ÿþ<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en"> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=unicode"> <meta name="Author" content="Vassil Karloukovski"> <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 5.0"> <meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document"> <title>Hudud al-'Alam - 43 - Commentary of V. Minorsky</title> </head> <body> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <b><font size=+1>Hudud al-'Alam, The Regions of the World</font></b> <br><b>V. Minorsky</b> <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>§ 43. The Slavs.</b> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">See especially Chwolson, <i>Izvestiya . . . Ibn Dasta</i> [*<i>Rusta</i>], pp. 123-45; Baron Rosen and Kunik,<i> Izvestiya al-Bakr+</i> (Ibrh+m b. Ya'qkb, circa A.D. 965); Westberg, <i>Ibrâhîm&#39;s-ibn-Ja&#39;k</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">ûb&#39;s Reisebericht</i>, 1898, and <i>Kommentariy</i>, 1903; also passim in <i>Beiträge</i>, 1899, and <i>K analizu</i>, 1908; Marquart, <i>Streifzüge</i>, 95-160 (Mas'kdi on the Slavs), 188-206, 466-73 ("Jayhn+&quot; on the Slavs) and passim; Lévi-Provençal, <i>S</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">ak</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">liba</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype"> in <i>EI</i> (the Slavs in Spain), Barthold, <i>Slav</i> in <i>EI</i>. Our §§ 43 and 44 have been edited and translated by Toumansky in <i>Zap</i>., X, 1896, pp. 121-37 (where the names quoted are illustrated by parallel readings in the other authors). </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Of the sources which were undoubtedly utilized by our author, I. Kh. must be responsible for the item on the Slavs living on the upper course of "the Rks river"; Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">. (&lt; Balkh+), pp. 4, 7, 10, besides being too vague, has very little to say on the Slavs whom he probably mixes up with the Rks; the third and most complete source, which was also utilized by I.R., Gard+z+, and 'Auf+ <a href="#427 1.">[1]</a> has principally influenced our text, as will be seen from <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="427 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> Bakr+ used it, too, but with regard to the Slavs he chiefly quotes the independent and excellent source  the record of the Jewish traveller Ibrh+m b. Ya'qkb</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br>428&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>Commentary</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; § 43 </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">the following comparison [D. ditto; N. absent; A. approximate likeness]. <br>&nbsp; </font> <table BORDER CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=2 COLS=3 WIDTH="95%" > <tr> <td> <center><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>I.R.</b></font></center> </td> <td> <center><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>Gard+z</b>+</font></center> </td> <td> <center><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>-'.&nbsp;</b></font></center> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">10 days' distance from the Bajank&nbsp;</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;D. and 10 days from the Majghar+</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">different</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">town of&nbsp;<img SRC="428_1.jpg" height=25 width=42 align=ABSBOTTOM> near the frontier</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">D. Vnt+t</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">D. Vbn+t</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">wooded plains; no vines or fields</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">D.</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">A. vast wooded plains</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">bee-hives, 10 ibr+qs honey from each </font> <p>&nbsp;</td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">D. each hive 50-100 <i>mann</i> honey; some people possess 100 <i>khum</i> of honey</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">A. much honey; honey-wine; wooden casks; some people prepare 100 casks of wine</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">herds of swine</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">D.</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">D.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">the dead burnt; women scratch their faces; commemorative feasts on the <br>tumuluus</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">D.</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">A. the dead burnt</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">favourite wife hangs herself</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">N.</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">A. commits suicide</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">fire-worshippers</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">cow-worshippers</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">D. as in I.R.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">sow millet; thanksgiving for harvest</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">D.</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">A. sow millet</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">string instruments and flutes&nbsp;</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">D.</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">A. various string instruments</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">honey-wine and music at funeral feasts</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">A.</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">N.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">horses scarce</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">D.</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">N.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">N.</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">shirts and&nbsp;t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">abar+ shoes</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">shirts and shoes</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">javelins and spears</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">D.</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">D. and shields</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">chief called&nbsp;<img SRC="428_2.jpg" height=24 width=44 align=ABSBOTTOM></font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">D.&nbsp;<img SRC="428_3.jpg" height=22 width=36></font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">N.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">principal chief Swyyt-mlk lives in Jrwb</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">D. Swyt-mlk, Jrwt</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">D. Smkt-swyt, Khurdb</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">and drinks mare's milk</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">N.</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">A. drinks milk</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">N.</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">build fortresses against the Majghar+</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">N.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">cold climate; people live in underground huts; heat them with vapours</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">in winter in fortresses, in summer in woods</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">underground dwellings in winter</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">the king receives a garment from each member of a household</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">N.</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">A. the Slavs serve the king</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">thieves punished</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">D.</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">N.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">N.</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">adultery punished</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">N.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">N.</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">marriage customs: dowry</font></td> <td><font face="Palatino Linotype">N.</font></td> </tr> </table> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">The geographical data on the Slavs scattered in our source seem to refer to two different groups of this people. On the one hand in § 3, 6., the </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><font size=-1>(A.A. 965), adding to it some details from Mas'kd+. Of this account, as well as of Mas'kd+'s detailed chapter on the Slavs (Marquart, <i>Streifzüge</i>, 95-160), there is no trace in our author. [Some expressions in Ibrh+m (<i>e.g. </i>on the women scratching their faces with knives after a death) point to the use of the literary source utilized by I. Rusta.]</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br>§ 43&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>The Slavs</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; 429 </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">S</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">aqlb are placed to the north of the Black Sea, between the <i>Inner Bulghrs</i> and the <i>Burjn</i>. The identity of these Slavs is disclosed by the comparison with §42, 16.-18. where the &quot;Christianized Slavs&quot; come in the enumeration between the <i>Burjn</i> and the<i> Bulghar+</i>. <a href="#429 1.">[1]</a> With this agrees the beginning of § 43 which places the Inner Bulghrs to the east of the Slavs. As explained in the note to § 42, 17. the &quot;Christianized Slavs&quot; correspond to the Macedonian Slavs, and only through a misunderstanding they have been transferred to the shores of the Black Sea. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">The essential characteristic of the other group is that it lives in the immediate neighbourhood of the Rks [the latter not being mentioned among the nations living on the Black Sea coast]. In § 6, 44. the Rks river flowing eastwards is said to rise on the Slav territory, then skirt the Rks towns, and finally fall into the&nbsp;til. In § 44 <a href="#429 2.">[2]</a> the Rks are positively the eastern neighbours of the Slavs, but in § 43, by some sort of compromise, our author wants the Slavs to border in the east both on the Inner Bulghr &quot;and some (!) of the Rus&quot;. In § 3, 8. the Maeotis (<i>i.e.</i> the northern Russian lakes or the Baltic, <i>v.s.</i>, p. 181) is placed north of the&nbsp;S</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">aqlbs. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">For our author all the Slav lands look apparently as one stretch of territory and in this respect he may have been influenced by I.Kh. who, p. 105, mentions the&nbsp;S</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">aqliba as the western neighbours of Macedonia (cf. our § 42, 17.), couples them, pp. 92 and 119, with the Avars (<i>al-Abar</i>), and places them "north of Spain". On the other hand, p. 124, he says that the Khazar town Khaml+j (§ 50, 3 b.) &quot;lies on the river (Volga) which comes from the land of the&nbsp;S</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">aqliba" and further, p. 154, adds that the Rks merchants "who are a kind of&nbsp;S</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">aqliba" travel from the farthermost region of&nbsp;S</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">aqlaba to the Rkm sea (Black Sea?); if eventually they "travel by the Tan+s [*<i>Tanais</i> = Don], river of the&nbsp;S</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">aqliba, they pass to Khaml+j" <a href="#429 3.">[3]</a>&nbsp;<img SRC="429_1.jpg" height=29 width=356 align=ABSBOTTOM>, and finally starting from Spain they either visit Africa or "follow the road behind Rome in the Slav lands and then to Khaml+j" (<img SRC="429_2.jpg" height=29 width=325 align=ABSBOTTOM>). I. Kh., 17, gives the king of the Slavs the title&nbsp;<img SRC="429_3.jpg" height=29 width=32 align=ABSBOTTOM><i> qinnz</i>, <i>i.e.</i>,&nbsp;<img SRC="429_4.jpg" height=14 width=53 align=ABSBOTTOM><i> kn<img SRC="e_ogonek.jpg" height=16 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM>z'</i> (from Germanic *<i>kuning</i>), common among Slav nations. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">The source utilized by I. Rusta and Gard+z+ seems to have in view a more definite territory. The items regarding the habits and customs of the Slavs are somewhat ambiguous, but the names of the rulers and towns may serve as clues. According to Ibn Rusta, 144, the supreme chief of the Slavs bore the name of <i>Swyyt-mlk</i> (<img SRC="429_5.jpg" height=28 width=227 align=ABSBOTTOM>); the vice-regent (<i>khal+fatu-hu</i>) (living in the centre of the Saqlb country?) <a href="#429 4.">[4]</a> was called&nbsp;<img SRC="429_6.jpg" height=26 width=42 align=ABSBOTTOM> or&nbsp;<img SRC="429_7.jpg" height=28 width=37 align=ABSBOTTOM> [Similar forms are found in Gard+z+ whereas in the&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'. only the king is <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="429 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> Burjn = Inner Bulghr = Bulghri.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="429 2."></a><font size=-1><b>2.</b> <i>Ibid.</i> the Slavs among the Rks.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="429 3."></a><font size=-1><b>3.</b> Though the Don and Volga are often connected in Muslim geographers, here the verb <i>marrk</i> may indicate that the merchant had to cross over from the Don to the Volga. The two rivers off Tsaritsin flow very near to each other. The sources of the left affluent of the Don Ilovl'a almost reach the Volga near Kam<img SRC="i_k.jpg" height=17 width=8 align=ABSBOTTOM>sh<img SRC="i_k.jpg" height=17 width=8 align=ABSBOTTOM>in. See <b>Map xii</b>.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="429 4."></a><font size=-1><b>4. </b>The text is suspect here, Marquart, <i>o.c.</i>, 470.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br>430&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>Commentary</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; § 43 </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">mentioned whom the people call <i>S.mkt-swyt</i>,&nbsp;<img SRC="430_1.jpg" height=24 width=147 align=ABSBOTTOM>. Westberg, <i>o.c.</i> (1918), p. 12, very ingeniously supposed that the first part of the name is only a disfigured&nbsp;<img SRC="430_2.jpg" height=25 width=45 align=ABSBOTTOM> ("they call him") standing in the Arabic text.] <a href="#430 1.">[1]</a> Chwolson restored&nbsp;<img SRC="430_3.jpg" height=25 width=75 align=ABSBOTTOM> as&nbsp;<img SRC="430_4.jpg" height=23 width=73 align=ABSBOTTOM> <i>Suw+t-bulk</i> &lt; <i>Svetopluk</i> (&lt; <i>Sv<img SRC="e_ogonek.jpg" height=16 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM>topl<img SRC="u_gd.jpg" height=16 width=13 align=ABSBOTTOM>k<img SRC="u_gd.jpg" height=16 width=13 align=ABSBOTTOM></i>), and&nbsp;<img SRC="430_5.jpg" height=29 width=61 align=ABSBOTTOM> as&nbsp;<img SRC="z_cv.jpg" height=17 width=9 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>upanets</i> (?) and thought that the first referred to the well-known king of Moravia proper, Svetopluk I (870-94) whom Const. Porph., <i>De admin, imp.</i>, cap. 40, &amp;c., calls<img SRC="430_6.jpg" height=21 width=119 align=ABSBOTTOM>. Marquart, <i>Streifzüge</i>, 470, admits that this identification dawns naturally on the reader. However, thinking, <i>ibid</i>., 200, 203, that I. Rusta's report is based on Muslim al-Jarm+ and refers to an earlier epoch, namely to the time before the advent of the Norman dynasty in Kiev (and even before the subjugation of the Pol'an'e by the Khazars) Marquart himself suggests, <i>ibid</i>., 471, the identification of the Slav king with the king of the White Croatians&nbsp;<img SRC="430_7.jpg" height=22 width=120 align=ABSBOTTOM>, whose capital must have been Cracow-on-the-Vistula. <a href="#430 2.">[2]</a> The king's capital&nbsp;<img SRC="430_8.jpg" height=22 width=50 align=ABSBOTTOM> (Gard+z+,&nbsp;<img SRC="430_9.jpg" height=24 width=51 align=ABSBOTTOM>,&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'.&nbsp;<img SRC="430_10.jpg" height=24 width=47 align=ABSBOTTOM>, 'Auf+<img SRC="430_11.jpg" height=23 width=45 align=ABSBOTTOM>) is then restored as&nbsp;<img SRC="430_12.jpg" height=23 width=50 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>Khorvt</i><a href="#430 3.">[3]</a> and taken as a confirmation of the above theory. Apart from the still doubtful attribution of I. Rusta's report to [or rather exclusively to] Muslim al-Jarm+, the weak point of Marquart's theory is that no <i>Svetopluk</i> has yet been discovered in Cracow. A fact which remained unknown to Marquart is that according to the&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'., § 6, 45., the capital of Khurdb was situated on the Rkt river. It is difficult to say whether this detail belongs to the original source, or is merely our author's guess. The description of the Rkt flowing from the Rks to the&nbsp;S</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">aqlbs, <i>i.e.</i>, westwards (?) is very embroiled (<i>v.s.</i>, § 6, 45. and cf. § 45) and the river could perhaps with some imagination be taken for the Vistula on the upper course of which Cracow stands. However, this interpretation of a doubtful passage would not be supported by any other contemporary evidence and the comparison of our text with Gard+z+, who apparently is more faithful to the source responsible for the details on the Magyars, V.n.nd.r, and Mirvt (§§ 22, 46, 53), suggests that the prototype of our <i>Rkt</i> is *<i>Dkn</i> (Danube). In this case the town of *<i>Khorvt</i> standing on the *<i>Dkn</i> might refer to the capital of the southern Danubian Croatia. As regards the king's name, it seems safer to revert to Chwolson's hypothesis. The Moravian king Svetopluk was certainly a close neighbour, if not the suzerain of the southern Croats. Const. Porph., cap. 13, says that <i>south</i> of the Magyars <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="430 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> 'Auf+, Or. 2676, fol. 676 says: <i>va&nbsp;+shn-r ra'+s+-st ki&nbsp;k-r Swyt khwnand</i>.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="430 2."></a><font size=-1><b>2.</b> There is not much certainty about this kingdom &quot;dessen Existenz auf Grund der späteren polnischen und&nbsp; echischen Sagen notwendig vorausgesetzt werden musste, für welche aber bisher nur äusserst dürftige und unbestimmte Zeugnisse aus älterer Zeit beigebracht werden konnten&quot;, <i>ibid</i>., 471. Very characteristic, too, is Marquart's admission, <i>ibid</i>., 139: "wenn wir nun auch Chorwt+n unzweifelhaft [<i>sic</i>. V. M.] mil den Blochorwaten an der Weichsel gleichzusetzen haben, so scheint es doch, dass er selbst [<i>i.e.</i> Constantine] sie mit den illyrischen Chorwaten zusammengeworfen hat" [<i>sic</i>. V. M.].</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="430 3."></a><font size=-1><b>3.</b> Chwolson, <i>o.c.</i>, p. 142, took&nbsp;<img SRC="430_13.jpg" height=21 width=56 align=ABSBOTTOM> for <i>Grdist &lt; Hradiastye</i>, the residence of Svetopluk, cf. Safarik, <i>Slavische Alterthümer</i>, ii, 501. [Very doubtful.]</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br>§ 43&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>The Slavs</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; 431 </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">(<img SRC="431_1.jpg" height=21 width=66 align=ABSBOTTOM>) lay "Great Moravia, that is the land of Sfendoplokos, which was totally ruined by these Magyars and occupied by them", whereas the Croats <a href="#431 1.">[1]</a> lived "next to the Magyars on the mountain side". In cap. 40 Constantine positively says that the Croats are the <i>southern</i> neighbours of the Magyars. From the comparison of these two passages it appears that at least some Croats lived immediately south of Great Moravia which had belonged to Svetopluk. [P. 67, 1. 24 on Khurdb is fantastic.] </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Although the recent authority, F. Dvorník, <i> Les Légendes de Constantin et de Méthode vues de Byzance</i>, Prague, 1933, p. 240, admits that Svetopluk's conquests in Pannonia (<i>i.e.</i>, the region between the Danube and Sava) had an ephemeral character, they may have been sufficient to create the impression that he was the supreme lord (<i>ra'+s al-ru'as</i>) of the Khorvt. Already Marquart, <i>o.c.</i>, 470, pointed out that I.R.'s text on the relations between <i>Swyyt-mlk</i> and the <i>skbanj</i> is out of order. The real ruler of the southern Croats was perhaps the <i>skbanj</i> (*<i>shkbng</i> ?) and Chwolson's restoration of it as *<i>~zupanets</i> (*<i>~upan</i> ?), if right, would tally with Const. Porph., according to whom, cap. 30, Croatian lands were divided into&nbsp;<img SRC="431_2.jpg" height=19 width=71 align=ABSBOTTOM>. <a href="#431 2.">[2]</a> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Very uncertain is the reading of the other Slav town. I. Rusta says that the journey from the Pechenegs to the Slavs lasted 10 days and thereupon adds that at the beginning of the Slav land (<i>f+ aw'il&nbsp;h</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">addih</i>) stands the town&nbsp;<img SRC="431_3.jpg" height=23 width=40 align=ABSBOTTOM>. In Gard+z+,&nbsp;<img SRC="431_4.jpg" height=24 width=48 align=ABSBOTTOM> follows the mention of the road from the Majghar+ to the Slavs (10 days' journey). In our text&nbsp;<img SRC="431_5.jpg" height=24 width=43 align=ABSBOTTOM> is the first town on the east of the Slavs and a resemblance of its inhabitants to the Rks suggests that it lay on the Rks frontier. Already Harkavy thought to connect this town with Kiev, the capital of the Slav <i>Pol'an'e</i>. Marquart, <i>Streifzüge</i>, 189, first restored the name as&nbsp;<img SRC="431_6.jpg" height=20 width=45 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>Dnast</i> but finally, <i>ibid</i>., 509, read it&nbsp;<img SRC="431_7.jpg" height=23 width=40 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>Znbat</i>, which he compared with&nbsp;<img SRC="431_8.jpg" height=20 width=84 align=ABSBOTTOM> which in Const. Porph., cap. 9, is a surname of Kiev (<img SRC="431_9a.jpg" height=22 width=317 align=ABSBOTTOM><img SRC="431_9b.jpg" height=21 width=85 align=ABSBOTTOM>). <a href="#431 3.">[3]</a> Marquart's theory is hardly contradicted by the fact that in the chapter on the Rks (§ 45) Kiev seems to come up again under a name belonging to a different tradition (Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">. &lt; Balkh+), but in principle it is strange that in Arabic script <i>z</i> should correspond to Greek <i>s</i>. <a href="#431 4.">[4]</a> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">In any case the two towns of the Slavs very probably were situated at the <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="431 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> It is not clear whether northern (White) Croats, or southern (Danubian) Croats are meant here.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="431 2."></a><font size=-1><b>2.</b> Niederle, Manuel, 1, 141, note 1: "les comitats (</font><i><font size="2">~</font></i><font size=-1><i>upa</i>) ne sont attestés que chez les Slaves du Sud et les sources ne nous autorisent pas à les transporter dans le Nord.&quot; In the north &quot;les termes&nbsp;</font><i><font size="2">~</font></i><font size=-1><i>upan</i> et&nbsp;</font><i><font size="2">~</font></i><font size=-1><i>upa</i> (préfet, comitat) ne sont attestés que plus tard et dans un autre sens, celui de &#39;fonctionnaire&#39; et de &#39;service de ce fonctionnaire&#39;&quot;.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="431 3."></a><font size=-1><b>3.</b> The origin of the name is still a moot question. A.I. L'ashchenko, <i>Kiev i<img SRC="431_9b.jpg" height=21 width=85 align=ABSBOTTOM></i>, in <i>Dokladi Akad.</i> <i>SSSR</i>, 1930, No. 4, pp. 66-72, mentions 22 different explanations of <i>Samvatas</i> (Slavonic,&nbsp; Scandinavian, Hungarian, Armenian, Lithuanian, &amp;c.) and inclines towards the Khazar origin of the name as suggested by Y. Brutzkus.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="431 4."></a><font size=-1><b>4.</b> If the previous restoration of the name by Marquart as <i>Dnast</i>be adopted, the eastern Slav town might be sought on the Dniester, cf. Idr+s+, p. 395,&nbsp;<img SRC="431_10.jpg" height=22 width=49 align=ABSBOTTOM>. Westberg, <i>o.c.</i>, 1908 (March), p. 22, connected *<i>Vnt+t</i> with the <i>Vnti i</i> (<img SRC="431_11.jpg" height=16 width=60 align=ABSBOTTOM>), the Slav tribe on the Oka, which is very doubtful.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br>432&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>Commentary</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; §§ 43-4 </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">opposite ends of the Slav territory. Nor is it necessary to think that such details as the heathen customs of the Slavs, <a href="#432 1.">[1]</a> or the cold climate of their country belonged to the lands under Svetopluk's control. In a text referring to a vast territory they may have in view the eastern Slavs, living under the Rks, p. 159, the Bulghrs, and the Khazars, cf. Barthold in <i>EI</i>. <a href="#432 2.">[2]</a> <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="432 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> Const. Porph., cap. 31, calls the&nbsp;<img SRC="432_1.jpg" height=17 width=98 align=ABSBOTTOM> (White Croats to whom perhaps the name of the Carpathians <i>Karpat</i> due)&nbsp;<img SRC="432_2.jpg" height=17 width=77 align=ABSBOTTOM>.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="432 2."></a><font size=-1><b>2.</b> Chwolson, <i>Izvestiya</i>, p. 143, pointed out that in <i>Swyyt-mlk</i> the first element as restored *<i>Svet</i>- suggests an eastern Slav transmission instead of which one would expect in the West a nasalized form <i>Svet</i> &lt; <i>Svent</i>, cf.&nbsp;<img SRC="432_3.jpg" height=17 width=96 align=ABSBOTTOM>. The exact time at which nasal sounds disappeared in Slavonic languages is of course difficult to define. According to Shakhmatov in the ninth century no more nasal sounds were in existence in Russian. As regards the Czech the ninth-century form of the name in question was probably <i>Sventopl</i></font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><i><font face="Palatino Linotype">k</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype"> > now <i>Svatopluk</i> (my friend Dr. B. Unbegaun's letter, Paris, 23.ii.1936).</font></font><font face="Palatino Linotype"> <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">[<a href="hud_43-53_c.html">Previous</a>] [<a href="hud_44.html">Next</a>] <br>[<a href="index.html">Back to Index</a>] </font> </body> </html>