ÿþ<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en"> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=unicode"> <meta name="Author" content="Vassil Karloukovski"> <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 5.0"> <meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document"> <title>Hudud al-'Alam - 22 - Commentary of V. Minorsky</title> </head> <body> <font face="Palatino Linotype"> <b><font size=+1>Hudud al-'Alam, The Regions of the World</font></b> <br><b>V. Minorsky</b> <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><b>§ 22. The Majghar</b>+ </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Chwolson, <i>Izvestiya . . . Ibn Dasta</i> (read: <i>Ibn Rusta</i>), pp. 101-23; Marquart, <i>Streifzüge</i>, pp. 27-74 and pasim; Dietrich, <i>Byzantinische Quellen</i>, Index <i>sub verbis</i>: Mazarer, Ungarn; B. Munkácsi, <i>Die Urheimat der Ungarn</i>, in <i>Keleti Szemle</i>, vi, 1905, pp. 185-222; Barthold, <i>Bas<u>dj</u>ird</i>, in <i>EI</i>; J. Németh, <i>Magna Hungaria</i>, in M~ik, <i>Beiträge</i>, pp. 92-6; Németh Gyula, </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br>318&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>Commentary</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; § 22 </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>A honfoglaló Magyarság kialakulása</i>, Budapest, 1930 (a short résumé of this important work is <i>La Préhistoire hongroise</i>, in <i>Nouvelle Revue de Hongrie</i>, Budapest, June 1932, pp. 460-8, the communication of which I owe to the kindness of the author); C. A. Macartney, <i>The Magyars in the Ninth Century</i>, Cambridge, 1930 (a painstaking revision of Byzantine and Oriental sources, the latter being used in translations; Gard+z+'s text accepted in Marquart's earlier interpretation); J. Moravcsik, <i>Zur Geschichte der Onoguren</i>, in <i>Ungar. Jahrbücher</i>, x, Heft 1-2, 1930, pp. 53-90. See <b>Map xii</b>. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">The question of the remote Hungarian (Magyar) origins depends chiefly on linguistic evidence and more especially on that of loan words in Magyar and its cognate idioms. As the nearest of kin to the Magyar are the Voguls (on both slopes of the Northern Ural) and the Ostiaks (in the Obi basin), it was formerly admitted that the original home of the Magyars must be sought in Siberia. So Marquart, <i>Streifzüge</i>, 53, located the "Ursitze" of the Magyars in "southern Yugria, in the neighbourhood of the Ishim and in the Baraba [steppe east of Omsk]". More usually, following the indications of the Muslim authors (<i>v.i.</i>), the seats of the early Magyars were placed in the neighbourhood of the Volga Bulghrs, <i>i.e.</i> near the present-day Bashqir territory. Munkácsi in his <i>Urheimat der Ungarn</i>, p. 212, while criticizing these theories took an entirely different view, to wit that the region where the Magyar language underwent the influence of the [older] Turkish and Caucasian languages <a href="#318 1.">[1]</a> lay in the northern Caucasus and that accordingly this was "das Urgebiet des Bildungsprocesses des Magyarentums"; and if some Magyars were found near the Volga this must be explained by some emigration from the Caucasian home in the northward direction. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Turning now to Muslim sources we must recognize that under Majghar+, Basjirt, and other similar names <a href="#318 2.">[2]</a> Arab and Persian authors speak of two distinct groups, <i>vis.</i> the Uralian "Bashqirs" (whether Turks or Finno-Ugrians) and the Magyars (Hungarians) in their earlier country north of the Black Sea. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">According to Prof. Németh&#39;s latest researches, the Bashqirs are originally a Hungarian tribe, which probably together with the Volga Bulghrs had migrated from the northern Caucasus northwards, cf. Munkácsi, <i>o.c.</i>, 221. <a href="#318 3.">[3]</a> The name of the Bashghirs <a href="#318 4.">[4]</a> mixed with that of the Hungarians living near <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="318 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> For traces of former contact of the Magyars with the Ossets see now Hannes Sköld, <i>Die ossetischen Lehnwörter im Ungarischen</i>, in <i>Lund Universitets Årsskrift</i>, N.F., Avd. I, Bd. 20, No. 4, 1925 (where the Magyar-Osset contacts are placed <i>circa</i> a.d. 600 800). In principle it is hazardous to associate the Iranian (i.e. Aln > Osset) elements in Hungarian exclusively with the Caucasus for the Alns once stretched well to the neighbourhood of the Aral Sea. [The theories on the earliest home and migrations of the Magyars are necessarily very controversial.] [Cf. Appendix B.]</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="318 2."></a><font size=-1><b>2.</b> See their enumeration in Chwolson, <i>o.c.</i>, 112, and Marquart, <i>Streifzüge</i>, 68-9.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="318 3."></a><font size=-1><b>3.</b> Moravcsik, <i>o.c.</i>, 89, thinks that this migration took place simultaneously with the westward trek of the Onoghundurs (§ 53) about the middle of the 7th century.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="318 4."></a><font size=-1><b>4.</b> Németh explains it as *<i>bäsh-ghur</i> "Five tribes" [?].</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br>§ 22&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>The Majghari</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; 319 </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">the Black Sea (<i>Mod'eri</i>) resulted in the form: <i>Mojgher</i>. This, together with the common origins of the two peoples, led to a situation under which the two were indiscriminately called now <i>Bashghird</i>, and now <i>Mojgher</i>. Those Hungarians who had travelled from the Caucasus to the north carried along with them some Turks, and later became turkicized by other Turks coming from Western Siberia. Kshghar+ considers the Bashqirs as Turks speaking a dialect akin to that of the Kimäk, but the Dominican Julian who, in search of the lost Hungarian tribes, visited the region of the Volga in 1235 found a &quot;Magna Hungaria&quot; near the &quot;Magna Bulgaria&quot; (<i>i.e.</i> the Volga Bulghrs). Moreover, some of the clan names of the Hungarians mentioned by Constantine Porphyrogenitus (a.d. 948) coincide with those of the present-day divisions of the Bashqirs (<img SRC="319_1.jpg" height=22 width=148 align=ABSBOTTOM> = Hung. <i>Kürt</i> + <i>Gyarmat</i> = Bashq. <i>Yurmatu</i>;&nbsp;<img SRC="319_2.jpg" height=22 width=51 align=ABSBOTTOM> = Hung. <i>JenQ</i> = Bashq. <i>Yeney</i>). See Németh, <i>Magna Hungaria</i>. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">The clearest and simplest presentation of the case in Muslim sources is found in Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">., 225<sub>3</sub>, who says: "there are two classes of Basjirt (<img SRC="319_3.jpg" height=20 width=48 align=ABSBOTTOM>). The one is found at the farther end (<i>khir</i>) of the Ghkzz behind the Bulghr (<i>alz</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">ahr B.</i>) and they are said to be about 2,000 men <a href="#319 1." style="text-decoration: none">[1]</a> and to be protected by impassable thickets (<i>mashjir</i>); they obey the Bulghr. <a href="#319 2." style="text-decoration: none">[2]</a> The other class of them borders on the Pechenegs; both they and the Pechenegs are Turks and they border on Rkm." <a href="#319 3." style="text-decoration: none">[3]</a> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Much more entangled is the group of sources represented by I.R., 142, Gard+z+, 98, and Bakr+, ed. Rosen, 45, who under the name Majghar+ mechanically string together the information referring to two different territories and most probably derived from different sources (Muslim al-Jarm+, Hrkn b. Yah</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">y, &amp;c., cf. Marquart, <i>Streifzüge</i>, 28) as if the Uralian territory stretched without interruption down to the Black Sea. <a href="#319 4." style="text-decoration: none">[4]</a> The introductory paragraph (A) of these authors places the Majghar+ in the north <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="319 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> In the curious legend on the formation of the Khirkh+z, Gard+z+, 85, says that their ancestor after having been obliged to leave the court of the Khazar-khqn joined Bashjirt who "was one of the Khazar nobles and <i>with 2,000 men</i> lived between the Khazars and the Kimäks&quot;.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="319 2."></a><font size=-1><b>2.</b> It is possible that I.Kh.'s (p. 31)&nbsp;<img SRC="319_4.jpg" height=25 width=39 align=ABSBOTTOM> quoted in the series Toghuzghuz - Kharlukh - Kimäk- Ghkzz - <i>J.f.r</i> - Bajank - Türgish stands for&nbsp;<img SRC="319_5.jpg" height=24 width=40 align=ABSBOTTOM> rather than for&nbsp;<img SRC="319_6.jpg" height=24 width=37 align=ABSBOTTOM> supposed by de Goeje and Marquart to represent <i>Chigil</i>. The same consideration may apply to Mas'kdi's (<i>Murkj</i>, i, 288):&nbsp;<img SRC="319_7.jpg" height=24 width=52 align=ABSBOTTOM> (?). On other passages in Mas'kd+ relative to the Magyars see Marquart, <i>Streifzüge</i>, and our notes to § 53. [In principle I. Kh. 31, could hardly mention the little-known&nbsp;<i> aqir</i>, or render&nbsp;<i> igil</i> by *<i> </i><img SRC="i_k.jpg" height=17 width=8 align=ABSBOTTOM>gh<img SRC="i_k.jpg" height=17 width=8 align=ABSBOTTOM>r].</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="319 3."></a><font size=-1><b>3.</b> In another passage Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">., 227, reckons from the Pechenegs to the Inner Basjirt 10 days, and from the latter to Bulghr 25 days. This last distance could only refer to the Magyars living north of the Black Sea. A parallel term to <i>Basjirt al-dkhil </i>is <i>Bulghr al-dkhil</i> (<i>i.e.</i> the Danubian Bulghr) mentioned in Is</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">t</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">., 226 (<i>v.i.</i> § 45). In Mongol times the Magyars occupying their present seats in Hungary were still called&nbsp;<img SRC="319_8.jpg" height=23 width=50 align=ABSBOTTOM>, cf. Juvayn+, GMS, i, 325.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="319 4."></a><font size=-1><b>4.</b> In a convenient form the texts are synoptically presented in Macartney, <i>o.c.</i>, pp. 30 and 42. There are, however, some misprints in the translations and Gard+z+'s text is given without the final sentences.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br>320&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>Commentary</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; § 22 </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">between the *Pecheneg [our "Turkish Pecheneg"] country and the Bulghr tribe of <i>Asgil/Ashkil</i> (see § 51). In a later part (B) they describe an extensive Majghar+ territory reaching down to the Black Sea. However, in a more detailed description of this southern country the three authors disagree. I.R. and Gard+z+ (B I) place the Majghar+ between two large rivers disemboguing into the Rkm Sea, and in connexion with this land Gard+z+ particularly names the peoples <i>N.nd.r</i> and <i>M.rdat</i>. On the other hand, Bakr+ (B 2) says nothing about the rivers and as the neighbours of the Majghar+ quotes the&nbsp;<img SRC="320_1.jpg" height=25 width=29 align=ABSBOTTOM> and&nbsp;<img SRC="320_2.jpg" height=24 width=39 align=ABSBOTTOM> undoubtedly connected with the Caucasus, cf. notes to § 50, 4. <a href="#320 1.">[1]</a> Contrary to Marquart <a href="#320 2.">[2]</a> I am inclined to think that, even supposing that I.R. (B 1 a) has in view the&nbsp;<img SRC="320_3.jpg" height=22 width=68 align=ABSBOTTOM> home of the Magyars near the Azov see, Gard+z+ (B 1 6) refers to the&nbsp;<img SRC="320_4.jpg" height=21 width=105 align=ABSBOTTOM> stage of Magyar peregrinations when, expelled by the Pechenegs (a.d. 889), they spent some years in the region of the five great rivers emptying themselves into the north-western corner of the Black Sea, cf. Const. Porph., chap. 38, <i>v.s.</i>, p. 313, note 3. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">[<i>Additional note.</i> Only in Gard+z+ and in the&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'. we find traces of the additional source (B 1 b) to which we can assign our details on the southern (*western) frontier of the Magyars, as well as on the V.n.nd.r (§53), Mirvt&nbsp; (§46), and perhaps the &quot;Christianized Slavs&quot; (§42, 17.). The source must originally belong to the very last years of the ninth century. It has nothing to do with Muslim b. Ab+ Muslim al-Jarm+ (see notes to § 42) and one particular detail is in favour of its association with the name of Hrkn b. Yah</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">y (see note to § 42, 17.).] </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">The best introduction to our text is Gard+z+'s passage which is not only illustrative for the tradition (B 1) but which also contains details (B 1 b) on the neighbours of the Majghar+ found nowhere else except in the&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'. Our literal translation follows the text as edited by Barthold, p. 98 (after the Oxford MS.) with the addition of some insignificant variants found in the Cambridge copy (marked C.): </font> <blockquote><font face="Palatino Linotype">"Between the Bulkr [read as in I.R. and Bakr+: *<i>Pecheneg</i>, cf. also § 6, 45.] country and that of the Asgil who are also of the Bulkr lie the frontiers of the Majghar+. <a href="#320 3.">[3]</a> They are a class of Turks and their slr (has) 20,000 horse. They call this slr <i>k.nda</i> and this is the name of their greater king, (whereas) the slr who makes the appointments (<i>shughlh khwnad</i>) is called <i>jula</i> and the Majghar+ do whatever he orders them. They possess a wide plain all covered with grass. Their country is 100 farsakhs by 100 farsakhs. Their country adjoins the Rkm Sea into which flow two large rivers [instead of&nbsp;<img SRC="320_5.jpg" height=24 width=99 align=ABSBOTTOM> read:&nbsp;<img SRC="320_6.jpg" height=20 width=108 align=ABSBOTTOM>] and they live between these two streams (<img SRC="320_7.jpg" height=24 width=147 align=ABSBOTTOM>) and when (C.&nbsp;<img SRC="320_8.jpg" height=24 width=31 align=ABSBOTTOM>) winter comes those who had gone far from the river (<i>jayh</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">kn</i>) come</font></blockquote> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><br><a NAME="320 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> Cf. also Mas'kd+, <i>v.i.</i>, notes to § 53.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="320 2."></a><font size=-1><b>2.</b> Marquart's attempt to identify these two pairs of names (<i>Streifzüge</i>, pp. 176 and 496) has been followed by the later writers though Marquart himself finally changed his opinion (see notes to § 53).</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="320 3."></a><font size=-1><b>3. </b>This definition of the territory has in view the northern Majghar+,<i> i.e.</i> the Bashqirs (item A). The rest of the passage seems all to refer to the real Magyars (item B).</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br>§ 22&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>The Majghari</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; 321 <br>&nbsp; </font> <blockquote><font face="Palatino Linotype">near to it and stay there in winter. They catch fish and live on them. And [with regard to] the river (<i>jayh</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">kn</i>) which is to their left [we must add that] towards the Saqlb (country) there is a tribe of Rkm who are all Christians. They are called N.nd.r. They are more numerous than the Majghar+ but weaker than they. And of these two <i>jayh</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">kns</i> the one is called Atil (<img SRC="321_0.jpg" height=25 width=24 align=ABSBOTTOM>) and the other Dkb (<img SRC="321_1.jpg" height=21 width=28 align=ABSBOTTOM>) and when the Majghar+ are on the bank of the river they see the N.nd.rians. Above (<i>zabar</i>; C.<i> z+r</i>: 'below') these N.nd.rians on the bank of the river stands a large mountain and a water rises (from it) and flows on its side. Behind this mountain a nation of Christians is found whom they call M.rdt. Between them and the N.nd.r there is a distance of 10 days. They are a numerous nation. Their clothes resemble those of the Arabs and consist of a turban, a shirt, and a coat (<i>jubba</i>). They have cultivation and possess vines (<i>razn</i>; in C. the text is slightly disturbed). Their water flows on the surface and they have no underground canals (<i>kr+z</i>). And it is reported that they are more in number than the Rum. They are a separate nation. Most of their commerce is with the Arabs. And that (other) river which is on the right of the Majghar+ flows to the Saqlb and thence to the Khazar lands and that river is the largest of the two (<i>va&nbsp;n rkd az&nbsp;+n har du rkd buzurgtar-ast</i>). The country of the Majghar+ is all trees and marshes (<i>bg+r</i> 'lakes'?) and the soil is damp. They always vanquish the Saqlb and constantly impose tribute on them and treat them as their slaves. The Majghar+ are fire-worshippers and raid the Saqlb and Rks and bring captives (<i>barda</i>) from them. They take them to Rkm for sale. <a href="#321 1.">[1]</a> These Majghar+ are handsome and pleasant looking. They dress in satin (<i>d+b</i>). Their arms are embellished with silver and gold (instead of&nbsp;<img SRC="321_2.jpg" height=24 width=177 align=ABSBOTTOM> read:&nbsp;<img SRC="321_3.jpg" height=30 width=160 align=CENTER><b><font size=+1>*</font></b>). They constantly go to sack the Saqlb and from the Majghar+ to the Saqlb there is a distance of ten days." <a href="#321 2.">[2]</a></font></blockquote> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><br>The crucial point is the identification of the two rivers which Gard+z+, perhaps misunderstanding the Arabic original (cf. I.R., 142) but following a regular Persian usage, calls <i>jayh</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">kn</i> in the sense of "a large river". The author distinctly starts on his location of the N.nd.r from the river flowing "on the left" of the Majghar+,<i> i.e.</i> evidently on their west, because the peoples living beyond it lived in the direction of the Saqlb, one of the westernmost peoples of Eastern Europe (§ 43). This makes it evident that the river&nbsp;<img SRC="321_4.jpg" height=23 width=28 align=ABSBOTTOM> is one of the rivers of the north-western corner of the Black Sea, and probably Barthold was right in restoring in his text *<img SRC="321_5.jpg" height=21 width=24 align=ABSBOTTOM> (<i>Dkn</i>, "Danube") instead of&nbsp;<img SRC="321_6.jpg" height=22 width=28 align=ABSBOTTOM>. <a href="#321 3.">[3]</a> As regards the river flowing "to the <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="321 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> I.R., 143, mentions&nbsp;<img SRC="321_7.jpg" height=29 width=34 align=ABSBOTTOM> as the point where the Majghar+ slave-traders were met by the Byzantine merchants. If this place (cf. § 3, 6. and 8. and § 42. 15.) is&nbsp;<img SRC="321_8.jpg" height=29 width=34 align=ABSBOTTOM><i>Kerch</i> (at the entrance of the Azov sea) there is an indirect indication that I.R. still referred to the Lebedia home of the Magyars.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="321 2."></a><font size=-1><b>2.</b> I.R., 143, quotes the distance of 10 days between the Pechenegs and Slavs and, <i>ibid</i>., 142, records the Magyar attacks only on the Slavs. Gard+z+'s variants may reflect an influence of his special "N.nd.r-M.rdt" source (B 1 b).</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="321 3."></a><font size=-1><b>3.</b> The Khazar king's letter (which also mentions the name <i>V.n.nt.r</i>, cf. § 46) positively applies the name <i>Rwn/Dwn</i> to the Danube, cf. Kokovtsov, <i>o.c.</i>, pp. 75 and 92, but this document is suspect.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br>322&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>Commentary</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; § 22 </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">right" of the Majghar+, the mention of the Khazars shows that it must be sought in the eastern part of the southern Russian plain. Marquart, <i>Streifzüge</i>, 32, quotes the Hungarian chronicler Simon de Keza according to whom the Hungarians called the Don <i>Etul</i>. <a href="#322 1.">[1]</a> This may be a hint for the identification of Gard+z+'s <i>Atil</i> which at this place cannot apply to the Volga held at that time by the Khazars. More than this, the Khazars at the zenith of their power controlled the steppes up to Kiev, and so historically even the Dniepr would suit the condition of flowing from the Slavs to the Khazar lands. The name <i>atil</i> was certainly employed in a general sense as is shown by the term&nbsp;<img SRC="322_1.jpg" height=22 width=114 align=ABSBOTTOM> explained as "(the land) between the rivers", see Marquart, <i>Streifzüge</i>, 33. If the element&nbsp;<img SRC="322_2.jpg" height=20 width=58 align=ABSBOTTOM> corresponds to Magyar <i>köz</i>, <i>köze</i> "terra intermedia", the first element is undoubtedly atil taken in the sense of a river (cf. <i>jayh</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">kn</i>). <a href="#322 2.">[2]</a> As Const. Porph., chap. 38, enumerates the five rivers of Atelkuzu we know that the latter comprised the space between the Dniepr and the Sereth. Might Gard+z+'s <i>Atil</i> perhaps be an echo of the term <i>Atelkuzu</i>? <a href="#322 3.">[3]</a> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Coming now to the&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'. we see that its author with regard to the Majghar+<i>territory</i> followed exclusively the tradition A and entirely disregarded the tradition B. He places the Majghar+ near the Ural mountains as the last territory in the series of the northern Turkish lands (§§ 18-22, east to west: Kimäk, Ghkz, Turkish Pechenegs, Khifchkh, Majghar+). This disposition of chapters is still more significant in view of the fact that the southern territories of Eastern Europe (§§ 43-9) are described in an opposite direction (west to east: Saqlb, Rks, Inner Bulghrs, Mirvt , Khazarian Pechenegs, Aln, Sar+r) and that the two series of countries are even separated by an intermediary zone of countries (§§ 50-3) enumerated in a sort of <i>bustrophedon</i> east to west: Khazar, Burt</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">s, Bardhs, and V.n.nd.r. Cf. <b>Map xii</b>. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Our author undoubtedly represents the same tradition as I.R., Gard+z+, and Bakr+, and in his sources certainly the two different Majghar+ homes were found. As in § 22 he proposes to describe the Bashqir country (A), the question is what he has done with the residue of information relative to the Magyars (B)? In the immediate neighbourhood of the Magyar territory Gard+z+ mentions the people <i>N.nd.r</i> screened by a mountain from another people <i>M.rdt</i>. These peoples are also described in our text: the Majghar+ <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="322 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> Cf. I.Kh., 54, on the Tanais, "the river of the Saqliba" which the Rks merchants follow before reaching the Khazar capital.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="322 2."></a><font size=-1><b>2.</b> See in Volga-Turkish dialects, <i>Yay<img SRC="i_k.jpg" height=17 width=8 align=ABSBOTTOM>q-itili, Vätkä-itili, Aq-idil</i>, &amp;c. Cf. Marquart in <i>Ungar. Jahrb.</i>, ix/1, 1929, p. 96. [The word is said to be of Chuvash (&lt; Bulghr) origin.]</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="322 3."></a><font size=-1><b>3.</b> If <i>Dkb</i> is the Danube and <i>Atil</i> the Dniepr (or even the Don) it is difficult to call the eastern river the larger of the two. One could perhaps imagine that in the original Muslim report based on Byzantine sources *<i>Dkn</i> as a more familiar name stood for its less know affluent Sereth, cf. a similar confusion of an affluent with the principal river in § 6, 13. [I.R., 142, only says that &quot;ont of the two rivers is larger than the Jayh</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">kn", which gives a better sense. Cf. 'Auf+, <i>v.i.</i>, p. 324.]</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br>§ 22&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>The Majghari</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; 323 </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">are the northern neighbours of the <i>V.n.nd.r </i> (§ 53) and the <i>Mirvt</i> (§ 46) live south of the <i>V.n.nd.r</i> mountain. Consequently the order of enumeration of the peoples is maintained, but the starting-point being different, the Majghar+, V.n.nd.r, and Mirvt&nbsp; are disposed in a north-to-south direction, so that, instead of the Majghar+, the Mirvt&nbsp; come to be the maritime people on the northern coast of the Black Sea. This basic error <a href="#323 1.">[1]</a> will be especially considered in the notes to §§ 53 and 46. See sketch on p. 440. </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">Having ignored the southern Magyars our author transferred to the inhabitants of the northern territory all the characteristics found in the sources with regard to the "Majghari" and as a matter of fact belonging mostly to the southern Magyars. </font> <blockquote><font face="Palatino Linotype">Population: 20,000, as in I.R. and Gard+z+. <br>Country: 150 x 110 farsakhs; Gard+z+ and Bakri: 100 x 100 farsakhs; I.R.: "extensive country". <br>The King's name:&nbsp;<img SRC="323_1.jpg" height=20 width=35 align=ABSBOTTOM> (read:&nbsp;<img SRC="323_2.jpg" height=19 width=24 align=ABSBOTTOM>). I.R. and Gard+z+,&nbsp;<img SRC="323_3.jpg" height=22 width=37 align=ABSBOTTOM> principal king, but&nbsp;<img SRC="323_4.jpg" height=19 width=23 align=ABSBOTTOM> real administrative chief; Bakr+, title&nbsp;<img SRC="323_5.jpg" height=19 width=25 align=ABSBOTTOM>. <br>The Majghar+ live on fish. Ditto in Gard+z+, but I.R. and Gard+z+ more decisively say that they are fishermen [an important feature for the inhabitants of the region of great rivers]. <br>Rich but vile (?) [not found elsewhere; does the last trait refer to the northern Majghar+?]. <br>Trees and waters, as in I.R. and Gard+z+. <br>Good-looking, as in Gard+z+. <br>Victorious wars against "infidel" neighbours. I.R.: dominate over the Slavs (several details on slave trade); Gard+z+: raid the Slavs and Rks.</font></blockquote> <font face="Palatino Linotype">Apart from the general epitomizing tendency of our author one seems to discover on his part a desire to smoothe the details not tallying with his general conception (cf. the point on enemies and perhaps fishing). <a href="#323 2.">[2]</a> As regards the name of the king, the form&nbsp;<img SRC="323_6.jpg" height=18 width=34 align=ABSBOTTOM> is explained by the confusion of the final&nbsp;<img SRC="323_7.jpg" height=15 width=10 align=ABSBOTTOM> with&nbsp;<img SRC="323_8.jpg" height=17 width=11 align=ABSBOTTOM>. The name is certainly&nbsp;<img SRC="323_9.jpg" height=19 width=24 align=ABSBOTTOM> *<i>Jula</i>, cf. Const. Porph., chap. 40, pp. 174-5:&nbsp;<img SRC="323_10.jpg" height=19 width=56 align=ABSBOTTOM> and Hungarian <i>Gyula</i>. Our author omits the name of the chief of executive power <i>k.nda</i> for which Const. Porph. strangely gives&nbsp;<img SRC="323_11.jpg" height=21 width=66 align=ABSBOTTOM> (perhaps:&nbsp;<img SRC="323_12.jpg" height=16 width=67 align=ABSBOTTOM>). The title as it stands in Muslim sources may be connected with that of the dignitary who occupied the third place in the Khazar hierarchy:&nbsp;<img SRC="323_13.jpg" height=24 width=90 align=ABSBOTTOM> ("<i>k.nd.r</i> khqn" or "the <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="323 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> On its disturbing influence, cf. note to § 6, 45.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><a NAME="323 2."></a><font size=-1><b>2.</b> It is true that the Rks are mentioned as the western and northern neighbours of the Majghar+. In § 6, 45. the river Rkt rises strangely from a mountain situated between the Majghar+, the Rks, and the Pechenegs (cf. notes to §§ 20, 47 and 52 on the supposed seats of this people on the right bank of the Volga). [This is a hint at some <i>non-Uralian </i>seats of the Magyars but our author, who does not say a word on the presence of this people near the Black sea, goes halfway in placing the Magyars somewhere near the Oka (?) and imagining that this territory <i>was</i> connected with the Urals. One of the western sources of the Oka is called Ugra (= Hungarian!). According to N. P. Barsov, <i>Ocherk russkoy istoricheskoy geogr.</i>, Warsaw 1885, p. 241, Ugra lay on the road connecting the Dniepr with the Volga.] See <b>Map xii</b>.</font> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="line_down.gif" height=18 width=596> <br>324&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>Commentary</i>&nbsp;&nbsp; §§ 22-3 </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">khqn's <i>k.nd.r</i>"?), Yqkt, ii, 436-40 (after Ibn Fad</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">ln ). Munkácsi, in <i>Keleti Szemle</i>, x, 1909, pp. 179-80, compares it with <i>kündi</i>/<i>kündü</i> which the Altai Turks in quite recent times used to give to their dignitary next in rank to their ruler (<i>zaysan</i>). <a href="#324 1.">[1]</a> </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">[<i>Additional note</i>. In his <i>Streifzüge</i>, 161, 164, Marquart, misled by the idea that the two pairs of names "<i>N.nd.r</i> and <i>M.rdt</i>" and "<i>T</i></font><i><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font></i><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>wls</i> and *<i>Aughas</i>&quot; were identical (cf. § 50, 4.) came to the conclusion that the river&nbsp;<img SRC="324_1.jpg" height=23 width=28 align=ABSBOTTOM> was "Kuban". In <i>Komanen</i>, 99, Marquart was less categorical and wrote with reference to our&nbsp;<img SRC="324_2.jpg" height=22 width=28 align=ABSBOTTOM> (which he found in Toumansky's translation, <i>Zap</i>., x, 1897): "Auf die Frage, welcher Fluss unter dem&nbsp;<img SRC="324_2.jpg" height=22 width=28 align=ABSBOTTOM> zu verstehen ist, gehe ich hier nicht ein. . . . Die Erörterung dieser Frage, welche bekanntlich für die Bestimmung der älteren Wohnsitze der Magyaren von grosser Wichtigkeit ist, ist zwecklos, so lange die Parallelberichte des Muh</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">ammad-i 'Auf+ und der&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype"><i>udkd al-'lam</i> nicht veröffentlicht sind.&quot; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">We have commented on the identity of the names Dkb/Rkt/Rkth (§ 6, 45.) as resulting from the comparison of the&nbsp;H</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">.-'. with the other sources and may add that 'Auf+ does not contain any important new data on the subject. Here is the passage on the Magyars (misspelt&nbsp;<img SRC="324_3.jpg" height=19 width=37 align=ABSBOTTOM>) according to Brit. Mus., Or. 2676, fol. 67v.). 'Auf+ first quotes the well-known data on the vastness of the Magyars' country (100 x 100 farsakhs), on their 20,000 horse and on the <i>ra'+s</i> called <i>K.nda</i>, adding that the Magyars own tents (<i>khargh</i>) and wander with their herds. Then he goes on: </font> <blockquote><font face="Palatino Linotype"><img SRC="324_4.jpg" height=152 width=693 align=ABSBOTTOM></font></blockquote> <blockquote><font face="Palatino Linotype">"Their lands adjoins the Rkm [= Black] sea. The haunts of this people are on the banks of two rivers (<i>dary</i>) of which the one is called <i>W.f</i> and the other <i>Atil</i> both being larger than the Jayh</font><font face="Arial Unicode MS">#</font><font face="Palatino Linotype">kn. Between them and the Saqlb goes on a perpetual war about religion and they are constantly victorious over the (Slavs), and taking prisoners from them carry them to Rkm and sell them. They are continuously in possession of great wealth on account (of this) trade."]</font></blockquote> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype"><br><a NAME="324 1."></a><font size=-1><b>1.</b> In the <i>Shh-nma</i>, ed. Mohl,&nbsp;+, 76, 179, 190, &amp;c., <i>K.nd.r</i> is the name of a Saqlb hero fighting in the Turanian army on the right hand of the khqn. [The name of the mountain&nbsp;<img SRC="324_5.jpg" height=28 width=98 align=ABSBOTTOM> (§ 5, 12.) may be connected with the same title. Under § 18 the name was tentatively restored as *<i>Kändür-tagh<img SRC="i_k.jpg" height=17 width=8 align=ABSBOTTOM></i> in view of the name of the river <i>Kängir</i>. But should the analogy be sacrificed, the simplest restoration would be perhaps <i>Kand'kr</i>, <i>v.s.</i>, p. 308, n. I.]</font> <br>&nbsp; </font> <p><font face="Palatino Linotype">[<a href="hud_22.html">Previous</a>] [<a href="hud_42.html">Next</a>] <br>[<a href="index.html">Back to Index</a>] </font> </body> </html>