nbsp;T</i></font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">k<i>ls</i> and *<i>Aughaz</i> respectively with the <i>N.nd.r</i> and M.rdt mentioned in Gard+z+. This part of his theory is undoubtedly wrong and Marquart himself later hinted at the proper explanation of the term <i>N.nd.r</i> (see §§ 46 and 53). <a href="#457 1.">[1]</a> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Summing up the situation, we should: </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">(1.) distinguish between the two pairs of peoples (see notes to §§ 42 and 53); <br>(2.) locate the&nbsp;<i>T</i></font><i><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">k<i>ls</i> and <i>Lkgh.r</i> in the western Caucasus; <br>(3.) provisionally maintain the first part of Marquart's hypothesis: <i>T</i></font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">k<i>ls</i> = some tribe of&nbsp;<i>s</i>, and <i>Lkgh.r</i> = <i>Abkhaz</i>. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Our additional remarks will be as follows: </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">(4.) I.R., 139, only says that at the farthest end of the mountain near which lay the Khazar land, lived the&nbsp;<i>T</i></font><i><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>kls</i> and <i>Lkgh.r</i>, whereas our author makes of the latter "two districts of the Khazar". It is true that in the seventh century the Khazars penetrated down to Tiflis through the central Caucasian pass but the western Caucasus was hardly ever under Khazar sway. Our author's mistake may be somehow connected with the frequent confusion of&nbsp;<img SRC="457_1.jpg" height=21 width=32 align=ABSBOTTOM><i> Khazar</i> with&nbsp;<img SRC="457_2.jpg" height=18 width=30 align=ABSBOTTOM><i> Jurz</i> "Georgians". I.R.'s detail on the mountains "stretching to the land (<i>bild</i>) of Tiflis" is perhaps a hint of some mention of the Jurz in the original source. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">(5.) The first element of&nbsp;<i>T</i></font><i><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>kl-s</i> is confronted by Marquart, <i>ibid</i>., 172, with the name of the Aln prince Dula, known from Magyar sources. <a href="#457 2.">[2]</a> It is much simpler, however, to identify it with the Osset <i>Tual-tä</i>, i.e. the <i>Tual</i>, or Southern Ossets, in Georgian <i>Dvali</i>, who on the map annexed to Brosset's edition of Prince Vakhusht's <i>Geography</i>, St. Petersburg 1842, are shown (1) north of the Caucasian range on the upper course of the Ardon which is the left tributary of the Terek, and (2) in the upper valley of the Great Liakhvi which, south of the range, flows into the Kur. The Tuals living in the heart of the Caucasus would very well suit the requirement of our case including the remark on the warlike character of the people. The name&nbsp;<img SRC="457_3.jpg" height=23 width=51 align=ABSBOTTOM> would then be read *<i>T</i></font><i><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>uwal-s</i>. <a href="#457 3.">[3]</a> See Additional Note to § 48. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">(6.) As regards Bakr+'s report on the&nbsp;<img SRC="457_4.jpg" height=24 width=30 align=ABSBOTTOM> and&nbsp;<img SRC="457_5.jpg" height=24 width=40 align=ABSBOTTOM>, here is a com- <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="457 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1. </b>However, it remains possible that a similar confusion of the two pairs of names had already occurred in Muslim authors themselves and there may lie the explanation of some puzzling characteristics of the <i>Mirvt </i>in our author and Gard+z+ (<i>v.s.</i>, § 46).</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="457 2."></a><font size=-1><b>2. </b>Even in <i>Ungar. Jahrb.</i>, ix/1, 1929, p. 86, Marquart repeats: "ich bin . . . nach wie vor der Ansicht, dass jener Name [<i>Dula</i>] mil dem des Stammes&nbsp;T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">k<i>l-s</i> zusammenhangt."</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="457 3."><font size="2"></font></a> <font size=2><b>3. </b>There exists a Georgian family Tulasdze but I am unable to ascertain their origins. Brosset, <i>Histoire de la Géorgie</i>, ii/2, p. 151, mentions a locality T'ula which does not seem to be connected with the Ossets. In any case, the attested Georgian form of the name Tual is <i>Dval-i</i> (from which the family name of Dvalishvili is derived). [The imaginary name&nbsp;<img SRC="457_6.jpg" height=25 width=39 align=ABSBOTTOM> which Niz</font><font size="2" face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font size="2">m+ in his <i>Iskandar-nma</i> gives to the Abkhz king may reproduce <i>Dvali</i>.] </font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br>458&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>Commentary</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; § 50 </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">parative table of the relevant passages in I.R.'s and Bakr+'s chapters on the Khazars: <br>&nbsp; </font> <table BORDER CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=2 COLS=2 WIDTH="95%" > <tr> <td> <center><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>I.R.</b></font></center> </td> <td> <center><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>Bakr</b>+</font></center> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">Description of the road from the Pechenegs to the Khazars.</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>ditto</i></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">"The Khazar country is a vast land one of whose sides adjoins a huge mountain"</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>ditto</i></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">"and this is the mountain at the farthest end of which live the&nbsp;T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">kls and Lkgh.r"</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">left out, <i>v.i.</i></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">"and this mountain stretches to the lands of Tifl+s"</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">"then [you go <i>tas+ru</i>] to the <i>lands of Tifl+s, the latter (Tifl+s) being the beginning of the frontier of Armenia</i>"</font></td> </tr> </table> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Instead of the sentence on the two peoples left out in the chapter on the Khazars, Bakr+, in the chapter on the Majghar+, says: </font> <blockquote><font face="Palatino Linotype">"a frontier of their country adjoins the Rkm country whereas another frontier of theirs, on the steppe side, adjoins a mountain inhabited by the people called&nbsp;<img SRC="458_1.jpg" height=24 width=29 align=ABSBOTTOM> who possess horses, cattle, and fields; under that mountain on the sea-coast lives the people called <i>Aughkna</i>; they are Christians and are conterminous with the Islamic lands belonging to <i>the country of Tifl+s which is the beginning of the frontier of Armenia</i>. <a href="#458 1.">[1]</a> This mountain continues down to Bb al-abwb and joins the Khazar country."</font></blockquote> <font face="Palatino Linotype">Bakr+'s information on the one hand contains some independent traits and on the other reflects his own arrangement of the principal source. The description in I.R. moves from east to west (the Pechenegs [in their Ural seats], the Khazars, the mountain stretching to Tifl+s, the peoples at its farther end). Bakr+ proceeds in an opposite direction (the Majghar+ [in some of their seats on the Black Sea coast], the [Caucasian] mountains, the *<i>s</i> and <i>Aughkna</i>, then Tifl+s, Bb al-abwb, and the Khazar). The form of Bakr+'s names is peculiar. If&nbsp;<img SRC="458_2.jpg" height=25 width=105 align=ABSBOTTOM> for&nbsp;<img SRC="458_3.jpg" height=24 width=90 align=ABSBOTTOM> is due to the general use of forms in -<i>iya</i> (<i>Bajnkiya</i>, <i>Majghar+ya</i>),&nbsp;<img SRC="458_4.jpg" height=24 width=31 align=ABSBOTTOM> presents more difficulty. Marquart, <i>o.c.</i>, 167, restored it as&nbsp;<img SRC="458_5.jpg" height=26 width=41 align=ABSBOTTOM>s which is a later appellation of the Aln (§ 48), the latter name not appearing in the known fragments of Bakr+. Although the forms *<i>D.khs-s</i> and&nbsp;T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>wl-s</i> occur already in I. Rusta as the names of special tribes, the pure form&nbsp;s as referring to the Alns in general appears only in Mongol times. Moreover Bakr+'s description of the&nbsp;<img SRC="458_6.jpg" height=25 width=29 align=ABSBOTTOM> lacks the characteristic features of the Aln. Even the combination of&nbsp;<img SRC="458_6.jpg" height=25 width=29 align=ABSBOTTOM> with the *<i>Aughaziya</i> suggests that Bakr+ has in view the particular clan corresponding toT</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">wls. <a href="#458 2.">[2]</a> The disclosure of the identity of Bakr+'s&nbsp;<img SRC="458_6.jpg" height=25 width=29 align=ABSBOTTOM> (i.e. whether it stands for Aln or&nbsp;T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">wls) is important <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="458 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> The passage in italics is a repetition of what had been said under the Khazar.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="458 2."><font size="2"></font></a> <font size=2><b>2.</b> As the separation from the name&nbsp;T</font><font size="2" face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font size="2">wls of the basic element&nbsp;s is not at all an obvious matter we are perhaps entitled to suppose that Bakr+ has been inspired by some later source. Under Pecheneg he quotes the evidence of Muslim captives in Constantinople for the events after A.D. 1009. </font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br>§ 50 The Khazar 459 </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">for in the former case Bakr+ possessed some more detailed knowledge of the early Magyar seats near the Caucasus than is found in the more complete text of the earlier I. Rusta. In the second eventuality the vicinity of the Magyars to the&nbsp;<img SRC="458_6.jpg" height=25 width=29 align=ABSBOTTOM> must be merely a guess on Bakr+'s part. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">This author's information on the Magyars [who over a century before had settled beyond the Carpathians] is certainly traditional and derived from the same source as that utilized by I.R., Gard+z+, and 'Auf+. This group of authors definitely says that the Magyar country reaches down to the Rkm sea (<i>bahr, dary</i>) instead of which Bakr+ mentions "Rkm country" (<i>bild al-Rkm</i>), thus considerably modifying the situation. This procedure does not give us much confidence as to the eastern frontier of the Magyars with regard to which Bakr+ quotes a detail not found in I.R.,&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'., Gard+z+, or 'Auf+. We must remember that according to I.R., 143 <a href="#459 1.">[1]</a>, the Khazars "some time ago" entrenched themselves against the Magyars and other peoples (<i>yuqlu anna-'l-Khazar f+m taqaddama knat qad khandaqat 'al nafsi-h ittiq'a 'l-Majghariya wa ghayrihim min al-umam al-mutkhima li-bildihim</i>). Assuming then that the Magyars were the neighbours of the Khazars, Bakr+ could logically infer that, more precisely, they bordered on the peoples who were said to live at the westernmost limit of the mountain mentioned on the confines of the Khazars. Such then may be an explanation of Bakr+'s mysterious passage. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">This hypothesis may be objected to on the ground that according to our § 47 the Khazarian Pechenegs neighboured in the south on the Aln and a similar view is suggested by Mas'kdi's embroiled passage on the <i>W.l.nd.riya</i> (<i>v.i.</i> § 53). Both indications are supported by the well-known passage in Const. Porph., ed. Bonn, p. 166, according to which the Pechenegs lived at 6 days&#39; distance from the Alns. As the Pechenegs ousted the Magyars from their Lebedia seats it could have been inferred that the latter as well had bordered on the Alns. However, the fact is that Muslim authors knew nothing of what we ourselves, thanks to Const. Porph., know about the events, cf. Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">., 10, and our § 47. Therefore a retrospective conclusion is highly improbable for a Muslim author. Only the arrival of the Pechenegs seems to have cleared up for Muslims the situation near the Azov sea but for Bakr+ the Pechenegs were still in the north and, living a century later than I. Rusta and depending on the same source as I.R., he could hardly have improved on the latter's data. Therefore I am inclined to maintain the view that (a) Bakr+'s&nbsp;<img SRC="458_6.jpg" height=25 width=29 align=ABSBOTTOM> refers not to the Alns as a whole but to the little-known tribe of&nbsp;T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>wls</i>, and (b) that the idea that the Magyars and&nbsp;<img SRC="458_6.jpg" height=25 width=29 align=ABSBOTTOM> were neighbours is a result of Bakr+'s personal surmise. As a matter of fact even at the time when the Magyars lived near the Caucasus the&nbsp;T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">wls mountaineers must have been separated from them by the other Aln tribes living in the plains. [Cf. p. 458, 1. 18? .] </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">(7.) During his expedition to the north-eastern Caucasus Timur operated against the&nbsp;<img SRC="459_1.jpg" height=26 width=119 align=ABSBOTTOM>, see&nbsp;Z</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>afar-nma</i>, i, 766, 788. Further <i>Kkl </i>and <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="459 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> Marquart, <i> Streifzüge</i>, 28, connects this report with the construction of the Khazar fortress of Sarkel (on the Don) after A.D. 833.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br>460&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>Commentary</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; §§ 50-1 </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;<i>T</i></font><i><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>'ks</i> appear as the names of two local chiefs, <a href="#460 1.">[1]</a> though they may represent hereditary titles. The fortress of&nbsp;T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">'ks which was particularly strong, lay at the third range of mountains counting from the north, probably near the sources of the Terek and the Kuban for, immediately after, Timur marched to <i>Balqn</i> (<i>Balqar</i> ? at the sources of the Terek). Both the name&nbsp;<img SRC="460_1.jpg" height=24 width=44 align=ABSBOTTOM>, which could be easily restored as&nbsp;<img SRC="460_2.jpg" height=24 width=62 align=ABSBOTTOM>, and the geographical details make it possible to see in our passage an echo of the tenth-century terminology. [H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">jj+-Khal+f, p. 402, repeats the statement of the&nbsp;Z</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>.-nma</i>.] <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="460 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> Rash+d al-d+n, ed. Blochet, p. 45, mentions an&nbsp;s chief executed by Ögedey:&nbsp;<img SRC="460_3.jpg" height=26 width=75 align=ABSBOTTOM> (note the final&nbsp;<img SRC="460_4.jpg" height=25 width=31 align=ABSBOTTOM>).</font> <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">[<a href="hud_50.html">Previous</a>] [<a href="hud_51.html">Next</a>] <br>[<a href="index.html">Back to Index</a>] </font> </body> </html>