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<b><font size=+1>Hudud al-'Alam,
The Regions of the World</font></b>
<br><b>V. Minorsky</b>
<br>&nbsp; </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596>
<br>418&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>Commentary</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; §§41-2 </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>§ 42. Byzantine Empire</b> </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">I.Kh., 100-13, Qudāma,
252-60, Ya'qūbī,
<i>BGA</i>,
vii, 323, and <i>Historiae</i>, ii. 171-8; I.R., 119-30; I. Faqīh,
136-56 (see also under Yāqūt);
Mas'ūdī,
<i>Tanbīh</i>,
176-89; Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.,
8, 45 (Kharshana), 68-71; I.H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.,
128-37 (an interesting and independent report based chiefly on Abul-H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">asan
Muh</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">ammad b. 'Abd al-Wahhāb
al-Tadmūrī);
Maq., 147-8, 150; Yāqūt,
ii, 861-6, who quotes a long description of the provinces which he attributes
to I. Faqīh, though
it is not found in <i>BGA</i>, v; Idrīsī,
ii, 209-304 sq. Constantine Porphyrogenitus, <i>De thematibus</i>, ed.
Becker, Bonn, 1840 (cf. <i>idem</i>, <i>De administrando imperio</i>: additional
remarks on Charsianon,&nbsp;<img SRC="418_1.jpg" height=17 width=83 align=ABSBOTTOM>
, &amp;c.) <a href="#418 1.">[1]</a> ; W. R. Ramsay, <i>Asia Minor</i>;
Tomaschek, <i>Zur hist. Topographie von Kleinasien</i>, in <i>Sitz. WAW</i>,
1891, cxxiv, pp. 1-106; Gelzer, <i>Die Genesis d. byzant. Themenver</i>-
<br>&nbsp; </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="418 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> I have also used the commented
Russian translation by G. Laskin, Moscow 1899.</font> </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596>
<br>§ 42&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>Byzantine Empire</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; 419 </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>fassung</i> in <i>Abh. Sächs. Gesell. d. 
Wiss.</i>, 1899, xviii,
No. 5, pp. 1-134 (a Map); Brooks, <i>Arabic Lists of the Bysantine Themes</i>,
in <i>Jour. of Hellenic Studies</i>, xxi, 1901, pp. 67-77 (I.Kh., Qudāma,
Mas'ūdī,
and I. Faqīh as transmitted
in Yāqūt);
Le Strange, <i>The Lands</i>, 127-58; Honigmann, <i>Ostgrenze</i>, passim.
</font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">In addition to the present chapter some 
interesting details on the Byzantine Empire are found in § 3, n. 12. (the 
lakes); § 5, 18., 20., 21., 25., 28. (the mountains); § 6, 58.-60., 66. (the 
rivers). On the northern and eastern frontiers of the Empire see under each of 
the countries mentioned. </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">As Marquart, <i>Streifzüge</i>, xxxiii, 28, 207, &amp;c., has shown,
the principal sources from which the earlier Muslim geographers derived
their information on the Byzantine Empire were Muslim b. Abī
Muslim al-Jarmī and
Hārūn
b. Yah</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">yā.
On the former we possess a notice in Mas'ūdi's
<i>Tanbīh</i>,
190, according to which he lived on the Arabo-Byzantine frontier (<i>thughūr</i>)
and wrote "on the history of the Byzantines and their kings and dignitaries,
on their land and its roads and routes, the times (favourable) for the
raids into their territory, <a href="#419 1.">[1]</a> the campaigns therein,
on the neighbouring kingdoms of the Burjān,
Abar, Burghar,&nbsp;S</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">aqāliba,
and Khazar". Mas'ūdī
also gives the exact date (231/845-6) at which Muslim was redeemed from
Byzantine captivity. I.Kh. <i>expressis verbis</i> quotes Muslim as his
source. </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Much less is known of Hārūn
who also was a prisoner of war and taken from 'Asqalān 
(§38, 15.) to Constantinople whence at a later date he may have travelled to 
Rome. He wrote towards the very end of the ninth century (<i>v.i.</i>
17.) and his writings are known to us through the important excerpt in
I.R., 119-32, and some items in Zakariyā
Qazwīnī,
ii, 406-7 and 397-9. I believe that some traces of his account can also
be discovered in the&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'Ā.
and Gardīzī.
<a href="#419 2.">[2]</a> </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">On the whole our author follows I.Kh. (&lt; Muslim). One point is particularly
characteristic in this respect. In the introduction of the present chapter
he says that the northern Byzantine frontier ran along "some parts of the&nbsp;S</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">aqlāb
and *Burjān countries
and some parts of the Khazar sea".
<br>&nbsp; </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="419 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1. </b>This part of Muslim's writings
has the survived in Qudāma,
259.</font> </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="419 2."></a><font size=-1><b>2.</b> See now an English translation
of Hārūn's
report by A. A. Vasiliev, with extremely apposite additions by G. Ostrogorsky,
in <i>Seminarium Kondakovianum</i>, Prague 1932, v, 149-64 and 251-7; critical
review by H. Gregoire, <i>Byzantion</i>, Brussels 1932, pp. 666-73. The
upshot of the conclusions of these Byzantine scholars is that Hārūn,
captured probably towards the end of Leo's reign describes Constantinople
under the brief reign of the Emperor Alexander (11 May 912-6 June 913).
[The most striking of Ostrogorsky's arguments is Hārūn's
silence about the presence at ceremony either of the Empress or of the
Emperor's co-regent, which only suits Alexander's reign. However, it appears
from p. 252 that, between the years 893 and 894, 896 and 899, and finally
900 and 906, his predecessor Leo VI lived as a widower. This leaves a gap
for my tentative dating of Hārūn
b. Yah</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">yā's
report <i>circa</i> 900. The absence of a co-regent may be due to some
temporary circumstances, or to Hārūn's
oversight. The date 912, even admitting that it is not too late for I.R.,
may be too late for Jayhānī,
if the latter, as is quite probable, was I.R.'s direct source on this point.]</font>
</font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596>
<br>420&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>Commentary</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; § 42 </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">These indications are directly borrowed from I.Kh., 105, who uses the
same very uncommon term&nbsp;<img SRC="420_1.jpg" height=23 width=67 align=ABSBOTTOM> 
for the Black Sea. Through his blind imitation our author falls here into 
contradiction with his own terminology, cf. § 3, 5. and 6. and § 22,14. The 
influence of Hārūn&#39;s 
data is apparent in our 15. and 17., to say nothing of the general conception of 
§§ 22, 46, and 53. </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">I.Kh.&#39;s (&lt; Muslim&#39;s) description of Byzantine 
provinces is very much to the credit of the Arab intelligence service. Gelzer 
calls I.Kh. &quot;eine hochst zuverlässige zeitgenössische Quelle ersten Ranges&quot;. The 
data refer to the times of the Amorian dynasty (820-67) <a href="#420 1.">[1]</a>
for which no similar systematic descriptions in Greek are available. </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">I.Kh., 105, quotes 3 themes in Europe and 11 in Asia (<img SRC="420_2.jpg" height=21 width=162 align=ABSBOTTOM>)
and the same number is preserved in Qudāma
and our author, though the order of enumeration is different in each of
the sources as appears from the following table [in each column the numbers
refer to the place of the theme within the respective list].
<br>&nbsp; </font>
<table BORDER CELLSPACING=0 COLS=3 WIDTH="50%" >
<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>.-'Ā.</b></font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>I.Kh.</b></font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp; Qudāma</b></font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">1.&nbsp;T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">āblān</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">1</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">1</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">2. Thrace</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">2</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">2</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">3. Macedonia</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">3</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">3</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">4. Thracesion</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">7</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">7</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">5. Opsikion</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">6</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">6</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">6. Optimaton</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">5</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">5</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">7. Seleucia</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">13</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">9</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">8. Anatolicon</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">8</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">8</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">9. Buccelarion</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">10</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">12</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">10. Paphlagonia</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">4</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">4</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">11. Cappadocia</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">14</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">10</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">12. Charsianon</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">9</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">11</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">13. Armeniacon</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">11</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">13</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">14. Chaldia</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">12</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">14</font></td>
</tr>
</table>

<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Qudāma's order
of enumeration <a href="#420 2.">[2]</a> is perhaps geographically the
best (see Gelzer's map) but our author's system is very curious as indicating
that he had a map before him, for starting three times in the south (4.,
7., n.) he each time moves straight towards the north! </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">The spelling on the whole is nearer to Qudāma
than to I.Kh.
<br>&nbsp; </font>
<table BORDER CELLSPACING=0 COLS=3 WIDTH="80%" >
<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>.-'</b>Ā</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>Qudāma</b></font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>I.Kh.</b></font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">āblān</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">aylā</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">āflā</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;Tarqasīs</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">arqasīs&nbsp;</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;Tarqasīs</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;Uft</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">imāt</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"></font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;Ubt</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">imāt</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"></font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;Uft</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">ī-māt</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">ī</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;Nāt</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">līq&nbsp;</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;Nāt</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">līq&nbsp;</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;Nāt</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">ulūs</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;Aflakhūniya&nbsp;</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;Aflaghūniya&nbsp;</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;Aflajūniya</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;Kharshana</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;Kharshana&nbsp;</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;Kharsiyūn</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;Khāldiya&nbsp;</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;Khāldiya&nbsp;</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;Khaldiya</font></td>
</tr>
</table>

<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="420 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> See now the French edition
of A. Vasiliev, Byzance et les Arabes, t. I, La dynastie d'Amorium, Brussels,
1935.</font> </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="420 2."></a><font size=-1><b>2.</b> With which that of I. Faqīh
(in Yāqūt)
totally agrees.</font> </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596>
<br>§ 42&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>Byzantine Empire</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
421 </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">The name 1.&nbsp;T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">āblān
(numerous variants in different sources:&nbsp;<img SRC="421_1.jpg" height=19 width=83 align=ABSBOTTOM><img SRC="421_2.jpg" height=22 width=83 align=ABSBOTTOM>)
has been explained by de Goeje (I.Kh., 105, note <i>i</i>) as&nbsp;<img SRC="421_3.jpg" height=21 width=61 align=ABSBOTTOM>
(<img SRC="421_4.jpg" height=21 width=61 align=ABSBOTTOM>). Suidas, <i>Lexicon</i>,
ed. 1853, p. 1053:&nbsp;<img SRC="421_5a.jpg" height=21 width=221 align=ABSBOTTOM><img SRC="421_5b.jpg" height=20 width=299 align=ABSBOTTOM>.
Consequently the popular name would refer to the Great Wall (<img SRC="421_6.jpg" height=21 width=136 align=ABSBOTTOM>,
I. Faqīh in Yāqūt,
ii, 863,&nbsp;<img SRC="421_7.jpg" height=20 width=78 align=ABSBOTTOM>)
or rather to the moat (<img SRC="421_8.jpg" height=20 width=60 align=ABSBOTTOM>)
round it. Gelzer, o.c., 86, accepts the interpretation&nbsp;<img SRC="421_9.jpg" height=22 width=282 align=ABSBOTTOM>
and compares it with the terms&nbsp;<img SRC="421_10.jpg" height=22 width=80 align=ABSBOTTOM>
and <i>provincia suburbicaria</i>. Bury, <i>A History of the Eastern Roman
Empire,</i> 1912, p. 224, thinks that "the solution (of I.Kh.'s term) has
not been discovered". He starts, however, from the form *<i>T</i></font><i><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>alāyā</i>,
whereas the better attested forms are *<i>T</i></font><i><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">ā<i>flā</i>,
<i>T</i></font><i><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">ā<i>blān</i>.
</font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Our author takes no notice of the changes which had taken place between
Muslim's times and his own. Constantine Porphyrogenitus, writing half a
century before him (a.d. 932), enumerates 12 themes in Europe and 18 in
Asia; of the latter, 4 are islands and the rest is as follows:
<br><img SRC="421_11.jpg" height=93 width=631>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp; </font>
<table BORDER CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=2 COLS=2 WIDTH="40%" >
<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>.-'Ā.&nbsp;</b></font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>Const. P.</b></font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">4</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">c</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">5</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">d</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">6</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">e</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">7</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">n</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">8</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">a</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">9</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">f</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">10</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">g</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">11</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>. .</b></font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">12</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>. .</b></font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">13</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">b</font></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">14</font></td>

<td><font face="Palatino Linotype">h</font></td>
</tr>
</table>

<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Constantine Porphyrogenitus does not separately mention our 11. and
12. He speaks of Cappadocia under Armeniacon and adds that&nbsp;<img SRC="421_12.jpg" height=22 width=87 align=ABSBOTTOM>
is the middle part of Cappadocia, <i>De them.</i>, pp. 18-20. Cf. now E.
Honigmann, <i>Charsianon kastron</i> in <i>Byzantion</i>, x, 1935, pp.
129-60. On the other hand Constantine mentions <i>i, k, l, m, o</i>, unknown
to our three authors. Mas'ūdī,
<i>Tanbīh,</i>
going his own way, mentions 5 provinces in Europe (inclusive of Salonika
and Peloponnesus) but only 9 in Asia, <i>viz. </i>our 8., 5., 4., 1., 9.,
6., 13., 10. plus Decapolis (mentioned between 4. and 11.). </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">As regards the number of troops in the provinces our text is certainly
out of order. According to Qudāma,
258 (&lt; Muslim) the number varied from 15,000 (in Nāt</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">līq)
to 4,000 (Kharshana, Cappadocia, Khaldia). </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">15. The paragraph on the Gurz ("Georgians") is one of the most confused
in the book. <i>Gurz</i> is a parallel Iranian form of <i>Gurj</i>, modern
Persian (and Turkish) <i>Gurjī</i>,
Russian <i>Gruz-in</i>. The element -<i>z</i> (-<i>j</i>) is a suffix of
origin, see Marquart, <i>ZDMG</i>, 49, p. 664; cf. also § 36, 36.:
<i>Layzān</i> and § 50, 
3.: *<i>Lakz</i>. The older form of <i>Gur-z</i> is attested
in Armenian <i>Vir-k'</i>, pointing to Middle Persian *<i>Vr-kān</i>.
The earlier Arabic transcription is&nbsp;<img SRC="421_13.jpg" height=23 width=44 align=ABSBOTTOM>
(i.e. *<i>Gurz-ān</i>),
Balādhurī,
202, but already Ya'qūbī,
<i>Historiae</i>,
ii, 519, gives&nbsp;<img SRC="421_14.jpg" height=22 width=47 align=ABSBOTTOM>
*<i>Gurj-ān</i> and
the later authors write&nbsp;<img SRC="421_15.jpg" height=30 width=33 align=ABSBOTTOM>
*<i>Gurj</i>, see Ibn al-Athīr,
<i>passim</i>,
Yāqūt,
ii, 219. See now Markwart (Marquart),<i> Iberer und</i> </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596>
<br>422&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>Commentary</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; § 42 </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>Hyrkanier</i>, in <i>Caucasica</i>, viii, 1931, p. 78. The variation
of the forms Gurz/<i>Gurj</i> must be due to some dialect distinctions,
cf. -<i>nz</i>/-<i>nj </i>in the name of <i>Ganja</i>: earlier Arabic&nbsp;<img SRC="422_1.jpg" height=21 width=32 align=ABSBOTTOM>,
I.Kh., 119, and later Arabic&nbsp;<img SRC="422_2.jpg" height=23 width=37 align=ABSBOTTOM>,
cf. Minorsky, <i>Jour. As.</i>, July 1930, p. 72. </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Some of the information contained in this paragraph undoubtedly refers
to Western Georgia drained by the rivers flowing to the Black Sea. With
the exception of the early Balādhurī, 
p. 202 (conquest of &quot;Armenia&quot;), the Arab authors know nothing of Western 
Georgia, whereas they usually include Eastern Georgia (watered by the Kur) in 
Armenia, as also does our author, cf. § 36, 28. (Tiflis). The inclusion of 
(Western) Georgia in the Byzantine Empire, which may be explained by the fact 
that the Georgians belonged to the Greek Orthodox Church, is responsible for the 
statement (§ 49) on the Byzantine Empire being conterminous with the Sarīr. 
Under §5, 21. our author speaks of a <i>Kūh-i
Gurz</i>, perhaps identical with § 5, 17 B. These details refer to the real 
Georgia. </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">On the other hand, the designation of the Black Sea as <i>daryā-yi
Gurziyān</i> is entirely
without a parallel, and it is astonishing to see the Pontos baptized after
a people never known as navigators. Still more amazing is the representation
of the Gurz as living "on small islands", whereas there are no islands
in the eastern part of the Black Sea. <a href="#422 1.">[1]</a> </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">As already stated in the note to § 3, 6., this 
part of the information may be due to a confusion of&nbsp;<img SRC="422_3.jpg" height=21 width=40 align=ABSBOTTOM>
*Warang and&nbsp;<img SRC="422_4.jpg" height=26 width=31 align=ABSBOTTOM>
*Gurz, not impossible in Arabic script. <i>Warang</i>, very rarely met
in Muslim sources, is another appellation of the Norman Rūs 
(§ 44) who according to some earlier source lived on an island. A series of 
errors with regard to the whereabouts of the real Maeotis (§ 3, 8.) may have 
caused our author to dissociate the rare <i>Warang</i>
from <i>Rūs</i> and
finally to misread it into another rare name Gurz. Bīrūnī
is the earliest known author mentioning&nbsp;<img SRC="422_5.jpg" height=23 width=71 align=ABSBOTTOM>
but he must have found it in some literary source. <a href="#422 2.">[2]</a>
</font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">The other source of confusion may have been I.Kh., 105 (&lt; Muslim
al-Jarmī), according
to whom the themes of&nbsp;T</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">āflā
(Constantinople) and Trāqiya
(Thrace) bordered in the north on&nbsp;<img SRC="422_6.jpg" height=23 width=68 align=ABSBOTTOM>. 
This unusual appellation of the Black Sea crept into the introductory paragraph 
of our § 42, though under § 42, 3. Thrace is said to lie by the Daryā-yi Gurz. In
our author's terminology the <i>Khazarian</i> Sea is the Caspian. With
regard to the general frontiers of the Byzantine Empire (extended up to
the Sarīr!) I.Kh.'s
strange term may have passed unobserved, but in the particular case of
Thrace our author could not help noticing that this province does not lie
by <i>his</i> Khazarian Sea (i.e. Caspian). Therefore he may have
<br>&nbsp; </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="422 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> By some mistake Idrīsī,
ii, 396, mentions an island&nbsp;<img SRC="422_7.jpg" height=23 width=31 align=ABSBOTTOM>
on the way between Taman (on the Azov Sea) and Trebizond. [Const. Porph.,
<i>De
adm. imp.</i>, ch. 42, mentions an island near Tamatarkha (evidently a
part of the Taman peninsula) and several islands off the coast of&nbsp;<img SRC="422_8.jpg" height=17 width=40 align=ABSBOTTOM>
(Circassia), near the estuary of the Kuban, but none of them has any relation
to the Georgians.]</font> </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="422 2."></a><font size=-1><b>2.</b> On some curious points
of contact between our author and Bīrūnī 
cf. § 10, 55., § 11, 9., § 26, 13., &amp;c.</font> </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596>
<br>§ 42&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>Byzantine Empire</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; 423 </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">supposed that I.Kh.'s&nbsp;<img SRC="423_1.jpg" height=19 width=32 align=ABSBOTTOM>
referred not to the <i>Khazar</i> but to the&nbsp;<img SRC="423_2.jpg" height=19 width=31 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>Jurz</i>
(a classical confusion in Arabic script). It only remained, then, for our
author, who shows a notable predilection for Iranian terminology, to substitute
Persian <i>Gurs</i> for Arabic <i>Jurz</i>. Cf. <i>supra</i>, p. 182. </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">16. and 18. These peoples are no more distinct 
than the Spartans and Lacedaemonians. Both names refer to the Danubian Bulghars 
who, moreover, seem to be described as &quot;Inner Bulghars&quot; (§ 45) and &quot;V.n.nd.r&quot; (§ 
53). I.Kh., 92, 105, 109, and Qudāma,
257, systematically following Muslim al-Jarmī,
call the Danubian Bulghars <i>Burjān</i>.
<a href="#423 1.">[1]</a>
On the other hand, Hārūn
(I.R., 130) applies this term to the Burgundians whereas he calls the Danubian
Bulghars <i>Bulghar</i>. <a href="#423 2.">[2]</a> Hārūn,
too, is most probably responsible for the term <i>V.n.nd.r</i> (= Onoghundur-Bulghars).
As it was impossible to unravel such complications in a compilation, our
author's source (Jayhānī
?) must have solved the difficulty by incorporating all these names as
if they referred to separate entities. Consequently the Burjān
and Bulgharī were
differentiated artificially: the former being imagined to be more submissive
plain-dwellers, and the latter highlanders <a href="#423 3.">[3]</a> "perpetually
at war with the Rūmīs"
(as in I.R., 126<sub>22</sub>). The Bulgharī
are called <i>Rūmī</i>
because they were christianized from Byzantium in A.D. 864. The qualification
<i>kāfir</i>
is rather strange. One may remember that Bakrī,
4520, calls the Burjān
"Magians" (<i>majūsiya</i>) 
and this term is constantly applied to the Normans as well, cf. Lévi-Provençal,
<i>Ma<u>djū</u>s</i>
in <i>EI</i> and Idrīsī-Tallgren,
pp. 80 and 140. </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">17. This short paragraph is of great importance as indicating our author's
sources. I.Kh., 105, quoting by name Muslim al-Jarmī,
thus describes the boundaries of Macedonia: in the east the walls (<i>v.s.</i>
1.) stretching between the Black Sea (<i>Bah</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">r
al-Khazar</i>) and the Syrian Sea (<i>Bah</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">r
al-Sha'm</i>, here evidently "Marmora Sea"); in the south, the Mediterranean;
in the west, the lands of the&nbsp;S</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">aqāliba;
in the north, the Burjān.
This quotation leaves no doubt that by the "S</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">aqaliba
lands" the Serbian territory is meant. However, much more decisive is I.R.,
127, who quotes Hārūn
b. Yah</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">yā's
description of a road from Constantinople, over Salūqiya
(read: <i>Salonica</i>) <a href="#423 4.">[4]</a> and Venice (<i>B.nd.qīs</i>)
to Rome. The text is out of order, but Marquart, <i>Streifzüge</i>,
237-59, has suggested a series of very ingenious corrections of it. At
3 days' distance to the west of *Salonica lies <i>Mutr.n</i> (Marquart:
*<i>Qutron</i> &lt;&nbsp;<img SRC="423_3.jpg" height=20 width=56 align=ABSBOTTOM>);
"beyond it you travel through wooded lowlands (<i>ghiyād</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">
min al-shajar</i>) among the&nbsp;S</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">aqāliba
who live in wooden
<br>&nbsp; </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="423 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> It is true that Muslim,
<i>v.s.</i>,
is also said to have written of the <i>Burghar</i> but this term could
possibly refer to the Volga, or Azov Sea, Bulghars.</font> </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="423 2."></a><font size=-1><b>2.</b> The name (I.R., 126<sub>18</sub>)
stands first erroneously for <i>Belgrad</i> (<i>v.s.</i>, § 6, 66.) but after 
this passage on the water conduct comes (I.R., 126<sub>22</sub>)
the remark on the perpetual war going on between the <i>real</i> Bulghars
and Byzantines. This last item looks like an interpolation but it is found
both in I.R. and our source (18.). Therefore, if it<i> is</i> an interpolation,
it must belong to the two authors' common source (Jayhānī?).</font>
</font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="423 3."></a><font size=-1><b>3.</b> 
Cf. § 5, 28. on their mountain and&nbsp; § 6, 66. on their river.</font> </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="423 4."></a><font size=-1><b>4.</b> Mas'ūdī,
Murūj, ii, 318, also
has Salūqiya for
Salonica.</font> </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596>
<br>424&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>Commentary</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; §§ 42-53 </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">houses. They are Christians; they were (gradually) converted (<i>kānū
yatanas</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">s</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">irūna</i>)
in the time of the king&nbsp;<img SRC="424_1.jpg" height=20 width=40 align=ABSBOTTOM>
(*<i>Basil</i>) and to-day they hold the Christian faith. Among them you
travel for a month across their woods until you reach the town of B.lātīs
(*<i>Spalato</i>, Const. Porph.&nbsp;<img SRC="424_2.jpg" height=18 width=98 align=ABSBOTTOM>)."
In our text <i>al-S</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">aqāliba
al-mutanas</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">s</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">ira</i>,
standing in the Arabic garb, without any doubt reflects Hārūn's
account (through Jayhānī's
medium ?). According to Marquart, <i>ibid</i>., 207, Hārūn
must have drawn up his report between A.D. 880 and 890, but the text seems
to indicate that the Emperor Basil I's time (a.D. 866-86) was regarded
as past; therefore we may bring Hārūn's
date down to the years 890-900. The exact date of the conversion of the
Serbs cannot be established. In the years 867 and 870 Basil I subjugated
the Serbs (Narentani, Croati) on the Dalmatian coast, and in 879 for the
first time the bishop of Moravia (<i>i.e.</i> probably of the Serbian region
lying along the southern affluent of the Danube, <i>Morava</i>) is mentioned, 
cf. F. Dvorník, <i>Les Slaves, Byzance et Rome au IXe siècle</i>,
Paris, 1926, p. 239 (where it is assumed that Basil I converted the Slavs
between a.d. 879 and 882). To sum up: the mention of "the <i>Christianized</i>
Slavs" is a clear indication that besides al-Jarmī
our author knew also Hārūn's
report. If so, we may assume, contrary to Marquart, <i>o.c.</i>, 28, that
in other chapters too, particularly those on the Magyars, V.n.nd.r, and
Mirvāt , our author's
source was Hārūn,
who was recording the situation towards the very end of the ninth century,
and not al-Jarmi, who belonged to the earlier part of that century. [This
admission has a considerable importance for the history of Magyar migrations,
<i>v.s.</i>, § 22.] </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">19.-23. are a drastic epitome not devoid of misunderstandings. Rūm
(Byzantine Empire) is supposed here to comprise all the countries lying
by the Rūm Sea (Mediterranean).
The original authority seems to be Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.,
43 (and also, 68-71), who says: "and among the different classes of infidels
who adjoin Andalus the most numerous are the Ifranja whose king is called
Qārula (*Carolus),
but the Ifranja conterminous with the Muslims are less numerous than the
other classes of infidels on account of the fact that the Ifranja protrude
into the sea (<i>dukhūluhum
fil-bah</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">r</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">) and
on account of the buffer (<i>h</i></font><i><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype">ā<i>jiz</i>)
which other countries of polytheism constitute between the Muslims and
the Ifranja. Next in numbers (after the Ifranja) are the Jalāliqa,
and less numerous still the Baskunas (though they) are more warlike (<i>ashaddu
shaukatan</i>). The places on the Andalus border neighbouring the Baskunas
are Saraqus</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">a,
Tut</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">ayla (Tudela), and
Lerida. Then follows a Christian people called Ghalijaskas who are less
harmful than the Baskunas (<i>aqalluhum ghā'ilatan</i>);
they constitute a buffer between them (the Baskunas) and the Ifranja."
I.H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">., 43, says that
the frontier line following the eastern coast of Andalus joins on the sea
the Ifranja country, and on the west that of the Ghalijaskas "who are a
tribe of <i>al-Ankubarda</i> (Lombards?)", then the Baskunas country, then
that of the Jalāliqa,
then the sea. </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Our author entirely omits the important Jalāliqa
(Galicians). The Baskunas are Vascones (Basques). The Ghalijaskas are the
inhabitants of the </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596>
<br>§§ 42-53&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>Byzantine Empire</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;
425 </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Jacá region, south of the important pass in 
the Pyrenees (at present Jacá is connected by a railway tunnel with Oloron on 
the French side). The Jacá people were already known to the classical authors 
under the names of <i>Jaccetani</i>,&nbsp;<img SRC="425_1.jpg" height=21 width=98 align=ABSBOTTOM>
(Ptolemy, ii, ch. 5), <i>Lacetani</i> (Livy, xxi, 60-1). Ya'qūbī,
<i>BGA</i>,
vii, 355, says that north of Saragossa lies the town of Tudela, situated
towards the land of the unbelievers called <i>Baskunas</i>, and that to
the north of Tudela lies Huesca (<i>Washqa</i>) situated towards a tribe
of the Ifranj called&nbsp;<img SRC="425_2.jpg" height=23 width=65 align=ABSBOTTOM>
(the latter name has a variant&nbsp;<img SRC="425_3.jpg" height=23 width=62 align=ABSBOTTOM>
corrected in a different hand into&nbsp;<img SRC="425_4.jpg" height=23 width=46 align=ABSBOTTOM>,
read:&nbsp;<img SRC="425_5.jpg" height=23 width=45 align=ABSBOTTOM> al-Jāqiya;
cf. also Ibn al-'Adhārī,
ii, 302:&nbsp;<img SRC="425_6.jpg" height=20 width=55 align=ABSBOTTOM>).
Ya'qūbī&#39;s 
passage leaves no doubt on the identity of the people. On the different forms of 
the name Codera says: &quot;la confusión pudo quizá originarse por la semejanza de 
nombres entre Jacetanos y Lacetanos de los autores antiguos&quot;, but more probably 
it is attributable to the usual vagaries of Arabic script. I. Faqīh,
87, is wrong in placing&nbsp;<img SRC="425_7.jpg" height=25 width=64 align=ABSBOTTOM>
(variant&nbsp;<img SRC="425_8.jpg" height=26 width=71 align=ABSBOTTOM>)
"near the sea". Cf. de Goeje, <i>Specimen exhibens descriptionem al-Magribi
sumtam e Libra Regionum al-Jaqubii</i>, Leiden, 1860, pp. 112-13, and F.
Codera, <i>Límites probables de la conquista árabe en la Cordillera pirenaica</i>, in <i>
Estudios críticos de Historia Arabe espan<sup>~</sup>ola</i>, vii-ix, Madrid, 1917, pp. 235-76. I owe the indication
of the last work to the kindness of Prof. A. Gonzalez Palencia. Bīrūnī,
<i>Canon</i>,
places Lerida over against the <i>Gh.l.j.sk,</i> see § 41, 4. </font>
<p><font face="Palatino Linotype">About 19. Rūmiya
(Rome) I.Kh., 10, says that it was [in turn] the seat of 29 Roman kings
(emperors). 21. Britannia is not in I.Kh., Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.,
or I.H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">., but I.R.,
130 (after Hārūn
b. Yah</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">yā)
mentions Bart</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">īniya
(note the spelling of our source, too!) as a large town on the coast of
the Western Sea. On the confusion about Yūnān
and Athīnās
see the original text of Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">̣</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.,
70: "Athīnās
is the seat of learning of the Ionians (<i>Yūnāniyūn)</i>
and there their sciences and learning are preserved", cf. Barthold, <i>Preface</i>,
pp. 21 and 41.
<br>&nbsp; </font>
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