ÿþ<html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-gb"> <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 5.0"> <meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=unicode"> <title>Al Nadim - The Fihrist - 5.1</title> <style> <!-- p.MsoPlainText {margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"; margin-left:0mm; margin-right:0mm; margin-top:0mm} --> </style> </head> <body> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="left"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700"> <font size="4">The Fihrist of al-Nad+m</font><font size="3">, A Tenth-century survey of Muslim culture</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="left"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"><b>Bayard Dodge</b></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: -36.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt">&nbsp;</p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="center"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight:700"> <font size="4">The Fifth Part</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="center"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">of the book </font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">Al-Fihrist, <a href="#1.">[1]</a><i> with accounts of the ancient and modern scholars, who were authors, with the names of the books which they composed about the rest of the sciences. </i><a href="#2.">[2]</a></font><i><font size="3"> The composition of Muh#ammad ibn Ish#q al-Nad+m, known as Abk al-Faraj ibn Ab+ Ya qkb al- Warrq.</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="1.">1.</a></b> This heading and the first segment of Chapter V are found only in the Beatty MS, as explained below. Under the heading, on the left-hand side of the page, there is written,  An imitation of the handwriting of the author, His servant Muh#ammad ibn Ish#q. On the right-hand side there is  The fifth chapter about dialectic theology and the dialectic theologians (<i>al-kalm wa-al-mutakallim+n</i>). For further information, see Arberry, <i>Islamic Research Association Miscellany</i>, I (1948), 19.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">Most of Chapter V, Section 1, is found only in the Beatty MS. After the termination of the Beatty MS, a few pages follow which are found only in the Tonk MS (see nn. 237, 238). Evidently one or more pages have been lost between the end of the Beatty MS and the beginning of the Tonk MS (see n. 238 for probable content of the missing material). As the Beatty and Tonk MSS are not easily available for study, an attempt has been made to give the transliteration of some of the more important words in the book titles in this segment. With the account of al-<i>Wsit#+</i>, very near the end of Section 1, the Flügel text resumes, and MS 1934 begins (n. 266). See Introduction for more information on these manuscripts.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">The Cairo edition of <i>Al-Fihrist</i>, printed by the Rah#mn+yah Press in 1929, has a very short Appendix, the content of which was taken from Ah#mad Taymur, who took the material from <i>Die Kunde des Morgen Landes</i>, 1889, a work which is not generally available. This Appendix contains accounts of nearly a dozen scholars, almost all of whom are mentioned in Chapter V by either Flügel or the Beatty MS. It is referred to in the footnotes as these men appear in the text. The one scholar in the Cairo Appendix who is not mentioned by the Beatty MS or the Flügel text is a judge named Abk Muh#ammad  Abd Allh ibn Ah#mad, called Ibn Zubd. He may be the man of that name, although called Ibn Zank, who is mentioned in the Index to T#abar+, <i> Annales</i>. Perhaps  Ibn Zubd is meant to be  Ibn Zayd. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">In this chapter, certain technical words and the names of many religious sects are mentioned over and over again. For explanation, the Glossary should be consulted.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="2.">2.</a></b> In writing this phrase,  the rest of the sciences, the author probably had in mind the theology in the fifth chapter and law in the sixth chapter, as those two fields of study were included in the Islmic sciences.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">380</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">In the name of Allh, the Merciful, the Compassionate</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="center"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight:700"> <font size="4">The Fifth Chapter</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="center"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">of the book </font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">Al-Fihrist,</font><i><font size="3"> with accounts of the scholars and the names of the books which they composed, in five sections.</font></i></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="center"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight:700"> <font size="4">The First Section</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" align="center"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">with accounts of the dialectic theologians </font></span></i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">(<i>al-mutakallimkn</i>)<i> of the Mu tazilah and the Murji ah, and of the beginning of dialectic theology</i> (al-kalm) <i>and disputation</i> (al-jidl). <a href="#3.">[3]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <ul> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3"><a href="#a1" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">Why the Mutazilah Were Called by This Name</a></font></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3"><a href="#a2" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">Mention of the First to Speak About Predestination, Justice, and Oneness&nbsp;  &nbsp; The Names of Those from Whom Justice and Oneness Were Derived</a></font></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3"><a href="#a3" style="text-decoration: none"><i>Al-Hasan ibn Abi al-Hasan al-Basri, surnamed Abu Said</i></a></font></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><a href="#a4" style="text-decoration: none"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Wasil</font></span></i><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"> ibn Ata</span></font></a></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><a href="#a5" style="text-decoration: none"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Amr</font></span></i><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"> ibn Ubayd</span></font></a></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3"><a href="#a6" style="text-decoration: none"><i>Abu al-Hudhayl al-Allaf</i></a></font></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3"><a href="#a7" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic">Among His Associates: Abu Yala Muhammad ibn Shaddad</a></font></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3"><a href="#a8" style="text-decoration: none"><i>Al-Aswari</i></a></font></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><a href="#a9" style="text-decoration: none"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Bishr</font></span></i><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"> ibn al-Mutamir</span></font></a></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <a href="#a10" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="3"><i>Al-Nazzam</i></font></a></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3"><a href="#a11" style="text-decoration: none"><i>Al-Dimashqi Qasim ibn al-Khalil</i></a></font></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><a href="#a12" style="text-decoration: none"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Isa</font></span></i><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"> ibn Sabih al-Murdar</span></font></a></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><a href="#a13" style="text-decoration: none"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Muammar</font></span></i><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"> al-Sulami</span></font></a></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><a href="#a14" style="text-decoration: none"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Thumamah</font></span></i><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"> ibn Ashras</span></font></a></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><a href="#a15" style="text-decoration: none"><i> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">J</font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">afar</font></span></i><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"> ibn Mubashshir</span></font></a></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3"><a href="#a16" style="text-decoration: none"><i>Al-Jahiz Abu Uthman</i></a></font></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;-</font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"><i> <a href="#a17" style="text-decoration: none">Order of the Sections of the Book&nbsp; ( Kitab al-Hayawan , The Book of the Animal)</a></i></font></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;-</font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"><i> <a href="#a18" style="text-decoration: none">Additional Books by al-Jahiz</a></i></font></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;- <i> <a href="#a19" style="text-decoration: none">W</a></i></font><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"><a href="#a19" style="text-decoration: none">hat Has Been Regarded as an Epistle among the Works of &nbsp;al-Jahiz</a></font></span></i></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><a href="#a20" style="text-decoration: none"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ahmad</font></span></i><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"> ibn Abi Duwad</span></font></a></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><a href="#a21" style="text-decoration: none"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Jafar</font></span></i><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"> ibn Harb</span></font></a></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <a href="#a22" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="3"><i>Al-Iskafi</i></font></a></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <a href="#a23" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="3"><i>Ibn al-Iskafi</i></font></a></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"> <font size="3">Mention of the Persons among the Mutazilah Who Adopted Innovations and Individual Doctrines:</font></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <a href="#a24" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="3"><i>Al-Asamm</i></font></a></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <a href="#a25" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="3"><i>Al-Futi</i></font></a></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><a href="#a26" style="text-decoration: none"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Dirar</font></span></i><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"> ibn Amr</span></font></a></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><a href="#a27" style="text-decoration: none"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Abbad</font></span></i><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"> ibn Sulayman</span></font></a></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3"><a href="#a28" style="text-decoration: none"><i>Abu Said al-Husri al-Sufi</i></a></font></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><a href="#a29" style="text-decoration: none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3"><i>Abu Hafs al-Haddad&nbsp;  &nbsp; </i></font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Isa</font></span></i><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><i> al-Sufi&nbsp;  &nbsp; Abu Isa al-Warraq</i></span></font></a></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <a href="#a30" style="text-decoration: none"> <font size="3"><i>Ibn al-Rawandi</i></font></a></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3"><a href="#a31" style="text-decoration: none"><i>Al-Nashi al-Kabir</i></a></font></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <a href="#a32" style="text-decoration: none"><i> <font size="3">Al-Bardhai&nbsp;  &nbsp; Al-Shatawi&nbsp; </font></i><font size="3"> <i> &nbsp; Al-Harith al-Warraq</i></font></a></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3"><a href="#a33" style="text-decoration: none"><i>Abu al-Qasim [al-Balkhi]</i></a></font></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><a href="#a34" style="text-decoration: none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <i> <font size="3">Al-Saymari&nbsp;  &nbsp; Al-Bahili&nbsp;  &nbsp; </font></i></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Ahmad</font></span></i><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"> ibn Yahya al-Munajjim</span></font></a></p> </li> <li> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3"><a href="#a35" style="text-decoration: none; font-style: italic"> The Names of a Group of Theologians</a>&nbsp; </font><i> <font size="3">(</font></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Humayd</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style:italic"><font size="3"> ibn Said ibn Bakhtyar, </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3">Muhammad</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"><i> ibn Abd al-Karim, Abu Affan al-Raqqi, Al-Wasiti, Ibn al-</i></font><i><font size="3">Ikhshid, Al-Husayni, Among the Pupils of Ibn al-Ikhshid, </font></i> <font size="3"><i>Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Ayyash, Al-Hasan ibn Ayyub, Ibn Rabah, Ibn </i></font><i><font size="3">Shihab, </font></i> <font size="3"><i>Ibn al-Khallal al-Qadi, Abu Hashim and His Pupils, Ibn Khallad al-Basri, Among Those Who Learned from Abu Hashim, but Have No Books Which Are Known, Al-Basri, Known as al-Jual)</i></font></span></p> </li> </ul> <p class="MsoPlainText">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3"><a name="a1">W</a>hy the Mu tazilah Were Called by This Name <a href="#4.">[4]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; Thus saith Muh#ammad ibn Ish#q [al-<i>Nad+m</i>]: Abk al-Qsim al-<i>Balkh+</i> said that the Mu tazilah were called by this name because of the disagreement occurring in connection with the terms for those who committed great sins among the people of prayer. <a href="#5.">[5]</a> The Khawrij said that these were unbehevers and polytheists, as well as sinners. <a href="#6.">[6]</a> The Murji ah said that they were believers and Muslims, but at the same time sinners. The Zayd+yah and Ibd+yah said that they did not believe in [God s] grace, and were neither polytheists nor Muslims, but sinners. The companions of al-H#asan <a href="#7.">[7]</a> said that they were hypocrites and also sinners.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="3.">3.</a></b> Most of the theological discussions were carried on by members of the heretical sect of the Mu tazilah, until al-<i>Ash ar+</i> persuaded the orthodox scholars to use dialectic methods to defend their own doctrines.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="4.">4.</a></b> At the beginning of the Arabic title there is the letter <i> lm</i> (<i>l</i>) which is evidently meant to express interrogation. Al-Mu tazilah means those who are separated from others. This passage explains the reason for calling this sect by this name. For the founding of the Mu tazil+ movement, see Nicholson, <i>Literary History of the Arabs</i>, pp. 222 23; Khallikn, II, 513; Yqkt, <i>Irshd</i>, VI (7), 224; Jr Allh, <i>Mu tazilah</i>, p. 2; Ndir, <i>Système philosophique</i>, p. 4; Baghddi (Seelye), p. 121; Shahrastn+ (Haarbrücker), Part I, p. 47. The various sects and technical words are explained in the Glossary.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="5.">5.</a></b> This evidently refers to pious Muslims.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="6.">6.</a></b> This means that these rebels were not only transgressors against the ordinances of the Qur n, but also regarded as being outside of the Muslim community.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="7.">7.</a></b> This evidently refers to the disciples of al-<i>H#asan</i> al-Bas#r+; see Shahrastn+ (Haarbrücker), Part I, pp. 25, 44, 46, 49;  al-H#asan ibn abi l-H#asan, <i>Enc. Islam</i>, II, 273.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">381</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">All of the Mu tazilah separated themselves from the things about which these [groups] differed. They said,  We agree about what they join in calling sin, but we avoid matters about which they disagree concerning unbelief, belief, hypocrisy, and polytheism. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">Abk Bakr ibn al-<i>Ikhsh+d</i> said,   Separation (<i>al-i tizl</i>) became attached to the Mu tazilah during the days of al-<i>H#asan</i> [al-Bas#r+], according to what some people record, but this is not confirmed among us, nor do we have quotations about it. He said,  What is [better] known among our scholars is that the name originated afier [the time of] al-H#asan. He said:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">The basis for it was that after al-H#asan had died and <i>Qatdah</i> had taken his place, <i> Amr</i> ibn  Ubayd and a group with him separated themselves from him [Qatdah]. So Qatdah called them al-<i>Mu tazilah</i> (the Separatists). When  Amr heard about this name, he accepted and approved it, saying to his companions,  <i>Al-i tizl</i> is a term which Allh has praised in His Book, <a href="#8.">[8]</a> so that this is unexpected good fortune, <a href="#9.">[9]</a> and thus he accepted it.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3"><a name="a2">M</a>ention of the First to Speak About Predestination, Justice, and Oneness</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; Al-<i>Balkh+</i> said that the first person to speak about predestination and separation was Abk Yknus al-<i>Aswr+</i>, a man from among the Aswr+yah known as Sinsawayh, who was followed by <i>Ma bad</i> al-Juhan+. It is also said that <i>Sulaymn</i> ibn  Abd al-Malik spoke about this matter.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">The Names of Those from Whom Justice and Oneness Were Derived</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; I read [what was written] in the handwriting of Abk  Abd Allh ibn  Abdks [al-<i>Jahshiyr+</i>], that Abk al-H#asan <i>Ah#mad</i> ibn Yah#y ibn  Al+ ibn Yah#y al-Munajjim said:</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="8.">8.</a></b> <i>Al-i tizl</i> means  separation or  turning aside. It is mentioned in the Qur n 18:15(16), where it is said that Allh will show mercy to those who separate from false worshipers to enter the cave; also in 19:50(49), where it speaks of Allh s reward for Abraharn, when he turned aside from false worshipers.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="9.">9.</a></b> For the idiom  good fortune, see Richardson, <i>Dictionary</i>, p. 17; in Arabic it is <i>ittifq H#asan</i>.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">382</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">My father informed me, and my paternal uncle Ah#mad as well as my paternal uncle Hrkn <a href="#10.">[10]</a> also informed me, saying,  Abk Ya l <i>Zurqn</i>, whose name was Muh#ammad ibn Shaddd, the companion of Abk al-<i>Hudhayl</i>, related to me saying,  Abk al-Hudhayl al- Allf Muh#ammad ibn al-Hudhayl told us saying,  I received <a href="#11.">[11]</a> what I know about justice and oneness from <i> Uthmn</i> al-T#aw+l, who was the teacher of Abk al- Hudhayl. Abk al-Hudhayl said,   Uthmn told me that he learned about the matter from <i>Ws#il</i> ibn  At# , and that Ws#il derived this from Abk Hshim <i> Abd</i> Allh ibn Muh#ammad ibn al-H#anaf+yah.  Abd Allh received it from his father, <i>Muh#ammad</i> ibn al-H#anaf+yah. Muh#ammad informed him that he obtained it from his father <i>  Al+</i>, for whom be peace, and that his father received it from the Apostle of Allh, for whom be peace. <a href="#12.">[12]</a> The Apostle of Allh told him that Gabriel (Jibr+l) revealed it from Allh, Glorious and Almighty. <a href="#13.">[13]</a></font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3"><a name="a3">A</a>l-<i>H#asan</i> ibn Ab+ al-H#asan al-Bas#r+, surnamed Abk Sa +d</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was born two years before the end of the caliphate of <i> Umar</i> and died when eighty-nine years old, during the year one hundred and ten [A.D. 728]. <a href="#14.">[14]</a> Al-H#asan served as secretary to al-<i>Rab+ </i> ibn Ziyd in Khursn and for about three years was the secretary of <i>Anas</i> ibn Mlik at Sbur. <a href="#15.">[15]</a> He was one of those who gave allegiance to Ibn al-<i>Ash ath</i>, but was also one of the ascetics and pietists. <a href="#16.">[16]</a> When Ibn al-Ash ath was overthrown, his adherents were hunted down and he [al-H#asan] went to al-<i>H#ajjj</i>, who after disciplining him gave him amnesty. But as al-H#asan did not feel safe near al-H#ajjj, he hid until he [al-H#ajjj] died. <a href="#17.">[17]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="10.">10.</a></b> See Biog. Index, Munajjim farnily.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="11.">11.</a></b> In this passage forms of the Arabic word <i>akhad</i> are translated as  received,  obtained,  derived, etc, to make the meaning clearer.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="12.">12.</a></b> On the rnargin of the Beatty MS there is the note,  Abk Hudhayl and  Uthmn lied. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="13.">13.</a></b> There is a second note on the rnargin of the Beatty MS, saying that this passage is a lie against Allh and His Apostle, with some extra words which are not clear.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="14.">14.</a></b>  Umar was the second caliph, who died A.D. 644. The age of al-H#asan is reckoned in lunar years.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="15.">15.</a></b> See Yqkt, <i>Geog.</i>, III, 4 6.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="16.">16.</a></b> The word for  giving allegiance implies electing him as the caliph. Ibn al-Ash ath revolted when al-H#ajjj was the governor in al- Irq. The rebel was killed A.D. 701/2. Al-H#asan al-Bas#r+ was more famous as an early ascetic than as a man interested in politics.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="17.">17.</a></b> Al-H#ajjj was famous for his tyranny. He died A.D. 714.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">383</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">Among his words despising al-H#ajjj, when news of his death reached him, there was  Oh, our God, thou it is who has killed him and cut short his way of life. Then he said,  Thou gavest us a little blind bat, emitting poison (burning), miserable and afflicted, with flapping of sides and shaking of buttocks, saying  Know us, know us! Truly we have known thee; Allh has abhorred thee and abhorred thee also have the righteous. [He also said]  He stretched out to me a hand with short fingers, and, by Allh, it has never perspired from holding the reins to drive along the way of God. </font></span> </p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">Among the books of al-H#asan there were:&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">Commentary on the Qur n (Tafs+r li-al-Qur n), which a group quoted from him; <a href="#18.">[18]</a> a book addressed to <i> Abd</i> al-Malik ibn Marwn refuting the Qadar+yah.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a4">W</a>s#il</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn  At# </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; Abk H#udhayfah Ws#il ibn  At# was a protégé of the Bank D#abbah, or it is also said of the Bank Makhskm. <a href="#19.">[19]</a> His birth was at al-Mad+nah and he was called al-Ghazzl because of his frequenting Skq al-Ghazl in order to become acquainted with the chaste women, to whom he distributed his alms. <a href="#20.">[20]</a> He had a long neck and also mispronounced the letter <i>r </i> (<i>r</i>) but as he was a master of style, eloquent and vigorous in speech, with versatility of expression, it was possible for him to avoid the letter <i>ra </i> (<i>r</i>) in his speech.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">It was related that Ws#il said about <i>Bashshr </i>ibn Burd,  Is there not someone to kill this blind man (<i>a m</i>) who is surnamed Abk Mu dh? By Allh, if it were not for the malice which is one of the characteristics of the Ghult, <a href="#21.">[21]</a> I would have sent someone to rip open his stomach on his bed. An  Uqayl+ or Sadks+ would attend</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="18.">18.</a></b> The members of this group were probably his pupils, who quoted his teachings and wrote commentaries about them.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="19.">19.</a></b> For these tribes see Qutaybah, <i>Ma rif</i>, pp. 34, 36.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="20.">20.</a></b> The Skq al-Ghazl was the bazaar where the women spun thread. The word  chaste probably refers to elderly women, needing aid and with no one to depend upon.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="21.">21.</a></b> The Arabic text gives the form al-Ghliyah, but the Glossary and translation give the usual form, Ghult.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">384</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">to that. <a href="#22.">[22]</a> Thus he avoided pronouncing <i>r </i>, for he spoke of the  blind man surnamed Abk Mu dh, not saying either Bashshr or Ibn Burd. He mentioned <i>al-a m</i> instead of saying <i>al-d#ar+r</i> <a href="#23.">[23]</a> and spoke of the characteristics of the Ghult, rather than of the Mugh+r+yah or the Mans#kr+yah. He also said <i>ba atha</i> instead of <i>arsala</i> <a href="#24.">[24]</a> and mentioned <i> al mud#t#aja ihi</i> rather than saying <i> al frshihi</i>. <a href="#25.">[25]</a> He spoke of the Bank  Uqayl, because Bashshr was a protégé of theirs, and nientioned the Bank Sadks because he dwelt among them. Avoiding letters is very difficult, especially one like <i>ra </i>, which is used so much.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">Ws#il fell in with Abk Hshim <i> Abd</i> Allh ibn Muh#ammad ibn al-H#anaf+yah and also attended the session (class) of al-<i>H#asan</i> [al-Basri]. Because he kept very silent, he was thought to be dumb. His neck was very long, so that <i> Amr</i> ibn  Ubayd remarked about it, saying  A man with such a neck cannot be of any use! But when Ws#il became proficient, his excellence being evident,  Amr said,  Perhaps I made a mistake about his sense of perception. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">Al-<i>Balkh+</i> said,  Ws#il was one of the people of al-Mad+nah. His birth was during the year eighty [A.D. 699] and he died in the year one hundred and thirty-one [A.D. 748]. Among his books there were:&nbsp;</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">The Middle Position (Al-Manzilah bayn al-Manzilatayn); <a href="#26.">[26]</a> Judicial Interpretation (Al-Futy); Oneness (Al-Tawh#+d).</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">Among the books of his associates (pupils), the authors being unknown, there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">The Mashraq+y+n, <a href="#27.">[27]</a> from the pupils of Abk H#udhayfah [<i>Ws#il</i> ibn  At# ] to their brothers in North Africa, which included a number of chapters (books), among which there was, The Way to a Knowledge of the Truth (Al-Sab+l il Ma rifat al-H#aqq).</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="22.">22.</a></b> For these tribes see Durayd,<i> Geneal.</i>, pp. 181, 211. The translation is given freely so as to make the passage readable.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="23.">23.</a></b> These are both words for  blind. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="24.">24.</a></b> Synonyms meaning  sent. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="25.">25.</a></b> These words might be translated  bedding and  mattresses, signifying the same thing.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="26.">26.</a></b> See Glossary for this phrase.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="27.">27.</a></b> The Mashraq+ykn was a name used for those living in the east. In North Africa it applied especially to members of the Sh+ ah.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">385</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> <a name="a5"> </a>Amr</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font size="3"> ibn  Ubayd</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Abk  Uthmn  Amr ibn  Ubayd ibn Bb, a protégé of the Bank al- Adaw+yah [clan] of the H#anz#alah [branch] of the Bank Tam+m Tribe. <a href="#28.">[28]</a> Al-<i>Balkh+</i> said that <i>Bb</i> [the grandfather] was one of the prisoners from Kbul, a prisoner of <i> Abd</i> al-Rah#mn ibn Samurah <a href="#29.">[29]</a> and a protégé first of the Bank  Uqayl, but later of the Bank  Arrah. <a href="#30.">[30]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">He was born during the year in which Ws#il was born, which was the year eighty [A.D. 699]. He was a man of medium stature, calloused between the eyes as the result of prostrating. <a href="#31.">[31]</a> He was a friend of [the Caliph] Abk Ja far al-<i>Mans#kr</i> and there were stories about them. He preached to al-Mans#kr a number of times with a famous and well-known message (word).  Amr died while returning along the way to Makkah from al-Bas#rah, at a place known as Marrn, <a href="#32.">[32]</a> during the year one hundred and forty-four [A.D. 761], when he was sixty years of age.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">Although it has never been heard of for a caliph to make an elegy for a person of lower rank, al-Mans#kr composed an elegy for him, saying:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">May Allh bless you lying in the tomb, which I passed on the way at Marrn;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">It is a tomb enshrouding a believer, who revered and worshiped Allh, believing the Qur n.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">Had time spared a righteous rnan, it would have spared for us  Amr Abk  Uthmn.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">The Commentary (Al-Tafs+r), taken from al-<i>H#asan</i> [al-Bas#r+]; Justice and Oneness (Al- Adl wa-al-Tawh#+d); a refutation of the Qadar+yah.</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;<b><a name="28.">28.</a></b> See Qutaybah, <i>Ma rif</i>, p. 37.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="29.">29.</a></b> This was a Companion of the Prophet who conquered Kbul; see Biog. Index.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="30.">30.</a></b> See Durayd,<i> Geneal.</i>, pp. 181, 254.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="31.">31.</a></b> He prayed so often, touching his forehead to the ground, that the skin over his eyes became calloused.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="32.">32.</a></b> See Yqkt, <i>Geog.</i>, IV, 479, where there is mention of a tomb at Marrn in Arabia.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">386</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">Naming of those Who Drew upon <i> Amr</i> [ibn  Ubayd] and <i> Ws#il</i> [ibn  At# ]</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; One of those who drew upon  Amr and Ws#il, but no book of whom is known, was Abk  Amr <i> Uthmn</i> ibn Khlid al-T#aw+l, the teacher of Abk <i>Hudhayl</i> [al- Allf]. There was also Abk H#afs# <i> Umar</i> ibn Ab+  Uthmn al-Smarr+, who drew upon the <i>Commentary</i> (Kitb al-Tafs+r) of  Amr and al-H#asan.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3"><a name="a6">A</a>bk al-<i>Hudhayl</i> al- Allf</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; He was Abk al-Hudhayl Muh#ammad ibn al-Hudhayl al- Allf, a protégé of  Abd al-Qays and al-Hudhayl ibn  Ubayd Allh ibn Makh#kl al- Abd+. <a href="#33.">[33]</a> Abk al-Hudhayl was born during the year one hundred and thirty-one [A.D. 748/49]; it is also said thirty-four. He learned theology from <i> Uthmn</i> ibn Khlid al-T#aw+l, not coming into contact with either <i>Ws#il</i> [ibn  At# ] or <i> Amr </i>[ibn  Ubayd]. Abk al-<i> Ayn </i> said that Abk al-Hudhayl died at Smarr during the year two hundred and twenty-six [A.D. 840/41], <a href="#34.">[34]</a> when he was one hundred and four years old.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">When Abk al-Hudhayl was asked about his birth, he replied,  I was born during the year one hundred and thirty-five [A.D. 752/53]. On another occasion, when he was asked about this he said,  My parents told me that <i> Ibrh+m</i> ibn  Abd Allh ibn H#asan was killed when I was a child of ten years old. Ibrh+m was killed during the year forty-five [A.H. 145: A.D. 762/63]. This remark of Abk al-Hudhayl indicates, therefore, that his birth was during the year one hundred and thirty-five [A.D. 752/53].</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">Abk al-Hudhayl died during the caliphate of al-<i>Mutawakkil</i>, in the year two hundred and thirty-five [A.D. 849/50], when he was one hundred [lunar] years old. At the end of his life he was stricken with senility. Although he did not lose sight of the fundarnental principles of doctrine, he became weak in opposing adversaries and disputing with persons who disagreed with him, as his intelligence became weak.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="33.">33.</a></b> See Durayd,<i> Geneal.</i>, p. 45, for  Abd al-Qays. The second name may be that of a chief or a subtribe.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="34.">34.</a></b> This date and those given by Mas kdi, VI, 369, and Baghdd+ (Seelye), p. 125, seem to be too early. Khallikn, II, 667, says he died A.D. 849/50, which is also the date given by al-Nad+m in the next paragraph.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">387</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">It was said that when a son of <i>S#lih#</i> ibn  Abd al-Quddks died and [the father] grieved for him, Abk al-Hudhayl came to mourn with him. Upon finding him distraught Abk al-Hudhayl said to him,  I do not know the reason why you grieve for your son if man, according to you, is like what is planted (<i>al-zar </i>). S#lih# replied,  Oh, Abk al-Hudhayl, I grieve for him because he never read the <i>Book of Doubts</i> (<i>Kitb al-Shukkk</i>). Then he [Abk al-Hudhayl] asked him,  The <i>Book of Doubts</i>, what is that, oh, S#lih#? He answered,  It is a book which I have written, in order that whoever reads it will be doubtful about what exists, imagining that it is non-existent, and about what does not exist, imagining that it is existent. So Abk al-Hudhayl said to him,  Be doubtful about the death of your son, acting as though he did not die, even though he has passed away. Be uncertain about his reading the <i>Book of Doubts</i>, even though he never read it. </font></span> </p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">Abk al-Hudhayl wrote a book known as <i>M+ls</i>. This <i>M+ls</i> was a Magian, who embraced Islm because of a meeting which he arranged between Abk al-Hudhayl and a group of dualists. When Abk al-Hudhayl silenced them, M+ls immediately embraced Islm. <a href="#35.">[35]</a> Abk al-Hudhayl had a son, whose name was al-<i>Hudhayl</i>. Although he was a theologian, no book of his exists.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">A person coming up behind Abk al-Hudhayl stopped him and, seizing his throat, said,  Take off your clothes, so that I can see the proof you have of this [circumcision]. Then Abk al-Hudhayl retorted to him,  My proof is that you are saying  Take off your clothes, when to remove them while you are holding my throat is impossible. Let go your hand, so that I can take them off! So he said,  Go in the care of Allh, for if I postpone the proof for a day, you will take them off immediately. So he did not take off his clothes. <a href="#36.">[36]</a></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="35.">35.</a></b> Cf. this passage with Khallikn, II, 668.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="36.">36.</a></b> Because Abk al-<i>Hudhayl</i> was a heretic, who was not born as a Muslim, he was accused of not being circumcised. Accordingly, he was told to take off his clothes, so as to show whether or not he was circumcised. In the second-to-last sentence, the implication is that if Abk al-Hudhayl could have a day s notice, he would immediately become circumcised. The last line is not clear, and the whole passage is so confused that the translation is given freely. The translation assumes that the word given in Arabic as <i>h#ajj</i> ( pilgrimage ) is meant for <i>h#ujjah</i> ( proof ).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;<img border="0" src="line_down.gif" width="596" height="18"></font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">388</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">Abk al-Hudhayl came to Baghdd during the year two hundred and thirty [A.D. 844/45]. He lived to be over a hundred, but lost his sight. Among his books there were:</font></span></p> <blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">The Imamate, against Hishm; <a href="#37.">[37]</a> against Abk <i>Shimr</i> in connection with al-irj ; Obedience, Not for the Desire of Allh (T#a ah L Yurd Allh biha); <a href="#38.">[38]</a> against the Sophists; against the Magians; against the Jews; Birth, against al-<i>Naz#z#m</i>; <a href="#39.">[39]</a> The Promise and the Threat (Al-Wa d wa-al-Wa +d); The Killing of <i>Ghayln</i>; <a href="#40.">[40]</a> book to the Damascenes; The Sessions; The Proof (Al-H#ujjah); Describing Allh as Justice and the Rejection of Evil; <a href="#41.">[41]</a> Pretence (Proof) of the Heretics (al-Mulh#id+n); Naming of the Innovators (Ahl al-Ih#dth); against <i>D#irr</i> [ibn  Amr] who said that Allh oppresses His creatures (inna Allh yaghd#ab min fi lihi); <a href="#42.">[42]</a> against the Christians; Questions about Motions and Other Things; against <i>  Ammr</i> the Christian, which was a refutation of the Christians; A Description of the Oppression and Good Will of Allh, Exalted Is He; <a href="#43.">[43]</a> Oppression and Good Will; What Is Created [the Qu rn], against <i>H#afs#</i> al-Fard; Refutation of <i>Muknif</i> al-Madan+; Ordinance, against Ibrh+m [al-<i>Naz#z#m</i>]; Refutation of the Ghaylan+yah in Connec-tion with al-Irj .</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="3">Against H#afs# al-Fard in connection with fa ala wa-yaf al; <a href="#44.">[44]</a> against al-<i>Naz#z#m</i> in connection with [God s] approval of the foreordainment of injustice; <a href="#45.">[45]</a> against al-Naz#z#m in connection with creation of a phenomenon, and the reply from him; Refutation of the Qadar+yah and the Mujbirah; against <i>D#irr</i>, <i>Jahm</i>, Abk <i>H#an+fah</i>, and <i>H#afs#</i>, in connection</font></span></p> </blockquote> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="37.">37.</a></b> Probably Hishm ibn al-H#akam. See Glossary for  imamate. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="38.">38.</a></b> The heresy of those who are obedient without the intention of pleasing Allh; see Baghddi (Seelye), p. 129.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="39.">39.</a></b> Cf. Baghdd+ (Seelye), pp. 139-40.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="40.">40.</a></b> See <i>Ghayln</i> ibn Marwn in the Biog. Index.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="41.">41.</a></b> In Arabic this is <i>S#ifat Allh hi-al- Adl wa-Naf+ al-Qabih#</i>. Perhaps <i>s#ifat</i> ( describing ) should be translated as  attribute. For the terms in this title, see Mu tazilah in Glossary and Galland, <i>Essai sur les Mo tazélites</i>, p. 66.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="42.">42.</a></b> See Shahrastni (Haarbrücker), Part I, p. 94.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="43.">43.</a></b> A word in the manuscript is not clear, but also unimportant.  Oppression probably refers to the orthodox doctrine that God foreordains man to sin and then punishes him, while  Good Will refers to the contrary doctrine of the Mu tazilah.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="44.">44.</a></b> These forms of the verb had theological importance as the first required an object, whereas the second did not. See MacDonald, <i> Development of the Muslim Theology</i>, p. 137; Baghdd+ (Seelye), p. 131.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2"><b><a name="45.">45.</a></b> See Baghdd+ (Seelye), pp. 138 ff.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman">